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NOUN NOTES
I. What is a noun?
A noun is a _____________ that names a person, _____________, _____________, or _____________.
II. When to capitalize nouns:
1. Names of specific people
Caps: Juana, Kathie, the Stevens family, the Jones’ = ______________
No Caps: family, boy, girl, sister, cousin = _______________________
What about mom and dad? __________________________________________________
2. Days of the week, months, holidays, but not seasons
Caps: Passover, December, Monday
No Caps: autumn, fall, spring, winter, summer
3. Ranks and titles, but only when used with a particular person’s name
Caps: This is Doctor Smith, this is Aunt Anne, and that man is Coach Karb.
No Caps: That man is a doctor, that woman is her aunt, and that man is my coach.
4. Geographic area: cities, states, countries, streets, parks, and oceans.
5. Regions of the United States, but not simple directions.
Caps: I was born in New England, but I grew up in the South.
No Caps: I live on the north side of town.
6. Historical periods
Caps: The Renaissance, World War II, the Middle Ages
7. Religions, nationalities, races of people, languages, countries and adjectives related to
those countries.
8. The various names for God and the names of sacred books.
Caps: God, Jehovah, Allah, the Bible, the Koran
No Caps: There were many gods and goddesses in ancient myths.
9. Names of specific schools, businesses, buildings, organizations.
10. Brand Names
Caps: Nintendo, Cheerios, Nestlé’s Crunch
11. Names of planets, but not sun and moon.
12. Letters that stand-alone
Caps: U-turn, T-shirt, X-ray
13. Names of specific teams and clubs and their members
Caps: the Boston Red Sox, the Republican Party, Democrats
14. Titles of movies, books, chapters, and articles
Caps: “Tar Heels Beat Duke 102-96,” Jane Eyre
Underline the nouns in the following passage:
We use nouns all the time when we write letters to friends or papers for class. For example, all these
underlined words are nouns. Some students get carried away with making common nouns proper. They
seem to think that every word they capitalize suddenly becomes exciting or important. Too many capitals
make your work look bad.
PRONOUN NOTES
•A _____________ is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. It serves as a stand-in, or
substitute, for a noun.
•The word or group of words that a pronoun replaces, or refers to, is called its _______________.
• An antecedent usually comes before the pronoun. It may be in the same sentence as the pronoun
or in another sentence.
Marcy is happy. Her dog won in a pet contest.
• A pronoun can have more than one antecedent.
Allison and Connie have taken their eye tests.
• Sometimes more than one pronoun can refer to the same antecedent.
Jason took his raincoat with him.
I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Of all the different kinds of pronouns, ________________ pronouns are used most often.
•A personal pronoun refers to (1) the person speaking, (2) the person being spoken _____, or (3) the
person, place, or thing being spoken ___________.
First Person
(speaker)
Second Person
(person spoken to)
Third Person
(person or thing
spoken about)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular
Plural
I, me, my, mine
we, us, our, ours
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
he, him, his
she, her, hers
it, its
they, them, their, theirs
II. OTHER KINDS OF PRONOUNS
 ____________________ pronouns are pointers. They point out a specific person, place, or thing.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Singular
Plural
this, that
these, those
 A _______________ pronoun is a connecting word. It begins a subordinate clause and connects it to
another idea in the same sentence.
that
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
which
who
whom
whose
 An _________________ pronoun is used to begin a question.
what
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
which
who
whom
whose
 An _______________ pronoun does not have a definite antecedent. It refers to people, places, or
things, often without naming or specifying which ones.
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
everybody
Singular
everyone
everything
little
much
neither
nobody
no one
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Plural
nothing
both
one
few
other
many
somebody
others
someone
several
something
Singular or Plural
all
any
more
most
none
some
VERB NOTES
I. __________________________ tell what action a person or thing is performing.
II. Action verbs are used to show both ___________________ and _________________ actions.
Mental Actions
Physical Actions
He remembers many events from World War II.
The quarterback threw a long pass.
III. __________________________ connect a noun or pronoun at or near the beginning of the
sentence with a word at or near the end.
Which sentence has an action verb and which is linking?
The soup smells delicious.
John smells the soup.
IV. _________________________ are added before another verb to make a verb phrase.
Helping Verbs + Verb = Verb Phrases
She ____________ ______________ waiting at the station for more than two hours.
In another half hour, Brian ___________ _________ _________ sleeping for twelve hours.
V. An action verb is _______________ if the receiver of the action is named in the sentence.
She broke the lamp.
VI. An action verb is _______________ if no receiver of the action is named in the sentence.
The lamp broke in the living room.
ADJECTIVE NOTES
I. An adjective is a word that modifies a _________________________.
II. An adjective modifying a noun or pronoun will answer one of the following four questions:
1.__________________? 2.__________________? 3.__________________? 4._________________?
Which questions do the following adjectives answer?
1. many wonderful songs ____________________
3. tired old man ___________________________
2. clear blue water _________________________
4. tiny little baby ________________________
III. Three commonly used adjectives are: a, an, and the. These words are called ___________________
Definite articles = ________________
Indefinite articles = _______________
IV. Nouns are sometimes used as adjectives.
They brought a long grocery list to the market.
Guitar music soothes me.
Proper Adjectives are _________________________________________________
The Thanksgiving dinner was delicious.
A Newsweek editor called several hours ago.
V. A compound adjective is like a compound noun. It is made up of more than one word. Compound
adjectives can be made up of two hyphenated words or two combined words.
Yours is a purely one-sided opinion.
Please bring your worn-out clothing to the St. Vincent DePaul.
VI. Pronouns used as Adjectives
A pronoun is used as an adjective if ____________________________________________.
Four kinds of pronouns can used as adjectives. They are:
1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ 4.______________
Possessive adjectives are personal pronouns used as adjectives.
My, your, his, her, its, our, their = _______________________________________
The four demonstrative pronouns are: 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3.__________ 4. _________
I’ll buy that watch.
This book is very interesting.
Interrogative adjectives are interrogative pronouns used as adjectives.
What name did he give?
Whose umbrella is that?
Indefinite adjectives are indefinite pronouns used as adjectives.
I don’t want any beans.
Each game came with instructions.
ADVERB NOTES
I. An adverb is a word that modifies a _____________, _________________, or
_________________________.
II. Adverbs Modifying Verbs
An adverb modifying a verb will answer one of the following four questions:
1.__________________? 2.__________________? 3.__________________? 4._________________?
Which questions do the following adverbs answer?
1. traveled rapidly _______________________
3. immediately described __________________
2. fully understand _______________________
4. move away from Boston ________________
III. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Adverbs modifying adjectives and other adverbs answer the question _________________?
• Learning where to look for adverbs will help you to identify them. List the seven positions or locations
in which adverbs can appear in a sentence.
1. ____________________________
5. ___________________________
2. ____________________________
6. ___________________________
3. ____________________________
7. ___________________________
4. ____________________________
• Circle the adverbs and draw an arrow to the words they modify.
1. Brad has almost finished his model airplane.
3. She tearfully told us about the accident.
2. These apples are especially good.
4. He was rather shy when he was little.
IV. Distinguishing Between Adverbs and Adjectives
*Remember, adjectives modify nouns and pronouns whereas adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs.
In the blank space, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb or an adjective.
1. Robert ran too quickly. _______
4. My puppy is much calmer now. _______
2. Sheila is a quick runner. ________
5. They bought a beautiful home. _______
3. I added too much sugar. ________
6. Carrie sang beautifully. _______
Many adverbs end with the letters _____. HOWEVER, not all words ending in these two letters are
adverbs.
PREPOSITION NOTES
I. A preposition ___________________ a noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence.
Look at the “mountain” below. Consider how you could relate to the mountain. For example, “You are
on the mountain.” List at least five prepositions that could represent relationships to the mountain.
Underline the preposition in each sentence.
1.
Imagine a huge forest growing in a hot, steamy environment
2.
The tallest trees rise nearly two hundred feet above the ground.
3.
Direct sunlight reaches only the highest of their branches.
4.
Only dim light filters through the leaves.
5.
Thundershowers occur often throughout the year.
II. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with the __________________________.
Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence.
1.
Few raindrops fall directly to the ground.
2.
The place teems with life.
3.
Many animals spend their entire lives in the trees.
4.
Frogs, toads, lizards and snakes dwell among the branches.
5.
Bats, monkeys, and squirrels eat nuts and fruits from the highest branches.
CONJUNCTION NOTES
I.
_________________________ connect words or groups of words. The three types of conjunctions
are_____________________, _____________________, and _____________________.
II. _________________________ connect words of a similar kind (two or more verbs, prepositional phrases
or entire sentences.)
Coordinating Conjunctions
and
but
for
nor
or
so
yet
We bought a small yet comfortable car.
The actor was talented but unattractive.
III.
_____________________ connect words as do coordinating conjunctions BUT correlatives come in
pairs.
Correlative Conjunctions
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
not only…but also
I don’t care whether Marla or Lisa represents us.
Not only was he a fine athlete, but he was also a fine student.
IV.
_______________________ connect two ideas by making one idea dependent on the other and always
comes before the dependent idea.
after
as long as
because
in order that
till
when
while
Subordinating Conjunctions
although
as
as soon as
as though
before
even though
since
so that than
unless
until
whenever
where
I did the planting after he prepared the soil.
When he phoned this morning, he was unable to reach the senator.
INTERJECTION NOTES
I. An interjection is
•List 3 examples:
as if
because
if
though
when
wherever