Download Biology/Science AIMS Review Packet

Biology/Science AIMS Review Packet
Part 1
Semester 1 Quarter 1
Scientific Processes—Things to know when studying science.
Use the data table below to answer the following questions:
Effect of Different Physical Activities on Heart Rate
Type of Activity
Standing
Running
Weight Lifting
Walking
Yoga
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
Trial
Trial
Trial
1
2
3
Average
68
72
70
70
162
168
174
168
140
158
151
149
110
115
108
111
102
94
98
98
*http://www.brighthub.com/education/homework-tips/articles/86665.aspx
1. Explain two ways you know what the independent variable is in this experiment. (Type of Activity) –
What you are changing, the variable which you the experimentor is manipulating.
a.
b.
2. Explain two ways you know what the dependent variable is in this experiment. (Heart Rate measured
in beats per minute.) – What you are measuring, the variable which you the experimentor is
measuring to determine any change.
a.
b.
3. What is the control in this experiment? __standing___ Explain how you know: _this is the
experiment where no change has occurred. This is serving as the baseline for comparison to the trials
where you the experimento has changed something.
4.
Why would this scientist want to include 3 trials and take an average heart rate? __to ensure accuracy,
help minimize error,
5.
6. If you were to graph this data, what kind of graph would be the best to use? ___bar graph. Explain
your answer: __1 qualitative (quality: color, something objective) variable, 1 quantative
(numerical, data driven) variable.
7. What kind of relationship should the graph show based on the data found in the table? __As the type of
activity increases in intensity with the test subject, the heart rate increases. ____________
8. Draw a line representing that relationship
on the skeleton graph to the right.
9. Label each axis of the skeleton graph
with the correct position of the IV and the DV.
Heart Rate vs. Type of Activity
Heart Rate vs. Type of Activity
Heart Rate (bpm)
10. Write in a good title for a graph containing
the data in the table above.
11. Where is the best place for a scientist/researcher
to report their findings so the scientific community
will be informed and begin to test/critique the research
for accuracy, comparison, and modification?
Type of Activity
Publish in scientific journal so other scientists can repeat the experiment and yield the same result.
Use the scenario and the data table below to answer the following questions:
Dr. Stanley is a Zoologist studying elephants and their habits. He decided to find out how many elephants
visited a particular watering hole each day, so he counted the elephants every day for a week. He then found
the mean, median, and mode for his data to help him communicate his findings.
Sunday
16
Monday
14
Number of Elephants per Day
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
16
16
19
Friday
52
Saturday
16
*Buckle Down Arizona AIMS HS Science 2nd Edition 2007
12. Define each of the following in one word or phrase and do the math to calculate each. Show your work.
a.
mean--__ add all of the numbers in the set and divide by how many numbers are in the list answer: 21.285
b. median--_the list of numbers should be arranged in order from lowest to highest. The number in the middle or the
average of the two middle numbers is the median answer:
16
c. mode-- Mode refers to the number in a list that occurs most
often
answer:
16
13. Which of the above forms of mathematical models would best show an accurate representation of Dr.
Stanley’s data? ____________________ Explain the reason(s) for your choice: __________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1—General Biology information
13.
Name and describe the 7(8) characteristics of living things.
Characteristic
1
2
3
4
Cells
5
6
7
Define/Describe
Reproduce
All living things are composed of one (unicellular) or more (multicellular cells. Cells are the
smallest unit of living things.
All living things have the ability to reproduce to produce offspring.
Move
All living things respond to their environment
Acquire & Use Energy
To cary out life’s functions such as cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Energy is captured
from sunlight by plants and algae. The transfer of energy from one form to another is an
example of metabolism. All organisms require energy to grow, usually in the form of ATP.
Homeostasis
All living things must maintain a stable internal balance. Organisms act to keep their interior
conditions relatively constant.
All living things grow and replenish themselves. Cells individually reproduce, humans as a
group can reproduce.
All living things change over time. Evolution is a genetic change in a population over time.
Grow & Develop
Evolve
Genetics
8
All living things contain genentic material based on the replication and duplication of genetic
material. This genetic information is massed on to future generations in a process called
heredity.
Chapter 2—Chemistry of Life
Use the following word bank to fill in the missing words or phrases in the paragraph about water below.
acid
polar
adhesion
base
surface tension
capillary action
hydrogen (X3)
1-6
cohesion
8-14
hydroxide
oxygen
14. Water—Water molecules are composed of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. The position of these atoms causes
a water molecule to be slightly charged or what is called polar. The bond formed by the slight attraction of water molecules to one
another is called a hydrogen bond. It is a relatively weak bond, but strong enough to allow water to form an attraction with itself which
allows for surface tension. This attraction is called cohesion. This is how water drops are formed. Another form of attraction
between water and other polar substances is called adhesion. This is what allows water to move up the stem of a plant, also called
capillary action. If water molecules within a given substance break their individual bonds, the resulting particles are called ions; H+ is a
hydrogen ion and OH- is a hydroxide ion. Substances with larger numbers of H+ in solution are called acid their pH is between 1-6.
Substance with reduced numbers of H+ in solution are called bases their pH is between 8-14.
15.
Macromolecule
(polymer)
Organic Compounds—Molecules of Life – HBIO – pg. 55
Building Block
(monomer)
[small parts that
make a whole]
Monosaccharide
(glucose)
Molecular Structure of the
Building Block [draw correct
molecule here]
Elements
it is composed of
Importance
to Living
Things
Simple:
Energy,
Photosynth
esis,
Cellular
Respiration
Glucose, monosaccharides
Carbohydrate
Cell Part
or Process
they are
involved
in
energy
C,H,O
1:2:1
C:H:O
Simple Sugars
Complex:
Starch = polymer of simple sugars
connected together
Saturated:
Fatty Acid
Fatty acids, single bonds
C,N,O,P
Lipids
(fats)
Steroids, long
term energy
storage,
Cell protection,
oils,
Unsaturated:
Double bonds
[specialized-phospholipid
bilayer]
Diffusion/o
smosis
Phospholipid
bilayer
regulates what
enters/exits the
cell
Enzymes,
cartilage,
bones,
tendons,
collagen,
keratin,
chemical
messengers
throughout the
brain
Phosphate head (hydrophilic), Lipid
Tail (hydrophobic)
Amino acids
Primary (1°), Secondary (2°),
Tertiary (3°), Quaternary (4°)
structures
C,H, O, N
Proteins,
Enzymes,
Polypeptid
es
Long polymers = nucleic acids
Nitrogenou
s base,
sugar
(deoxyribos
e DNA)
(ribose
RNA),
phosphate
group
DNA
Replication
Stores genetic
information
Draw picture here
3
phosphate
groups +
Adenine
(nitrogen
base)
Cellular
respiration
energy
Proteins
DNA
Nucleotides
Energy Molecule:
ATP
P-P-P-Adenine
Adenosine
TriPhosphate
Chapter 3—Cells
Fill in the missing information in the diagrams and tables below.
16.
Prokaryotic
17.
vs.
Eukaryotic
Cell Organelles
Name
Function
Plant
Animal
Both
Process Involved
In
cell membrane
Regulates what enters & exits cell:Protection &
support
Both
cell wall
Maintain shape of cell: protection & support
Plant
Diffusion/osmosis:
Diffusion/osmosis/protection:
support
cytoplasm
jelly-like substance that fills the cell, it is 80% water
Storage – non membrane bound compartment which
stores ions, sugars, pigments
Small complex assemblies of protein and RNA often
bound to ER
Both
Plant &
Protista
Store organelles
Increase surface to volume
ratio of plant cell
Both
Both
Site of protein synthesis
Forms vesicles which to
transport proteins in or out of
cell.
Participates in protein and
lipid synthesis
Aid in manufacture of
carbohydrates and lipids
Plant
Storage, increase surafce
area
Plant
Trap light energy particles
for photosynthesis
Both
Cellular respiration
Both
All cell activities
Both
rRNA units assemble
Regulates what enters &
exits nucleus
vacuole
ribosome
golgi apparatus
rough ER
smooth ER
central vacuole
chloroplast
mitochondria
nucleus
nucleolus
nuclear membrane
distribution and shipping department for the cell's
chemical products
Ribosomes attached on outside, aids in protein
synthesis
No ribosomes, does not work in protein synthesis,
used in metabolism and synthesis of fats
Single vacuole in the center of a plant – storage for
primarily water, keeps plant cells expand outward
increasing surface area
Double membrane organelle with stacks of thylakoid
vesicles. Used in photosynthesis to trap the light
energy particles
Double membrane organelle responsible for cellular
respiration
Command center and control of the cell directing all
activities
non-membrane bound structure composed of
proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus
lysosome
Double membrane protecting DNA
the main microtubule organizing center of the animal
cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression
Recycling center: garbage disposal: digesting wornout cell components & cell death “apoptosis”
microtubules
Protein fibers within the cytoskeleton
centrosome
Both
Both
Both
Animal
Both
Both
Mitosis
Cell death “apoptosis”
Help the cell to move,
maintain structure of the cell
nuclear pores
holes in nuclear membrane, regulate passage
between nucleus & cytoplasm, some pass not others
cylindrical structures that are composed of
groupings of microtubules
centrioles
Chapter 4—Cell Transport
18.
Allow RNA to pass into and
out of nucleus
Moves chromosomes where
they need to be
Both
A
Is a large cell or a small cell more efficient? small Explain your answer in terms of surface area to
volume ratio: less time for molecules/messages to pass into/out of cell.
Fill in the following flow chart with the information asked for in each box.
19.
Types of Cell Transport
Active Transport
Passive
No
energy
needed
Diffusion –
molecules move
from a region of
high concentration
to low
concentration
types
Definition
Facilitated Diffusion –
requires protein carriers –
movement of glucose
into cells
Osmosis –
diffusion of water
across membrane
– high  low
Definition
Na+, K+ Pump –
Na+ & K+
transported
against their
gradient.
types
Coupled transport
– glucose is
moved into cells
against
concentration
gradient.
energy
is
needed
Proton Pump –
protons pumped
against
concentration
gradient. ATP
formed.
20. Define the solution types in the table below and draw in the shape/appearance of the cells in that solution.
Hypertonic
Moves out – cell will shrivel
Definition
Draw Shape
in Beaker
Isotonic
Equal
Hypotonic
Moves in – cell will swell
21. List in order from smallest to largest the levels of organization of living things. (use the extended version)
smallest--species__
Genus______________________
Family_________________
Order____________
Class_______
Write the word “species” next to the
Phylum__
level of organization that would
Kindom______________
represent an individual species.
Domain__________________
Define the term, species here: _descriptive term
used to describe a specific species of living organism.
22. Define the 5 ways in which cells can reproduce and give an example of an organism that uses each type
of reproduction.
1. binary fission- prokaryotes reproduce – after the circular DNA is copied, the cell will swell and
the newly replicated DNA will move toward each end of the cell. Cell splits in two using the
plasma membrane
Example: see pg. 142 HBIO
2. sexual reproduction- meiosis – involves sperm & egg cells (gametes)
M Phase – Meiosis I & II
1. P – Prophase I & II
2. M – Metaphase I & II
3. A – Anaphase I & II
4. T – Telophase I & II
C Phase - Cytokinesis
Example: pg. 158 in textbook
3. asexual reproduction- mitosis- cell duplication
Interphase
1. G1 – cell grows
2. S – synthesis phase – DNA is copied
3. G2 – organelles are copied
M Phase – Mitosis
5. P – Prophase
6. M – Metaphase
7. A – Anaphase
8. T – Telophase
C Phase - Cytokinesis
Example – pg. 147 in textbook
23. Are viruses living? List evidence for and against and state your final determination based on the evidence
you presented here.
Viruses are alive.
Viruses are not alive.
Final Determination