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THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR America will fight for colonies! The Imperialist Tailor NAVY/MILITARY EXPANSION 1890 Remember Alfred T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power. Need for strong military (navy) Americans now needed resupply points for the military ships out at sea. Hawaii, Alaska, Guam and Philippines would be great resupply points for problems in China/Japan or South America in the future. CAUSES OF THE WAR Spain controlled the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico America had interest in Cuba (sugar plantations) and Cuba was constantly rebelling against Spain for their freedom Spain retaliates by cutting Cuban rebels off from food…thousands die of disease and starvation America relates to the Cubans because of American Revolution but doesn’t get involved immediately Spanish Misrule in Cuba TEN YEARS’ WAR IN CUBA 18681878 Cuban nationals wanted independence from Spain The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives who wanted independence from Spain. Carlos M. Céspedes issued the Grito de Yara and initiated the independence movement that served as the forerunner of the 1895 Insurrection and the Spanish American War. CUBA LIBRE! SPAIN RETALIATED Put down rebellion Spain retaliated by cutting Cuban rebels off from food…thousands die of disease and starvation America relate to the Cubans because of American Revolution but doesn’t get involved immediately U.S. INTERESTS IN CUBA American business owners – had lots of $ invested in Cuba’s sugar & tobacco plantations (a Cuban gov’t would be less hostile than Spanish) American Sugar Refining Company #1 JOSE MARTI & FREE CUBA 1881-1892 Jose Marti lived in U.S. and formed the Cuban Revolutionary party to gain independence from Spain. Support gained from NY to Florida. In 1895, he went back to Cuba and covertly damaged American Sugar plantations to try & get US involved U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE 1889-1892 James Blaine Republican Served under President Benjamin Harrison Need for strong foreign policy Modernize Navy Support tariff reciprocity Expansionist (Caribbean & Pacific) U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE BLAINE “That rich island”, Blaine wrote on 1 December 1881, “the key to the Gulf of Mexico, is, though in the hands of Spain, a part of the American commercial system… If ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination.” Blaine’s vision did not allow the existence of an independent Cuba. “Martí noticed with alarm the movement to annex Hawaii, viewing it as establishing a pattern for Cuba The U.S. had over $20 million invested in Cuba (sugar) JOSE MARTI: PARADOX Wrote about Spanish and future American involvement in Cuba. Studied American political and economic culture and concluded that American aid needed but might compromise the future of Cuba “Once the United States is in Cuba, who will drive them out? He died in 1895 from Spanish and became a martyr YELLOW JOURNALISM Practiced by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer Increased the American public dislike of the Spanish government in Cuba Exaggerated atrocities in Cuba Compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution GENERAL VALERIANO WEYLER Spanish General who was made Governor of Cuba in 1896 Was given absolute authority in order to crush the rebellion Became frustrated with Cuban hit – and – run tactics Wanted to deprive the Cuban rebels of food and recruits by placing rural population of Cuba in detention camps Failed to provide adequate food and medical services Tens of thousands died due to starvation and disease RECONCENTRATION CAMPS End resistance Spain began a policy of moving Cuban civilians to central locations where they would be under the control of the Spanish army. In addition, General Weyler put the entire island under martial law. Failed to provide adequate food and medical services Tens of thousands died due to starvation and disease Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy PRESIDENT MCKINLEY 1897-1901 Republican Protectionist: tariffs Led America into war with Spain JOHN HAY Secretary of State 1898-1905 Strong Foreign Policy/Imperialism Gun Boat Diplomacy Open-Door Trade Policy in China “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst JOSEPH PULITZER Joseph Pulitzer, publisher 1883 New York World. Democrat paper 1883-1931 Past: led campaign to raise funds for the Statue of Liberty 1880s Against Big business and corruption in New York Became a Congressman Largest competition with Hearst WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST William Randolph Hearst was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation’s largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism. New York Journal #1 Godfather of Yellow Journalism: He pushed for war with Spain 1897 IT STARTED WITH COMIC STORIES THEN….. PULITZER V HEARST De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party. JINGOISM Attitude of extreme nationalism, bias towards other countries Started by William Randolph Hearst after President McKinley was insulted by the Spanish ambassador IMPACT OF YELLOW JOURNALISM AND JINGOISM Led to US government giving Spain an ultimatum to fix things with Cuba Cubans wanted independence not reform Spain not willing to compromise US sends the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American citizens in Cuba FREDERIC REMINGTON 1897 An American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who helped shaped journalism. He specialized in depictions of the Old American West, specifically concentrating on the last quarter of the 19th-century American West and images of cowboys, American Indians, and the U. S. Cavalry. Hearst sent Remington to Cuba in 1897. He reported ALL QUIET!. Hearst said: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” FREDERIC REMINGTON Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” How prepared was the US for war? USS MAINE EXPLODES The USS Maine exploded the Havana Harbor 266 killed Spanish blamed McKinley doesn’t declare war…just an investigation Investigation showed that a mine had destroyed the ship (To this day what really happened is a mystery!!!!) Jingoists and Yellow Journalists demand war USS MAINE “REMEMBER THE MAINE” Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana TELLER AMENDMENT 1898 BEFORE THE WAR! April 20, 1898, Senator Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, proposed an amendment; the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." In short, the U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country. The amendment, pushed through at the last minute by anti-imperialists in the Senate, made no mention of the Philippines, Guam, or Puerto Rico. Hahahahahahh! AMERICA DECLARES WAR After USS Maine investigation President McKinley declares war Teller Amendment: declared that the US had no intentions of annexing Cuba, just helping them gain independence U.S. DECLARES WAR AND ATTACKED CUBA! Short War: April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898 President McKinley supports war Spain declared war against U.S. April 24th US Congress declared war against Spain April 25th U.S ships and troops were ready U.S. MOBILIZATION ACT 1898 Total U.S. army strength at the time totaled 26,000, requiring the passage of the Mobilization Act that allowed for an army of 125,000 volunteers (later increased to 200,000) and a regular army of 65,000. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR Two regions of the war (Asia and Caribbean) Philippine Islands Guam Cuba Puerto Rico SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR PHOTOS SPANISH FORCES IN CUBA 1898 At that time Spanish troops stationed on the island included 150,000 regulars and 40,000 irregulars and volunteers while rebels (against Spain) inside Cuba numbered as many as 50,000. U.S. MARINES ATTACK CUBA June 10, 1898. War actually began for the U.S. in Cuba in June when the Marines captured Guantánamo Bay and 17,000 troops landed at Siboney and Daiquirí, east of Santiago de Cuba, the second largest city on the island. BATTLE OF SANTIAGO July 3rd, 1898 Fought between the United States and Spain near Santiago de Cuba Results in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron THE PHILIPPINES Filipinos were fighting for their freedom from Spain just like Cuba was Under the control of Commodore Dewey, the American navy crushed a Spanish fleet in Manilo Bay in May By August the Spanish had surrendered ROUGH RIDERS Led by future president Teddy Roosevelt Unit consisted of rugged westerners and upper class easterners (College athletes, cowboys, ranchers, miners, outdoorsmen) Made famous after the battle of San Juan Hills Spanish try to flee but are captured Last significant battle of the war The “Rough Riders” BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL Also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights Was the Decisive battle of the Spanish – American War Location of the Greatest victory of the Rough Riders Theodore Roosevelt is posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 (Buffalo Soldiers did most of the heaviest fighting though!!!) AFRICAN AMERICANS: 10TH CAVALRY Led by Lt. John J. “Blackjack” Pershing “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” Coined by Secretary of States John Hay Letter to Roosevelt. "It has been a splendid little war, begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that Fortune which loves the brave." The war only lasted for 4 months showing how easy it was for America Only 380 die in battle 2,200 die from disease (malaria) “SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” Termed used by Secretary of States John Hay Called it this because it only lasted for 4 months showing how easy it was for America Only 380 die in battle 2,200 die from disease (malaria) EFFECTS OF THE WAR What will US do with Spain’s former colonies? Treaty of Paris: officially ended the war Spain gave US all of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam Sold Philippines to American for $20 million Big debate of Philippines but US needed it for trade with China America is a world power and model imperialists ANTI-IMPERIALISM LEAGUE Formed over the debate of the Philippines Included Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan Argued that imperialism was a crime and undemocratic Challenged the Treaty of Paris PRESIDIO, SAN FRANCISCO Remember, President McKinley authorized the mobilization Act to raise troops in order to mount a campaign against the capital of Manila. The military base best suited as the staging point for troops bound for the Philippines was the Presidio of San Francisco. The majority of these soldiers were volunteers, originating from all over the United States, gathering and training at the Presidio before the long sea voyage to the Philippines and their part in, as Secretary of State John Hay put it, the "splendid little war." PRESIDIO, SAN FRANCISCO 1890S The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” GEORGE DEWEY George Dewey United States naval officer in charge of the invasion of the Philippines Destroys the Spanish fleet at the battle of Manila Bay Sinks or captures the entire fleet Returns to the United States as a hero Has a two – day long parade thrown for him! Dewey Captures Manila! Is He To Be a Despot? Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence EMILIO AGUINALDO Leader of the Philippine resistance movement Fought on the ground against the Spanish while Dewey fought at sea USA threatens to fire upon him so that our invasion force can land Eventually leads resistance against American occupation forces until his capture in 1901 William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator. Our “Sphere of Influence” SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Spheres of Influence Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do no govern directly With our growing empire, particularly in the Pacific, we are able to direct interest in states that we do not control Today, the United States has military bases/troops stationed in 150 countries around the world The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods 1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.(Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, etc.) Congress had the power to decide these rights. Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal! Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House. GUAM GUAM Captured by the United States on June 21st, 1898 in a bloodless landing Treaty of Paris, Spain officially ceded the island to the United States Becomes a way station for American Ships Remains an important strategic asset to this day GUANO Guano The excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats, pinnipeds or just birds in general Can be used as a highly effective fertilizer Rich in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium Also used as saltpeter for the production of gunpowder GUANO ISLAND ACT 1856 Federal legislation passed by Congress on August 18th, 1856 Any citizen of the United States can take possession of islands containing guano deposits So long as it is not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments Over 100 islands are claimed for the US MIDWAY ISLAND The atoll became the first Pacific island annexed in 1867 by the U.S. government from the Guano Island Act. The U.S. Navy in charge. Panama: The King’s Crown PANAMA CANAL PANAMA REVOLUTION OF 1903 Panama Revolution of 1903 United States government supported the separation of the isthmus of Panama from Columbia Occurred so that the United States could build the Panama Canal PANAMA INDEPENDENCE President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit approval to a rebellion by Panamanian nationalists, which began on November 3, 1903. To aid the rebels, the U.S.-administered railroad in Panama removed its trains from the northern terminus of Colón, thus stranding Colombian troops sent to crush the insurrection. Other Colombian forces were discouraged from marching on Panama by the arrival of the U.S. warship Nashville. BIG STICK POLICY ENFORCEMENT! PANAMA TREATIES Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 Britain and U.S. sign treaty for future canal (Honduras not Panama).Nothing came of this Hay – Pauncefote Treaty 1901 Britain and US agree that U.S. build the Panama Canal and have full control in its management and regulation Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty 1903 Provides the legal basis for the US construction of the Panama Canal and the creation of the canal zone (US Territory!) US Secretary of State John Hay Represented President T. Roosevelt (Imperialism) Lead negotiations with Panama over the Canal PANAMA CANAL Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country’s new national sovereignty. Panama Canal Company constructed the Panama Canal and opened in 1914! THE CANAL AND DISEASE William Gorgas An US army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria from Panama so that work on the Panama Canal could proceed Dr. Walter Reed -- US doctor who drained swamps to suppress Yellow Fever during the building of the Panama Canal Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Western powers asserted it’s influence in areas of economic, cultural and political interests without direct control yet were enforced with military. Our “Sphere of Influence” 1. MONROE DOCTRINE 1823 (AMERICAN HISTORY I REVIEW) President James Monroe Foreign Policy No new European colonies in the Western Hemisphere; existing colonies ok U.S wanted to protect South America (trade, military) War would occur if any European nation falted Monroe Doctrine to the The Roosevelt Corollary 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power . 2. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904 Basically, the United States will intervene (military force) in Latin American affairs if the countries themselves could not keep their affairs in order International Police Force!!! BIG STICK POLICY T. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Back up U.S. foreign policy with military force if necessary. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! GREAT WHITE FLEET 1907 President T. Roosevelt ordered the United States Navy battle fleet to complete a circumnavigation of the globe from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909 16 battleships and various escorts! Painted mainly white with red, white& blue decor Show Patriotism/Nationalism Many western countries did the same 3. LODGE COROLLARY Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Republican and friend to Theodore Roosevelt European and Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. (Japan secretly wanted to buy Baja California from Mexico) OF1912