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APUSH
Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
Major Topics:
4. The American Revolutionary Era, 1754–1789
 The French and Indian War
 The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
 The War for Independence
 State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation
 The federal Constitution
5. The Early Republic, 1789–1815
 Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national government
 Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans
 Republican Motherhood and education for women
 Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening
 Significance of Jefferson’s presidency
 Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West; American Indian resistance
 Growth of slavery and free Black communities
 The War of 1812 and its consequences
Reference Chapters (Henretta):
5.
Toward Independence: Years of Decision, 17631776
137-167
6.
Making War and Republican Governments, 17761789
169-200
7.
Politics and Society in the New Republic, 1787-1820
203-235
8.
Creating a Republican Culture, 1790-1820
238-267
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Imperial Reform, 1763-1765
The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765-1770
The Road to Independence, 1771-1776
The Trials of War, 1776-1778
The Path to Victory, 1778-1783
Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
The Constitution of 1787
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Westward Movement & the Jeffersonian Revolution
The War of 1812 & the Transformation of Politics
The Capitalist Commonwealth
Toward a Democratic Republican Culture
Aristocratic Republicanism & Slavery
Protestant Christianity as a Social Force
Guiding Questions:
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LOOSENING TIES, THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
What were the major consequences of the Great War for Empire on the imperial balance of power, British-colonial
relations, Indian peoples, and Anglo-American settlers?
How was Great Britain, with a depleted treasury, able to defeat the French in the Great War for Empire after having
failed to achieve success against them in previous colonial wars?
What impact did the Industrial Revolution in England have on the American colonies?
What were the causes of unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-18th century?
In the period from 1700-1750, did society in the northern colonies, middle colonies, and southern colonies become
more alike or grow increasingly different?
How were the American colonies administered by Britain, from Britain, during this period? What was the effect of this
policy?
What was the Albany Plan, and what did it reveal about colonial unity?
THE NEW IMPERIALISM
What dilemma faced London policymakers at the end of the French & Indian War?
What initial policy changes occurred when George III ascended the throne, and what were the king's motives in
making these changes?
Explain why the colonists objected to the writs of assistance and vice-admiralty courts?
How were the policy changes cited in the previous question reflected in the acts passed under the Grenville
administration? Deal with the specific acts as well as general policy objectives.
What was it about post-1763 British policy that would cause colonists in every section to see the disadvantages rather
than the advantages of being part of the British Empire?
STIRRINGS OF REVOLT
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Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
Why did the Stamp Act so antagonize the American colonists?
Who led the protests in Virginia over the Stamp Act? What reasons, other than those stated in the resolutions proposed,
contributed to this action? What was the effect of the protests, and what were the results?
What was England's response to the American protests over the Stamp Act? How did the taxation by Townshend
attempt to anticipate American attacks on future acts?
How did the policies of Lord North differ from those of his predecessors? In what ways were they alike?
What role did Samuel Adams play in the American protests? How did his view of the need for American independence
differ from those of most other colonial leaders at the time?
How did the colonial view of the nature of the British Empire differ from the view by George III and his supporters?
What were the theories of government advanced by John Locke, and how did the American colonist apply them to
their struggle with England?
How was tavern culture critical to the growth of revolutionary sentiment in the colonies?
Why did many Americans see the Tea Act as a threat to themselves and their institutions?
What were the Coercive Acts? How did the Quebec Act help to unite the colonists with Boston, in opposition to these
acts?
COOPERATION AND WAR
What role did Committees of Correspondence play in the American protests?
What were the five major decisions made at the First Continental Congress, and what was their significance?
What were the circumstances that led to the fighting at Lexington and Concord?
THE STATES UNITED
List the divisions within the Second Continental Congress, and give the aim of each faction. How did they attempt to
gain their ends?
How did the pamphlet Common Sense address the problem of the aim of the war, and what was its impact on
American opinion?
What were the philosophical roots of the Declaration of Independence, and what effect did the Declaration have on
the struggle?
What problems did the Americans face in providing the necessary supplies and equipment for the war and in paying
for them?
What were the American advantages in the struggle, and why was George Washington selected as the best person to
make the most of these advantages?
Identify and explain the two broad schools of interpretation that emerged as historians debated the origins of the
American Revolution. On what points do these interpretations differ?
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
What were the initial setbacks in the war during 1776, and what was the significance of the Battles of Trenton and
Princeton in this regard?
What was the initial plan for the British campaign of 1777? How was this altered, and what effect did this alteration
have on the outcome?
What were the American diplomatic goals at the start of the war? What problems did they face, and what efforts were
made to overcome them?
How did the victory at Saratoga affect American diplomatic efforts? How did England and France respond to this
news? What was the result?
Why did the British decide to launch a campaign against the southern colonies in 1778? What advantages and
disadvantages did each side have in this region?
How was the campaign in the South conducted, and why was the victory at Yorktown so significant for the
Americans?
What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, and how did the treaty affect relations among the United States,
France, and Spain?
What problems did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 fail to solve? What problems did it create?
WAR AND SOCIETY
Who were the Loyalists? What elements in America remained loyal to the king, and for what reasons?
What impact did the American Revolution have on Native Americans?
How did the Revolution affect the way American women thought about their status, and what changes resulted from
this new awareness?
What changes did the Revolution produce in the structure of the American economy?
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Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
THE CREATION OF STATE GOVERNMENTS
What was it about the concept of a republican government that so appealed to Americans?
How did Americans propose to avoid what they considered to be the problems of the British system they were
repudiating?
What were the characteristics of the state constitutions written during the early years of the struggle? How did they
reflect the general spirit of the Enlightenment—the belief that freedom was the natural state of humanity?
What impact did the Revolution have on slavery in New England? In the middle states? In the South?
THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? What were its major features?
How did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 fail to resolve, or in some cases help to create, strain among the United States,
England, and Spain?
What commercial arrangements did American shippers and traders want above all others after the war had ended?
Why did they feel this was needed, and how successful were they in accomplishing their aims?
What effect did the American westward movement have on diplomatic relations with Great Britain and Spain?
How did the Confederation Congress attempt to resolve the problem of the status of western territory the states had
ceded to the national government? Which interest groups favored which plans for the sale and distribution of land?
What were the sources of the Confederation's postwar economic problems, and how did the government attempt to
solve them? What were the results?
How was paper money seen as a solution to the economic problems of one element in American society? Who
opposed this and why?
How did the actions of Daniel Shays and his followers relate to the economic problem of the Confederation period?
What was the significance of the movement he led?
FRAMING A NEW GOVERNMENT
Who were the advocates of centralization, and why did they want to alter or abolish the Articles of Confederation?
What did those who favored centralization see as the most serious problem of the Articles, and how would they have
changed them? What had prevented these changes?
What were the characteristics of the men who met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia? Whose presence
was essential to the meeting's success? Why?
What were the two major points of view that divided the convention? What plans did each side propose to carry its
view?
How were the differences between the "large state" and the "small state" plans resolved? What other issues divided the
convention, and how were they resolved?
What was to be the role of various branches of government under the new Constitution?
ADOPTION AND ADAPTATION
Why did the supporters of the new Constitution call themselves "Federalists"? Were they actually Federalists, or did their
philosophy of government reveal them to be something else? If so, what?
What method did the Federalists employ to get their views across to the people? What were their arguments, and how
did the "Antifederalists" respond?
What was the process by which the Constitution was finally ratified? Which states supported it, by what margins, and
which states did not? What objections were raised by the states?
What was the process by which the new government set up operations? What were the initial matters discussed, and
how were they resolved?
In what way did Congress continue the work of the Constitutional Convention? What "gaps" in the Constitution did
Congress fill?
Who were the men Washington selected for his cabinet, and on what basis did he choose them?
FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS
How did the divisions of the 1790s reflect the differences in philosophy that were at the heart of the debate over the
Constitution?
What was the view of society and politics held by Hamilton? Who did he feel should govern, and why?
What was Hamilton's plan for paying the nation's debts and restoring credit on a sound basis? To which social,
economic, and political groups would this have appealed?
How did Hamilton propose to enact his programs? Who opposed him, and to what degree was Hamilton successful?
How did political parties rise as a result of Hamilton's programs?
What was the political philosophy of Jefferson and Madison? How did it differ from that of Hamilton?
How did the French Revolution highlight the differences between the Federalists and the Republicans?
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Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
How did Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion underscore the difference between the Constitution and the
Articles of Confederation?
How did the government under the Constitution guarantee that people on the frontier would be loyal to it? What was
the impact on Native Americans?
What diplomatic problem did the French Revolution and the war that followed pose for the United States? How did
Washington and Congress deal with this problem?
What were the circumstances that sent John Jay to England, and what were the results of his mission?
How did Jay's Treaty affect American relations with Spain?
THE DOWNFALL OF THE FEDERALISTS
Why was John Adams selected as the Federalist candidate in 1796?
What circumstances led to an administration with a Federalist president and a Republican vice president?
What caused the "quasi war" with France during the Adams administration? What as the result of this struggle?
How did the Federalists attempt to silence those who opposed the undeclared war, and what groups did these
attempts most affect?
What gave rise to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, and what attitude toward the nature of the federal
government did these resolutions reveal?
What were the issues in the election of 1800, and what were the reactions of the losers and the victors?
THE RISE OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM
What effect did Republican ideology have on education in the United States?
Explain the "cultural independence" that Jeffersonian Americans sought. What means of expression did this
"independence" find?
What were the obstacles faced by Americans who aspired to create a more elevated national literary life? What
efforts were made to overcome these obstacles?
How did the American Revolution affect traditional forms of religious practice? What challenges to religious
traditionalism arose during this period?
What caused the Second Great Awakening?
Why were the Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians so successful on the frontier?
What were the "message" and the impact of the Second Great Awakening?
STIRRINGS OF INDUSTRIALISM
What was the industrial revolution? Where and why did it begin?
Explain the role that Eli Whitney played in America's industrial revolution. What impact did his inventions have on the
South? On the North?
What effect did America's transportation system have on industrialization?
What were the characteristics of American population growth and expansion in the years between 1790 and 1800?
JEFFERSON THE PRESIDENT
How did Jefferson's presidency represent a "fundamental change" in the direction of the federal government?
How was the relative "unimportance of the federal government" during the Jefferson administration symbolized by the
character of the national capital?
What were the characteristics of the "spirit of democratic simplicity" that was the style set by Jefferson for his
administration?
How did Jefferson combine his duties as president and as party leader in his efforts to govern the country?
Why did Jefferson, despite his views on government spending, go to "war" with the pasha of Tripoli? What was the
outcome?
What were the roots of Jefferson's conflict with the federal court system, and how did the case of Marbury v. Madison
fit into the controversy?
What method did Jefferson employ to bring the judiciary under Republican control, and what were the results?
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Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
DOUBLING THE NATIONAL DOMAIN
Why was New Orleans "the one single spot" that made its possessor the "natural enemy" of the United States?
Which group in America was most concerned with the French possession of New Orleans, and how did this concern
threaten Jefferson politically?
How were the negotiations for the Louisiana Purchase conducted, and what were the terms agreed on?
What were the reasons behind Jefferson's reservations over the purchase of Louisiana, and how was he able to reason
these doubts away?
What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition, and what did the expedition accomplish?
What was the reaction of the New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase, and what was their plan to
overcome its effects?
What were the circumstances that led to the duel between Hamilton and Burr?
What was the "Burr conspiracy," and what was its outcome?
How do the records kept by Lewis and Clark reflect the purpose of their expedition?
EXPANSION AND WAR
Why was America important to both sides in the conflict between England and France, and what role did the
Americans hope to play in the struggle?
How did each belligerent nation attempt to prevent America from trading with the other, why was one more
successful than the other, and what was the American response?
What was Jefferson's response to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, and why did he take this action?
How did the embargo affect the election of 1808, and what was the response of the new president to diplomatic
problems that the embargo had addressed?
How did conditions in the West heighten the tension between the United States and Britain?
What was Tecumseh's attitude toward the treaties previously negotiated between the United States and various Indian
tribes? How did he plan to prevent the expansion of white settlements?
Why did Americans blame the British for Indian uprisings on the frontier, and what did the frontier settlers see as the best
solution to the problem?
Why did Americans want to wrest control of Florida from the Spanish? What attempts were made to do this before
1812? Which attempts were successful, and which failed?
Who were the "War Hawks," and why were they able to exert such influence on America's drift toward war?
THE WAR OF 1812
What were the relative successes and failures of the American military during the first year of the war?
How did America's fortunes of war change during 1813 and early 1814, and what were the results of this change?
What were the plan and purpose of the British invasion of the United States in 1814? What was the result?
Why did New England oppose the War of 1812? Prior to 1814, what did the New England states do to hinder the war
effort?
What caused the leaders of New England to regard the War of 1812 as a threat to their future as a meaningful force in
the United States? What did they propose to remedy this situation?
What effect did the Hartford Convention have on the Federalist Party?
What was the background to peace negotiations at Ghent? What did both sides initially demand, and why did they
finally agree on the terms they did?
APUSH
Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
Key People/Terms/Ideas/Events
The Iroquois Confederacy
George Washington
Fort Necessity; Fort Duquesne
William Pitt
Treaty of Paris, 1763
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Benjamin Franklin
Salutary neglect
George III
Whigs
Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Patrick Henry
Stamp Act Congress
Sons of Liberty; Daughters of Liberty
Declaratory Act (1766)
Townshend Acts (1767)
George Grenville
Charles Townshend
Writs of assistance
Vice-admiralty courts
John Dickenson; Letters from Farmer in
Pennsylvania
Samuel Adams
James Otis
Lord North
Boston Massacre (1770)
Crispus Attucks
Committees of Correspondence
Gaspee Incident
Tea Act (1773)
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Intolerable Acts
Coercive Acts (1774)
Quartering Act (1774)
Enlightenment
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1st Continental Congress (1774)
John Adams
John Jay
Economic sanctions
Declaration of Rights & Grievances
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Prohibitory Act (1775)
Thomas Paine; Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Patriots; Loyalists (Tories)
Valley Forge
Continentals
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Articles of Confederation
Unicameral legislature
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Shays’ Rebellion
Abigail Adams
Mt.Vernon Conference; Annapolis
Conference
Constitutional Convention
Framers of the Constitution
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Gouverneur Morris
Checks & balances
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise
Electoral college system
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
The Federalist Papers
Bill of Rights
Henry Knox
Edmund Randolph
Judiciary Act (1789)
Federal courts
Supreme Court
National debt
Infant industries
National back
Tariffs; excise taxes
French Revolution
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
“Citizen” Edmund Genet
Jay Treaty (1794)
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Right of deposit
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Public Land Act (1796)
Loose Construction vs. Strict
Construction
Federalist Era
Democratic-Republican Party
Washington’s Farewell Address
XYZ Affair
Alien & Sedition Acts
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Revolution of 1800
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark expedition
John Marshall
Judicial review
Marbury v. Madison
Aaron Burr
Barbary pirates
Neutrality
Impressment
Chesapeake-Leopard affair
Embargo Act (1807)
Non-intercourse Act (1808)
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Tecumseh; the Prophet
William Henry Harrison
Battle of Tippecanoe
War hawks
Henry Clay
“The American System”
John C. Calhoun
War of 1812
Francis Scott Key, “The Star Spangled
Banner”
Andrew Jackson
Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Hartford Convention (1814)
APUSH
Unit 2: Creating the American Republic, 1763-1820
Study Question for Chapter 5
Section 1: Imperial Reform, 1763-1765
1. How did the French & Indian War change the relationship between England and its American
colonies?
2. What were the goals of British imperial reformers?
3. Why did colonists object to the new taxes in 1764 and again in 1765? What arguments did
they use?
4. Why did these conflicts over specific policies turn into a constitutional crisis?
Section 2: The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765-1770
5. What were the core constitutional principles over which the colonists and the ministers in
Parliament disagreed?
6. If Grenville’s and Townshend’s initiatives had been successful, how would the character of the
British imperial system have changed?
7. Weigh the importance of economic and ideological motives in creating and sustaining the
colonial resistance movement. Which was more important? Why?
Section 3: The Road to Independence, 1771-1776
8. Why did the Patriot movement wane in the early 1770s? Why did the Tea Act reignite colonial
resistance?
9. Why did the leaders of the mainland colonies and Britain fail to reach a political compromise
to save the empire?
Whole Chapter Questions
10. What factors triggered the deterioration in relations between the Great Britain and its
American colonies?
11. Why were the British so surprised by the American reaction to the Stamp Act?
12. How did the actions of each side contribute to the military confrontation at Lexington and
Concord?
13. Which side was responsible for pushing events toward a military confrontation?
14. Which political groups among the American colonists played important roles in pushing events
toward war?
15. Which groups in colonial society most actively supported the rebellion?