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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e, (Marieb)
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System
13.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions
Using Figure 13.1, identify the following:
1) The nasal cavity is indicated by ________.
A) Label D
B) Label C
C) Label B
D) Label H
E) Label A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) The right main (primary) bronchus is indicated by ________.
A) Label H
B) Label I
C) Label J
D) Label B
E) Label F
Answer: A
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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3) The trachea is indicated by ________.
A) Label D
B) Label I
C) Label B
D) Label F
E) Label G
Answer: B
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) The diaphragm muscle is indicated by ________.
A) Label C
B) Label E
C) Label F
D) Label G
E) Label J
Answer: D
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) The oral cavity is indicated by ________.
A) Label C
B) Label A
C) Label E
D) label B
E) Label G
Answer: A
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) The inferior lobe of the right lung is indicated by ________.
A) Label E
B) Label J
C) Label I
D) Label G
E) Label F
Answer: E
Page Ref: 466
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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7) The nostrils, or nares, are indicated by ________.
A) Label C
B) Label G
C) Label B
D) Label A
E) Label F
Answer: C
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) The apex of the right lung is indicated by ________.
A) Label E
B) Label F
C) Label H
D) Label G
E) Label J
Answer: A
Page Ref: 466
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) The larynx is indicated by ________.
A) Label H
B) Label G
C) Label F
D) Label A
E) Label D
Answer: E
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) The pharynx is indicated by ________.
A) Label H
B) Label I
C) Label J
D) Label F
E) Label B
Answer: C
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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11) The three mucosa-covered projections into the nasal cavity that greatly increase surface area
of mucosa exposed to air are called ________.
A) tonsils
B) adenoids
C) conchae
D) paranasal sinuses
Answer: C
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) The posterior portion of the palate that is not supported by bone is called the ________.
A) soft palate
B) paranasal sinus
C) epiglottis
D) hard palate
Answer: A
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx are the ________.
A) oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
B) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
C) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
D) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
Answer: B
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
14) The ________ tonsil, or adenoid, is located high in the nasopharynx region.
A) lingual
B) laryngeal
C) pharyngeal
D) palatine
Answer: C
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
15) The ________ routes air and food into their proper channels and plays a role in speech.
A) tongue
B) pharynx
C) nasal conchae
D) larynx
Answer: D
Page Ref: 463
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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16) The mucosa-lined windpipe that extends from the larynx to the level of the fifth thoracic
vertebra is called the ________.
A) trachea
B) oropharynx
C) main (primary) bronchus
D) nasopharynx
Answer: A
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) ________ lining the mucosa of the trachea beat continuously to propel contaminated mucus
to the throat.
A) Microvilli
B) Coarse hairs
C) Cilia
D) Flagella
Answer: C
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) When breathing in, air enters the trachea through the ________.
A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) esophagus
D) thyroid cartilage
Answer: A
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) The C-shaped rings that reinforce the trachea are constructed of ________.
A) fibrocartilage
B) elastic cartilage
C) hyaline cartilage
D) compact bone
Answer: C
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) The flap of ________ cartilage that protects the opening of the larynx is called the epiglottis.
A) thyroid cartilage
B) elastic
C) hyaline
D) fibrous
Answer: B
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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21) Folds of mucous membrane called ________ vibrate to provide speech.
A) vocal folds (true vocal cords)
B) hyaline cartilage rings
C) epiglottis
D) uvula
Answer: A
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
22) The serous membrane that surrounds each lung is created by a parietal and visceral
________.
A) pleura
B) pericardium
C) peritoneum
D) mediastinum
Answer: A
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
23) The division of the trachea produces two tubes called the right and left main (primary)
________.
A) bronchioles
B) bronchi
C) alveolar ducts
D) alveolar sacs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) The smallest conducting passageways of the lungs are known as ________.
A) main (primary) bronchi
B) alveoli
C) bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
Answer: C
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
25) The ________ zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and
alveoli and is where gas exchange occurs.
A) respiratory
B) conducting
C) terminal
D) filtering
Answer: A
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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26) The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is commonly called breathing or
________.
A) cellular respiration
B) internal respiration
C) respiratory gas transport
D) pulmonary ventilation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
27) Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli is called ________.
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) inhalation
C) external respiration
D) internal respiration
Answer: C
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ________ and ________.
A) rectus abdominis; external obliques
B) diaphragm; external intercostals
C) trapezius; latissimus dorsi
D) diaphragm; external obliques
Answer: B
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
29) Air flowing out of the lungs is known as ________.
A) expiration
B) respiratory gas transport
C) inhalation
D) inspiration
Answer: A
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
30) Lung collapse, or ________, can occur if the intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric
pressure when air enters the pleural space.
A) pleurisy
B) atelectasis
C) rales
D) wheezing
Answer: B
Page Ref: 471
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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31) ________ volume is the air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing
and is approximately 500 mL of air.
A) Tidal
B) Vital capacity
C) Residual
D) Inspiratory capacity
Answer: A
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
32) The total amount of exchangeable air is known as ________.
A) residual volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
C) tidal volume (TV)
D) vital capacity (VC)
Answer: D
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
33) Respiratory capacities are measured with a ________.
A) thermometer
B) spirometer
C) spygmomanometer
D) stethoscope
Answer: B
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
34) During ________, oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
A) internal respiration
B) external respiration
C) cellular respiration
D) expiration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 474
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
35) ________ is an odorless, colorless gas which binds preferentially with the same binding site
on hemoglobin as oxygen.
A) Hydrogen sulfide
B) Carbon monoxide
C) Nitrous oxide
D) Methane
Answer: B
Page Ref: 475
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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36) When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms ________.
A) carbaminohemoglobin
B) deoxyhemoglobin
C) carbon monoxide
D) carbonic acid
Answer: D
Page Ref: 474
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
37) The normal respiratory rate of 12-15 breaths per minute is known as ________.
A) hyperpnea
B) eupnea
C) dyspnea
D) apnea
Answer: B
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
38) The portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate are the
________.
A) medulla and pons
B) pons and cerebellum
C) cerebrum and cerebellum
D) thalamus and hypothalamus
Answer: A
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
39) The regulation of the activity of the breathing muscles, the diaphragm and external
intercostals, is controlled by nerve impulses transmitted from the brain via the ________ and
________ nerves.
A) splanchic; sacral
B) trochlear; trigeminal
C) phrenic; intercostal
D) cranial; spinal
Answer: C
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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40) The most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is the body's need to rid itself
of the blood gas called ________.
A) carbon dioxide
B) oxygen
C) methane
D) nitrous oxide
Answer: A
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
41) In order to return acidic blood pH to normal, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid, a
phenomenon known as ________.
A) hypoventilation
B) hyperventilation
C) apnea
D) dyspnea
Answer: B
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
42) ________ is a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension and prevent
alveolar collapse between breaths.
A) Sebum
B) Surfactant
C) Nicotine
D) Mucus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 481
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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13.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions
1) Gas exchange occurs in the ________.
A) nose
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) trachea
E) alveoli
Answer: E
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT
________.
A) allow air to reach the lungs
B) purify air
C) humidify air
D) exchange gases
E) warm incoming air
Answer: D
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
3) What sweeps contaminated mucus from the nasal cavity to the throat?
A) tonsils
B) flagella
C) cilia
D) coarse hairs
E) air turbulence
Answer: C
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?
A) increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity
B) separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
C) lighten the skull
D) act as a resonance chamber for speech
E) trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris
Answer: E
Page Ref: 461, 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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5) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by ________.
A) the pharynx
B) the nasal conchae
C) the larynx
D) both the hard and soft palate
E) both the nasal conchae and hard palate
Answer: D
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) Which one of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
A) frontal
B) sphenoid
C) mandible
D) ethmoid
E) maxilla
Answer: C
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
7) Which tonsil(s) is/are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate?
A) adenoid
B) pharyngeal tonsil
C) thymus
D) palatine tonsils
E) lingual tonsils
Answer: D
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) Air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharynx called the ________.
A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) palatopharynx
D) laryngopharynx
E) tracheopharynx
Answer: A
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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9) The pharynogotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear, open into the ________.
A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) palatopharynx
D) laryngopharynx
E) tracheopharynx
Answer: A
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) The correct pathway air flows through the respiratory system is ________.
A) nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi
B) nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi
C) nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, main (primary) bronchi
D) nose, larynx, trachea, pharynx, main (primary) bronchi
E) nose, pharynx, larynx, main (primary) bronchi, trachea
Answer: A
Page Ref: 461-467
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
11) Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to ________.
A) speak
B) sneeze
C) eat
D) hear
E) breathe
Answer: A
Page Ref: 463-464
Bloom's: 3) Application
12) The opening between the vocal cords is called the ________.
A) epiglottis
B) glottis
C) larynx
D) thyroid cartilage
E) esophagus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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13) The flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is
the ________.
A) glottis
B) thyroid cartilage
C) Adam's apple
D) epiglottis
E) trachea
Answer: D
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
14) Vibration due to exhaled air that results in speech is a function of the ________.
A) complete voice box
B) true vocal cords
C) false vocal cords
D) glottis
E) epiglottis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
15) The superior portion of each lung is the ________.
A) pleura
B) base
C) apex
D) mediastinum
E) fissure
Answer: C
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the ________.
A) mediastinum
B) visceral pleura
C) parietal pleura
D) main (primary) bronchi
E) pleurisy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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17) Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs?
A) the narrower portion of each lung is called the apex
B) the bases rest on the diaphragm
C) the left lung has two lobes
D) the right lung has three lobes
E) both lungs have two lobes
Answer: E
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) What is the function of an alveolar macrophage?
A) secrete mucus
B) facilitate gas exchange
C) produce surfactant
D) engulf bacteria, carbon particles, and debris
E) sweep contaminated mucus and debris from the alveoli
Answer: D
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?
A) respiratory bronchioles
B) alveolar ducts
C) alveolar sacs
D) alveoli
E) primary bronchi
Answer: E
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Which of the following is NOT one of the four main events of respiration?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) respiratory gas transport
C) residual volume
D) external respiration
E) internal respiration
Answer: C
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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21) Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by
________.
A) osmosis
B) simple diffusion
C) facilitated diffusion
D) active transport
E) endocytosis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
22) The lipid molecule critical to lung function that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces is
called ________.
A) surfactant
B) interferon
C) kinin
D) renin
E) lecithin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
23) Air moving in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is called ________.
A) internal respiration
B) inspiration
C) external respiration
D) expiration
E) pulmonary ventilation
Answer: E
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration?
A) contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
B) relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
C) increased intrapulmonary volume causes inhaled gases to spread out
D) the decreased gas pressure produces a partial vacuum that forcibly sucks air in
E) air continues to move into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric
pressure
Answer: B
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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25) The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called
________.
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) expiration
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration
E) respiratory gas transport
Answer: C
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
26) Expiration (exhalation) occurs when ________.
A) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
B) air moves into the lungs
C) intrapulmonary volume increases
D) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
E) intrapulmonary pressure decreases
Answer: D
Page Ref: 471
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
27) Which nonrespiratory air movement clears the upper respiratory passageways?
A) coughing
B) yawning
C) laughing
D) hiccupping
E) sneezing
Answer: E
Page Ref: 473
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) Laura's lung collapsed during a skiing accident when a rib punctured her lung. The condition
of a collapsed lung is known as ________.
A) atelectasis
B) asthma
C) eupnea
D) pleurisy
E) pneumothorax
Answer: A
Page Ref: 471
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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29) The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the
________.
A) tidal volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) vital capacity
E) dead space volume
Answer: D
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
30) Even after a forceful expiration, air still remains in the lungs for gas exchange to continue.
This volume is about ________.
A) 500 mL
B) 1200 mL
C) 2100 mL
D) 4800 mL
E) 6000 mL
Answer: B
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
31) The amount of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing is about ________.
A) 500 mL
B) 1200 mL
C) 2100 mL
D) 4800 mL
E) 6000 mL
Answer: A
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
32) Most carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma for transport as ________.
A) carbohemoglobin
B) bicarbonate ion
C) oxyhemoglobin
D) carbon monoxide
E) deoxyhemoglobin
Answer: B
Page Ref: 474
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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33) Oxygen is unloaded from the blood stream and diffuses into surrounding cells and tissues
during ________.
A) internal respiration
B) pulmonary ventilation
C) external respiration
D) respiratory gas transport
E) tidal volume
Answer: A
Page Ref: 475, 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
34) Oxygen is transported in the blood as ________.
A) bicarbonate ion
B) oxyhemoglobin
C) carbonic acid
D) deoxyhemoglobin
E) carbonic anhydrase
Answer: B
Page Ref: 474
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
35) Which of the following breathing rates represents eupnea?
A) 5 breaths per minute
B) 10 breaths per minute
C) 14 breaths per minute
D) 18 breaths per minute
E) 24 breaths per minute
Answer: C
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
36) Hyperventilation is the body's response to ________.
A) increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood
B) increased oxygen levels in the blood
C) decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood
D) alkalosis
E) increased blood pH
Answer: A
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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37) Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves ________.
A) extremely deep breathing
B) extremely fast breathing
C) extremely slow breathing
D) intermittent breathing
E) irregular breathing
Answer: C
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
38) Hyperventilation leads to all of the following except ________.
A) brief periods of apnea
B) cyanosis
C) dizziness
D) fainting
E) buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
Answer: E
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
39) The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is
________.
A) decreased oxygen level in the blood
B) increased blood pH
C) increased carbon dioxide in the blood
D) increased hydrogen ion in the blood
E) decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
Answer: C
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
40) Which one of the following is NOT a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
A) most patients have a genetic predisposition to COPD
B) dyspnea becomes progressively more severe
C) frequent pulmonary infections are common
D) most COPD victims are hypoxic
E) most patients have a history of smoking
Answer: A
Page Ref: 479
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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41) Which respiratory disease in which sufferers are often called "pink puffers," is characterized
by enlarged alveoli, lung inflammation, and fibrosis of the lungs?
A) asthma
B) emphysema
C) cleft palate
D) chronic bronchitis
E) cystic fibrosis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 479
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
42) What accounts for the majority of cases of lung cancer?
A) small cell carcinoma
B) adenocarcinoma
C) melanoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma
E) basal cell carcinoma
Answer: B
Page Ref: 479
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
43) Surfactant is usually present in fetal lungs in adequate quantities by ________.
A) 20-22 weeks of pregnancy
B) 22-24 weeks of pregnancy
C) 24-26 weeks of pregnancy
D) 26-28 weeks of pregnancy
E) 28-30 weeks of pregnancy
Answer: E
Page Ref: 481
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
44) The abbreviation IRDS stands for ________.
A) infant respiratory disease state
B) intermittent respiratory distress state
C) infant respiratory distress syndrome
D) intermittent respiratory disease syndrome
E) infant respiratory disease syndrome
Answer: C
Page Ref: 481
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21
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45) What is the most common cause for lung cancer?
A) diet
B) work environment
C) asthma
D) hereditary
E) smoking
Answer: E
Page Ref: 479
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
46) The respiratory rate in infants is ________.
A) 5-10 respirations per minute
B) 12-18 respirations per minute
C) 20-25 respirations per minute
D) 30 respirations per minute
E) over 40 respirations per minute
Answer: E
Page Ref: 481
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
47) The homeostatic imbalance associated with the death of many full-term newborn infants is
called ________.
A) CF
B) SIDS
C) CTRL
D) COPD
E) IRDS
Answer: B
Page Ref: 483
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
48) Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants are
characteristic of ________.
A) atelectasis
B) pleurisy
C) asthma
D) pneumothorax
E) pulmonary tamponade
Answer: C
Page Ref: 483
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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49) Which of these age-related disorders is related to loss of elasticity of the lungs?
A) asthma
B) sleep apnea
C) tuberculosis
D) pneumonia
E) sudden infant death syndrome
Answer: B
Page Ref: 483
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
50) Which one of the following is NOT true of lung cancer?
A) it is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.
B) it slows down the movement of cilia
C) it is generally more prevalent in males than females
D) most types of lung cancer are very aggressive
E) lung cancers often metastasize rapidly and widely
Answer: C
Page Ref: 479, 481
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13.3 True/False Questions
1) Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa in the nasal cavity.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 461
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the nasal conchae.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
3) Paranasal sinuses warm, cleanse, and humidify air entering the nasal cavity.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) The portion of the pharynx continuous with the mouth is termed the oropharynx.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) The opening between the vocal cords is known as the epiglottis.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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6) The larynx routes air and food into their proper channel and plays an important role in speech
production.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 463
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
7) The "guardian of the airways" that prevents food from entering the superior opening of the
larynx is the thyroid cartilage.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) The function of the C-rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea is to keep the airway patent or
open for breathing.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in a person's own lungs is used to eject an
obstructing piece of food.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) Each main (primary) bronchus enters the lung at the apex.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
11) The surface of each lung is covered by pulmonary, or visceral pleura.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) The bronchioles are the smallest of the conducting passageways in the lungs.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) The respiratory zone is the only site of gas exchange within the lungs.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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14) The respiratory membrane is the air-blood barrier, where gases are exchanged.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
15) Alveolar macrophages patrol the alveoli to engulf and remove bacteria, carbon particles, and
other debris.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) The process of breathing is known as pulmonary ventilation.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) Inspiration results when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) Expiration occurs when the thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease and the
intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 471
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration is around 1200 mL.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Normal quiet breathing, known as tidal volume, is around 500 mL of air.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21) Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm are hiccups.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 473
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
22) Bronchial sounds are produced as air fills the alveoli of the lungs.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 473
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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23) Wheezing is a whistling sound associated with diseased respiratory tissue, mucus, or pus.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 473
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) According to the laws of diffusion, movement of a respiratory gas occurs toward the area of
higher concentration of that particular respiratory gas.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 473
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
25) The general term for inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues regardless of the cause is
called hypoxia.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 475
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
26) Venous blood in systemic circulation is poorer in oxygen and richer in carbon dioxide.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
27) Hyperpnea results from exercise when breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 476
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) Surfactant prevents lung collapse since it lowers surface tension of the film of water lining
each alveolar air sac.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 481
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
29) Changes in oxygen levels in the blood are the most important stimuli for breathing in a
healthy person.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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13.4 Matching Questions
Match the following structure with its description:
A) larynx
B) pharynx
C) trachea
D) bronchioles
E) epiglottis
F) main (primary) bronchus
G) glottis
H) alveoli
1) Passageway for both food and air; known as the "throat"
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) Rigid, patent airway reinforced with C-rings of hyaline cartilage
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
3) Routes air and food into their proper channels
Page Ref: 463
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) Protects the superior opening of the larynx during swallowing
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) Opening to the trachea situated between the vocal cords
Page Ref: 464
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) First tube to branch off of the trachea
Page Ref: 464, 465
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
7) Smallest conducting passageways in the lungs
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) Part of the respiratory zone, these air sacs perform gas exchange
Page Ref: 467
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) E 5) G 6) F 7) D 8) H
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Match the following with the four events of respiration:
A) respiratory gas transport
B) pulmonary ventilation
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration
9) Breathing in and out while at rest
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) Gas exchange occurring between the pulmonary blood and alveoli
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
11) Gas exchange occurring between systemic capillaries and surrounding cells and tissues
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) Inspiration and expiration
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) Oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
14) Movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the blood
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 9) B 10) D 11) C 12) B 13) D 14) A
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Match the following definitions with their associated respiratory volume or capacity:
A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) dead space volume
E) inspiratory reserve volume
F) residual volume
15) Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) Normal, quiet breathing which moves approximately 500 mL of air per breath
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) Air that enters the respiratory tract and remains within the conducting zone passageways
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) Amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly over the tidal volume
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) Total amount of exchangeable air
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Air that remains in the lungs even after the most strenuous expiration
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21) Sum total of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Page Ref: 472
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 15) C 16) A 17) D 18) E 19) B 20) F 21) B
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13.5 Essay Questions
1) Explain the roles of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system.
Answer: Respiratory mucosa lines the nasal cavity which produces sticky mucus. This mucus
moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris entering the nasal cavity.
The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa move this contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the
pharynx where it can be swallowed. The trachea is also lined with ciliated mucosa. These cilia
move contaminated mucus toward the throat where it either can be swallowed or spat out.
Page Ref: 461, 462, 464
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
2) List the three regions of the pharynx and identify their relative superior and inferior endpoints
in the respiratory passageway.
Answer: The three portions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the
laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the superior portion that extends from the nasal cavity to
the soft palate. The oropharynx is the central portion that lies between the soft palate and the
upper epiglottis. The laryngopharynx is the most inferior portion and is the connecting point to
the larynx below.
Page Ref: 462
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
3) What structures does a molecule of oxygen encounter on its way to the alveoli of the lungs
from the nose? Trace the pathway.
Answer: Air first encounters the nose by entering through the nares. It travels by the nasal
conchae of the nasal cavity, then to the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The next
structure, the larynx, routes air into the lower respiratory passageways and food into the posterior
tube, the esophagus. Air travels through the glottis into the windpipe, or trachea, and into the
smaller branches, finally reaching the smallest passageways known as bronchioles. The terminal
bronchioles end in alveoli, small air sacs, where gas exchange is occurring.
Page Ref: 461-467
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
4) Identify the two pleural membranes and describe them under normal and disease conditions.
Answer: The pleural membranes, the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura, produce a slippery
serous secretion that allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing. This
serous fluid causes the two pleural layers to cling together. They can slide easily from side to
side across one another, but they cannot easily be pulled apart. As surface tension of water holds
them tightly to each other, the lungs are held tightly to the thorax wall. The pleural space is more
of a potential space than an actual space, and it is only during illness or injury that this space
becomes apparent, such as with a pneumothorax that can lead to atelectasis.
Page Ref: 465
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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5) Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.
Answer: The respiratory membrane, also known as the air-blood barrier, is comprised of the
fused basement membranes of the alveolar and capillary walls. It has gas flowing past on one
side and blood flowing past on the other. Gas exchanges occur by simple diffusion through the
respiratory membrane. Oxygen passes from the alveolar air into the capillary blood and carbon
dioxide leaves the blood to enter the gas-filled alveoli.
Page Ref: 468
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
6) Describe the changes in pressure and volume that lead to inspiration.
Answer: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract upon stimulation by the
phrenic and intercostal nerves. In doing so, the intrapulmonary volume (volume inside the lungs)
increases. Gases within the lungs spread out to fill the larger space, decreasing the
intrapulmonary pressure. Air follows the pressure gradient into the body until intrapulmonary
pressure equals atmospheric pressure, and inspiration (inhalation) occurs. Air rushes into the
lungs.
Page Ref: 469
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
7) Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
Answer: Oxygen is transported in two ways:
1. Most oxygen attaches to hemoglobin molecules on the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin.
2. A small amount of oxygen dissolves in the plasma for transport.
Carbon dioxide is also transported in two ways:
1. Most carbon dioxide dissolves in the plasma as the bicarbonate ion.
2. A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside the RBCs bound to hemoglobin (bound to a
different site from oxygen).
Page Ref: 473-476
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
8) Five-year-old Charlie is angry he can't continue to play so he holds his breath. His carbon
dioxide levels continue to climb and his parents are concerned what will happen to him. Predict
how the respiratory system handles the rising carbon dioxide levels.
Answer: As carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the blood decreases becoming more
acidic. The respiratory centers in the brain stimulate the inspiratory muscles to contract and
increase the breathing rate. Hyperventilation produces breathing that is deeper and more rapid
than eupnea (normal breathing) and removes more carbonic acid from the blood. Carbon dioxide
is the primary stimulus for breathing; oxygen becomes an important stimulus when levels
become dangerously low.
Page Ref: 478
Bloom's: 3) Application
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