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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION 1865 – 1877
President Johnson’s political blunders and southern white reluctance to allow
slaves civil rights led to military Reconstruction of the South
 Problems facing the South following the Civil War
1. Assisting the freed slaves
2. Reintegrating the southern states into the Union
3. Deciding who would direct the Reconstruction process
 The South was economically devastated and socially changed by
emancipation
1. Slave owners reluctantly confronted the end to slavery
2. Blacks took their first steps in freedom
3. The Freedom Bureau
 President Johnson was politically inept and did not get along with Congress.
1. He attempted to pass a moderate plan for reconstruction
2. Was not accepted by southern whites or radical republicans.
 Republicans imposed harsh military Reconstruction on the South after their gains
in the 1866 congressional elections.
 The Southern states reentered the Union with new radical governments.
 Embittered whites hated the radical governments and mobilized the Ku Klux
Klan to restore white supremacy.
 Congress impeached Johnson but failed to convict him.
 In the end, Reconstruction failed
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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
1865 – 1877
KEY TERMS AND NAMES
Reconstruction
 Period of rebuilding the nation after the Civil War
13TH Amendment
 Freed the slaves
14th Amendment
 Gave African Americans citizenship
15th Amendment
 Banned states from denying African Americans
the right to vote. [Suffrage]
Scalawag
 White southerners who joined the Republican
Party.
Carpetbagger
 Northerners who moved to the South following
the Civil War.
Tenant farmer
 Rented land from landowners for cash
Sharecropping
Andrew Johnson
 System in which landowners gave a few acres of
land to farm workers in return for portion of their
crops.
# A Family of Sharecroppers and caption page 485
 A secret group of white Southerners who used
violence to keep blacks from voting
# Ku Klux Klan, Tennessee 1868
 President after Lincoln’s assassination
Rutherford B Hayes
 President who ended Reconstruction in 1877
Ku Klux Klan
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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION 1865 – 1877
Social structure had been
destroyed:
Economics:
1. Banks and businesses went
bankrupt - caused inflation.
2. Factories closed
3. Transportation system completely
destroyed
4. Agriculture: livestock killed,
crops burned
5. Slave labor system destroyed
1. Plantations burned to the
ground.
2. Charleston, Richmond,
Atlanta had been burned
to the ground
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
ECONOMICS
MAJOR PROBLEMS FACING
THE SOUTH FOLLOWING THE
CIVIL WAR
EMANCIPATED
SLAVES
FREEDOM
BUREAU
 Some slaves resisted
emancipation
 Others beat their former
masters
 Many slaves moved westward.
 Most slaves were unskilled,
without money or property
 Did not know how to make
decisions
 Congress created the Freemen's
Bureau in 1865
 Provided food, education, and
clothing
 40 acres of free land to black
settlers.
 Bureau was backed by Radical
Republicans
 President Johnson vetoed its renewal
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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
1865 - 1877
LINCOLN’S 10% PLAN
 States could reenter the Union if 10% of the voters pledged their allegiance to the United
States
 States had to form new state governments
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
JOHNSON'S PLAN
 Feared that southern aristocrats would
 Agreed with Lincoln's 10 % plan
return to power under Lincoln's 10% plan
 Southerners who had $20,000 in assets
 Introduced the Wade-Davis Bill: It required
were not allowed to vote
that 50% of state voters take an oath of
 Repealed all Confederate votes
allegiance
 Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
 Radical Republicans believed that the
rebels had forfeited all their rights when
they seceded from the Union
# Impeachment Drama and Caption page 496
BLACK CODES
 Written by the new Southern state legislatures. Regulated the social, economic, and political
affairs of the freed slaves
 Ensured a cheap labor source for southern planters
 Severe penalties imposed on slaves who broke their labor contracts
 Blacks were not allowed to serve on juries
 Many blacks became sharecroppers and tenant farmers
Early in 1866 one congressman quoted a Georgian:
“The Blacks eat, sleep, move, live, only by the tolerance of the whites, who hate them.
The blacks own basically nothing but their bodies; their former masters own everything
and will sell them nothing. If a black man draws even a bucket of water from a well, he
must first get the permission of a white man, his enemy…. If he asks for work to earn
his living, he must ask it of a white man; and the whites are determined to give him no
work, except on such terms as will make him a serf and impair his liberty
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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
CONGRESSIONAL
RECONSTRUCTION
JOHNSON CLASHES WITH THE
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
 New state constitutions allowed for
new legislators in the federal
government
 Most were former congressmen or
members of the aristocratic families
 Republican Congress had passed laws
during the Civil War that favored the
North. [Morrill Tariff - Pacific
Railroad Act - Homestead Act]
 Republicans feared the South would
gain power in both houses of
Congress - blacks were no longer
counted as 3/5 of a person
 Republicans feared Southern
Democrats would join Northern
Democrats
 Democrats could:
1. Dismantle Republican
economic policies by lowering
tariffs
2. Reroute the transcontinental
railroad
3. Repeal the Homestead Act
 December 6, 1865 the rebellious
states were restored
 Johnson vetoed renewal of the
Freedmen Bureau
 Vetoed the Civil Rights Bill of 1866
which gave Blacks their citizenship
 Was against the 14th amendment
which allowed blacks citizenship
 Radical Republicans had enough
votes to override vetoes and did
RADICAL REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES
 Wanted to keep the Southern States legislatures out of Congress as long as
possible
MODERATE REPUBLICANS
Preferred policies that stopped states from denying citizen rights
Both moderates and radicals felt blacks should have the right to vote
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AP U.S. HISTORY – 12TH EDITION - CHAPTER 22
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION
 Divide the South into five military districts
 Each commanded by a Union General and policed by Union soldiers
# Military Reconstruction, 1867 – Districts page 490
REPUBLICAN MODERATES
 Wanted to create a voting electorate [both black and white] that would vote the
states back into the Union
 Also free the Southern states from having to protect black rights
 Moderates feared that if white Southerners were back in power that they would
do away with the rights of former slaves
 Backed the 15th amendment that would guarantee the right for blacks to vote
#Freedmen Voting, Richmond, Virginia, 1871 page 492
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