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Chapter 14 Summary Chapter 14 covers The Latin West, 1200-1500, and it mostly describes Rural Growth and Crisis, Urban Revival, Learning Literature and the Renaissance, and Political and Military Transformations. It starts by describing how between 1200 and 1500 most europeans lived in rural areas, and were poor farmers. Also, the plague known as Black Death spread throughout Europe from 1347 to 1351, caused serfs to revolt and some were freed. In 1200 most western europeans were serfs living in feudalism with terrible living conditions. Also, living conditions for women were very bad in the early medieval times, and between 1100 and 1345 Europe's population doubled, and it could not be supported. People began using the three-field system, migrating to new farmland, and clearing swamps, and forests to make farmland. The Black Plague came to Europe from the Mongolian army, and it wiped out a third of the population of western Europe. The end of the Black Death made people revolt, and brought an end to serfdom in Europe, and higher wages for skilled workers too. Guilds became more important in cities where workers were being hired more. Water wheels and other industrial things spread through Europe very quickly. Wind and water mills started spreading a lot and performed many tasks involving iron and grain very easily. The Europeans caused deforestation and pollution, but got more mines. Also, many new towns and cities were made and dams. In this time period the ruling class was the rich, and they controlled fairly large amounts of land. By the later medieval ages counties were getting bigger, and had larger armies. Also, they were fighting with each other all the time. The urban communities got a lot bigger, and guilds became more powerful in society. In the later medieval times trade, and manufacturing became more important. Taxes got very high, and nations were still pretty small, and divided over many different things. Universities started appearing, and art music and literature grew more. Many things from earlier times like Islam and Greek/Roman were developed or changed to make better. Warfare techniques and weapons became more effective, and so did other aspects of life. Industry grew, and global trade started appearing. This time marked how Europe became more influential in the world, and it's culture started developing more. Many of the newer things that was making the western world better were originally eastern such as, mills, printing, gunpowder, and agriculture, and alphabet had before. Many things encouraged western european expansion including religion, overpopulation, economics, and search for new knowledge. In this time period western europe began leaving the medieval ages and started creating the first amounts of surplus. Many things happened where land was taken including expansion of Europe, and the reconquest of Spain and Portugal. Also, the Great Schism between the Christian church split a lot of Europe which was mainly christian. Nico Aimonetti 5-25-10 per 4 Chapter 14 Key Terms Three-Field System: This is when a farmer plants 2/3 of his farmland with their crops and on the rest they planted oats, or other plants that returned nitrogen to the soil. These nitrogen producing plants also were able to be used as food for plow horses. Although most farmers in Europe during this agricultural boom in Europe still let half of their land fallow and use oxen for plowing. Black Death: The Black Death was a disease called the Bubonic Plague that went and spread all around Europe and Asia. It wiped out 1/3 of the European population and it originally started in Asia but was carried out by the Mongol armies. They gave it to Europe by attacking Kaffa, on the Black Sea in 1346. Traders from Kaffa then spread it to Italy and Southern France and sparing other cities and carrying off 2/3 in others. the Black Death caused social changes such as skilled workers who lived started raising their prices and peasant revolted against nobles like the Jacquerie in France in 1358. Mills: Mills were powered by either water or wind and they were used to grind grain and flour, saw logs into lumber, crush olives, tan leather, make paper, and perform other useful tasks. Watermills were common in dry lands like in Spain and northern Europe and were powered by water wheels. Many mills were built by wealthy individuals and monasteries and they were profitable because the nature ran the energy for free. Water Wheel: After 1,200 water mills spread rapidly across the western European mainland. By the early 14th century entrepreneurs had crammed 68 watermills into a one-mile section of the Seine River in Paris. These water mills were powered by water wheels which were promised a steady flow of water because of the dams that were built. Some water wheels were even powered by the ocean tides in England and France. Hanseatic League: In northern Europe an association of trading cities known as the Hanseatic League traded extensively in the Baltic, coasts of Prussia, and new land conquered by German knights. The merchants in the league ranged from Novgorod, Russia to the east and London in the west. By the 13th century a third area for trading was created in Flanders which had many skill artisans who made English sheep wool into the softest cloth and made into expensive textiles sold in Europeans. This caused Asia's textile business to fall because many wealthy Europeans got their textiles from Flanders. Guild: A guild is and association of craft specialists, such as silversmiths or of the merchants that regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charge. Guilds also trained apprentices and promoted members interests with the city government and they recruited new members from families that were members and they perpetuated male dominance of skilled jobs. Gothic Cathedrals: The Gothic cathedrals made their appearance in around 1140 in France. The main piece in these cathedrals was the gothic arch which was pointed instead of the Roman arch which was rounded. Also the flying buttresses stabilized the high thin stone columns below the arches. The Gothic cathedrals did not only need master builders to build it but skill artisans to make the stained glass windows and beautiful art inside of the cathedral. It then became a competition of which cathedral was largest such as the Beauvais cathedral which was 154 feet high and the Strasbourg cathedral which measured 466 feet high. Champagne: Champagne is the land between Flanders and northern Italy and became an important trading spot. It started as a trading post where everyone would meet once or twice a year to trade all their items. When Champagne came under the control of the king of France there were royal guaranties of safe conduct to all merchants turned the regional market into an international trading spot. This spot became so popular that Italy had 15 permanent consultants in Champagne. Although during the fourteenth century trade grew so large its became cheaper to send textiles overseas from Flanders instead of by land from Champagne thus resulting in Champagne losing its international popularity and stayed as a regional market Galen Barker 4th Chapter 15 Summary Polynesian people from the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia had been exploring island chains of the East Indies and later New Guinea, and later to more islands close by. While the Polynesian mariners were sailing to the Pacific Islands, the MaylayoIndonesians were sailing westward into the Indian Ocean and settling Madagascar. The Indian Ocean was also being used for trade by other peoples, and the rise of Medieval Islam allowed for Islamic trading posts to spread and develop. The Ming dynasty also launched large and powerful expeditions into the Indian Ocean, with Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim, commanding them, but the Chinese avoided people that could make no real contributions to China. The Vikings were the great mariners of the Atlantic in the Middle Ages, and they attacked coastal European settlements for centuries. Much later the Iberian kingdoms sponsored voyages of explorations in the 15th centuries because of the revival of urban life and trade, a struggle with Islamic powers, growing intellectual curiosity, and a peculiarly European alliance between merchants and rulers. Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator worked on converting Africans to Christianity and several expeditions were mounted. The caravel had been invented, they were small, could travel upriver, yet weather ocean storms, and when equipped with different sails, they could handle differently in the water. For the Spanish explorers, there was Christopher Columbus, who opened up the land of America for other countries. The Africans, the Indians, and the Americans had trade that was opened up with the Europeans. Also, the conquering of the Southern American lands by the European conquistadors occurred. Christopher Columbus was the leader of Spain's overseas mission to the Indian Ocean by a new route. He was a Genoese mariner. Between 1492-1502 his four voyages established the reality of the "new World". When Columbus was younger, he participated in Portuguese explorations along the African coast. Columbus had a theory that the Canaries were 2,400 nautical miles from Japan. He wanted to test his theory but it was very hard to find a sponsor. He was rejected by the Portuguese twice and then by Castile. After studying Castilian commission, he finally won of Queen Isabella and her husband King Ferdinand of Aragon. They left Friday August 3rd, 1492. they traveled in three ships; Nina, Pinata and the Santa Maria. In October they reached the Caribbean islands. he believed the islands to be the East Indies and therefore mistakenly called its people the Indians. on a second voyage he still thought they were Indians. On his 3rd voyage in 1498, he found the mainland of South America, but he still thought it was Asia. Because Portugal and Spain thought they had founded the Americas they agreed to split the world between them documented in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. (Emily San Juan) Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition that was created to continue the interrupted voyage of Columbus. He was to sail around the Americas and across the Pacific Ocean. His voyage was the basis for colonization of the Philippines by the Spanish people. Magellan was thought to be the first person to encircle the globe. (Emily San Juan) Ileunau Cortes was a nobleman that led expeditions. In 1519, he left Cuba with six hundred men to go to Mexico to establish trade and find slaves. the expedition soon learned of the Aztec people and brought the recon quest of Muslim Iberia and it continued in the Greater Antilles. (Emily San Juan) ZheriHe commanded the Ming expeditions in the Indian ocean. he was a Chinese Muslim who increased Muslim-dominate Indian ocean basin. He kept Arabic speaking Chinese as interpreters on these expeditions. his ships carried silks, metals, and intended gifts for rulers. this stimulated trade between china and its neighbors. this also caused delegates from Africa being sent to china. (Emily San Juan) araw..,,- the Sarawak were the Amerindian name after the year 1000. they colonized in the West Indies and sailed along the Pacific coast of South America. they moved from Barbados, Martinique, and Guadalupe (lesser Antilles) into Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto rice (greater Antilles) as well as Bahamas. (Emily San Juan) Mansa Kankan Musa was the ruler of Mali. he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1342. t nntortunately a canoe returned saying that the caravan of people was swept away by a current in the ocean. this caused manse muse's predecessor Mansa Muhammad to bring an even bigger expedition and no one returned. (Emily San Juan) Francisco Pizarro was a man that had come to the Americas in 1502 at 25 years of age with little education. he was involved with Balbo's expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and the conquest of Hispaniola. in 1520 he was a wealthy landowner and an official in Panama. he explored the pacific coast and set out to conquer Inca in 1531. he awaited the Incas with 180 men, 37 horses, and 2 cannon. in November 1532 he arranged to meet with the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. lizards seized Atahualpa. even though the Incas had numbers far greater than Pizarro, the confusion of the cannon fire helped his men conquers the Incas. they were given a room full of gold and silver in order to free Atahualpa, but instead, as soon as they got their gold, they gave Atahualpa a choice. they would either bum him alive or he could be baptized as a Christian and then strangled. the death of Atahualpa broke the unity of the Incan empire. Pizarro met his death in 1539. Atahualpa was the empower of the Incas. in November he was arranged to meet with Francisco'Pizarro, but instead was captured by him. all of Atahualpa's people were killed by the confusion of cannon fire at the expense of pizarro's men. the ransom for Atahualpa was a room full of gold and silver, as soon as the ransom was paid, Atahualpa was given a choice. he either be burned at the stake or be baptized and become a Christian and then strangled. he was strangled to death and his death broke the unity of the Incas. Moctezuma: The Aztec ruler who sent messangers to greet cortex to see if he was a an or god, friend or foe Connection: He was held hostage in return for money Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa Connection: He was a Portuguese Prince Bartolommeo Dia: He was the 1st Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa. Connection: He was a famous explorer Conquistadors: Spanish explorers who conquered people. Connection: Helped conquer new areas Vasco De Gama: Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa and got to India. Connection: He was able to get to India from Portugal. Caravel: The new vessel to the Europeans. Small, 1/5 the size of other ships: Connection: Helped increase travel efficiency because they were quicker and could go up rivers causer they were small. Gold Coast: A Coast along the western side of Africa, which brought riches to European explorers. Connection: It helped bring riches to eruopean explorers. Americas: The new land Columbus mistook for India. Held new people. Connection: It was a lot more land that could be colonized by the Europeans. LUVe, ' G e n }onThis a)) Chapter 16 Summary Zack Rezowalli Period 4 The Papacy was the central government of Latin Christianity in the 1500s; it was funded by both tax and donations by its followers. The Church gave out indulgences which were guaranteed tickets to heaven to anybody who would pay for them. In 1519 Martin Luther got into a dispute with a church official over church doctrines and the papacy's behavior, and then Martin started his own church causing the Protestant Reformation. In response to the Protestant Reformation the Catholic Reformation began which was a movement within the Latin Church to clarify Catholic teachings, trainings, and discipline. Witch Hunts became popular in the late 1600s early 1700s which was when protestants and Catholics both went after woman and some men who were accused of which craft. The Scientific revolution started with an attempted to explain planetary motion and physics and the in the 17th century it became the basis for modem science. A major member of the Scientific Revolution was Galileo who observed planetary motion and came to the conclusion that the Sun did not revolve around the earth but the other way around. Galileo was put under house arrest by the Church because his theory differed from theirs. The Dutch government was the first to create a joint-stock company which was a business backed by the government who sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprise. In the 1590s a small Ice Age fell over Europe, the effects of the cold killed crops, shorted surplus, and caused inflation. In Spain and France the Catholic tradition was protected from the Protestant movement. England was put into a civil war when King Charles I refused to grant individual rights to his people as parliament ordered and arrested the leaders of the movement. After Charles lost the civil war he was put on trial where he was found guilty and executed. The most successful example of how European rulers increased revenue to pay for military costs was when they promoted mutually beneficial alliances with the rising commercial elite. (Zack Rezowalli) Robert H. Barragan 5-26-10 P-.4 Honors World History JC w\t3 Final Review Chapter 16 terms Renaissance Definition= Between 1300 and 1600s, a time period where more than 130 scholars, translators, writers, poets, sculptors, explorers and philosophers whose work over the preceding two centuries had restored the standards of ancient learning. Significance= The Renaissance was an important time period because great art, philosophy, and ideas that changed Europe forever for the better. Connection= Leonardo Da Vinci, reasoning, classical art, Martin Luther, Donatello, Raphael. Papacy Definition= In the 1500s the Papacy was the central government of Latin Christianity. Significance= They gained their stature from the suffering of the people and their own corruption and dissent. Large donations and tax receipts let Popes find ambitious construction projects in Rome. Connection= Vatican, Protestant Reformation, Taxation. Indulgences Definition= A forgiveness of the punishment for past sins, usually paid for and granted by the church. Significance= Cause much controversy in church and influenced people like Martin Luther to speak against the church. Connection= Martin Luther, Catholic Reformation, Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther Definition= A professor who objected to indulgences. Significance= He had forsaken money and marriage for a life of prayer, self-denial and study. He claimed salvation came from faith not "doing certain things". He disliked how indulgences could be obtained by money and not faith. He eventually wrote to Pope Leo, asking him to stop the abuse. At a convention he burned the Papal Bull, a religious document, which fed the fuel for the Catholic Reformation. Connection= Indulgences, Catholic Reformation, Papal Bull. Protestant Reformation Definition= Started by Martin Luther because he was unhappy with the church. Significance= Luther said that instead on focusing on deeds, to have faith in Jesus Christ. He also said that the authority of the church was based on the Bible and did not come from the Pope. Luther's use of the printing press won him the support of powerful German families, which he received funding from for his religious campaign. Connection= John Calvin, The Institutes of Christian Religion, (Book by John Calvin). Catholic Reformation Definition= A counsel met in the city of Trent because they were inspired by the Protestant Reformation. Significance= The counsel gathered in three separate sessions between 1545 and 1563. These sessions reaffirmed the supremacy of the Pope and assured that each Bishop resided in his respective diocese and at the same time each diocese had a seminary to train priest. Also during theses sessions Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits. Connection= Jesuits, Protestant Reformation. Witch-Hunts Definition= The wide spread witch-hunts were a dramatic illustration of the common beliefs of the Protestants and Catholics. Significance= The extraordinary fear of the power of witches that swept across Northern Europe in the late sixteenth century was a testimony to the belief of spiritual causes of natural events. It is estimated that over a thousand people were tried for being witches, of them being women. Connection= Magic, folklore, witchcraft, witch riots. Scientific Revolution Definition= European investigators began to challenge prevailing conceptions of the world. This was called the scientific revolution. Significance= A time period where everything was questioned and many products came from this period, such as the scientific method, the explanation for gravity, and the philosophy of reason. Also the explanation for nature was more relied on reason and science than religion. Connection= Isaac Newton, Pythagryuim Therum. ( W("* 4 b 4 , / t , p Bourgeoisie- A class of well-off town dwellers who made their livings from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professors. These members were very skilled in their trade. They also supplied the city they were in with wealth, and this allowed Europe's economy to become more stable and efficient. This ultimately led to a population increase of many towns in Europe because of the bourgeoisie. Joint-Stock Company- A business often backed up by a government charter that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors. This new business allowed for money to be loaned to companies that needed to buy new facilities, or just grow in size. For a healthy economy, there needed to be a sense of competition between businesses, and the joint-stock companies gave each business a chance to become the number one producer of a certain trade. Gentry- The class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. The gentry loaned money to peasants and members of the nobility, and in time increased their ownership of land. They eventually became a very powerful class in England. Little Ice Age- A century long cool climate that began in the 1590's. It very much effected the agricultural state of many countries. Because it got colder during the ice age, many plants started to freeze and die. With less extra food, this meant less surplus , which ultimately meant less wealth for the European countries. However many people actually starved during this time because of the lack of production of agriculture. Holy Roman Empire- Was a loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806. Also was a powerful empire in Europe that challenged the strong monarchies of Western Europe. Charles V of Austria from the powerful family Hasburg tried to unite all of the German states into one by making a single religion. However, after several decades of fighting he gave up his efforts at unification and decided to let every Germanic state to have their own religion. English Civil War- A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights between Charles I and parliament that eventually ended up with the execution of Charles I. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolution and, with the Glorious revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights 1689 ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. Women's Role in Society- Women ranked below men, and were closely tied to their husbands and family. They did not participate in social affairs, but were meant to stay home watch after the children and do work around the house. European men and women did not usually get married until they could afford to build or buy their own house to live in. Girls of rich families were often educated and taught things such as weaving and instruments. Women did sometimes help out men at their jobs. 3e551& 1) The Enlightenment: A time period in Europe in which countries are said to have experienced a "great awakening". Many philosophers came about and spread their new ideas to the world during this time. In this process, new philosophies were used to better and improve society. Connections: Philosophes Thomas Hobbes John Locke Rousseau Voltaire Montesquieu Encyclopedie David Hume Adam Smith Edward Gibbon Significance: The Enlightenment introduced many new ideas into European society, and as new ideas were introduced, they were soon used to educate individuals and create a better society that has carried on even until this day Sesiit.2) Philosophes: A group of French thinkers who helped the development of European Enlightenment begin. These thinkers were interested in science, literature, philosophy, and sociology. Also, these people wanted to get rid of inaccurate thought systems such as religion while bettering humans and their societies. Connections: Enlightenment ideas Philosophe movement Progress Deism Tolerance Significance: They created the philosophe movement, which lead to increased thoughts and different ideas. In turn, this helped lead to the Enlightenment. The philosophe movement consisted of three main ideas: Progress, deism, and tolerance. Progress involved human history in which humans have managed to manipulate the world through technological advances, overcome foolishness brought on by religion and superstitious ideas, and use social improvements to overcome human cruelty. Deism focused more on religion as the philosophes used it to explain that religion should be built on reason and should result in good moral behavior of its followers. Also, deism is related to the idea that the knowledge of the natural world has nothing at all to do with religion. Lastly, tolerance was used to declare that in a good society, tolerance of all religions is necessary. *,;e3) Thomas Hobbes: A philosopher during the Enlightenment period. He was the first major thinker of the seventeenth century to use new methods for human sciences. He also wrote Leviathan, which is a very revolutionary book on political theories. Connection: Leviathan Selfishness Social Contract Authority Significance: Hobbes' ideas became very important and well-known enlightenment ideas. First, he explained that all human law is derived from natural law. When human law branches away from this natural law, disaster arises. He also explains that humans are motivated by selfishness, which means humans want to maximize pleasures. Continuing on, individuals unite into a society to increase their safety and happiness. People in society agree to a social contract to make laws of which to live by that are to be for the best of the society. However, humans cannot be trusted to live by the social contracts themselves, so an authority, such as a monarch, is put in control. This monarch though, does not live by the consent of heaven, but by the consent of the people. ,Sie4) John Locke: An important philosopher of human sciences from the seventeenth century. He wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises on Government, which are two very influential works. Connection: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Two Treatises on Government Tabula Rasa Empiricism Human Equality Significance: He contributed many new important ideas and philosophies that were not only important to the Enlightenment, but which remain important to today's society. His first idea was that everyone is born with a blank mind, which he called a tabula rasa (means an erased board). With such, all human minds use empiricism to learn. Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Also, Locke concluded that since everyone is born with a blank mind, everyone is born equal. Authority, Locke thought, is established to protect this equality, and when an authority stops caring about the equality and natural rights of people, it is up to the people to overthrow the authority. (These ideas have come to greatly influence the American Government). 15) Jean Jacques Rousseau: An important Enlightenment writer. He wrote The Social Contract, The Discourse on Inequality, and Emile. Connections: The Social Contract The Discourse on Inequality, Emile Liberty Rights Social Contract Significance: Rousseau provided many prudent enlightenment ideas. His basic ideas were that the happiest state of humankind is a middle state between completely wild and completely civilized, the existence of social contracts, and the nature of human freedom. In addition, Rousseau believed civilization corrupts humans and robs them of theft natural freedom. Continuing on, part of Rousseau's' philosophy on social contracts is that social contracts should be meant to protect the rights and equality of everyone, and if a government fails to do so, it has broken the social contract (this theory was a relevant idea of the French and American revolutions). Also, Rousseau explained that rights and liberties only exist because the rest of society agreed to those rights and liberties. $ <<~ 6) Voltaire: A very influential French philosophe who focused on empiricism and religious tolerance. He is author of A Treatise on Tolerance and Candide. Connection: A Treatise on Tolerance Candide Empiricism Tolerance Calas Case of 1762 Significance: His books, A Treatise on Tolerance and Candide, have brought on great ideas significant to enlightenment ideals. Voltaire wrote the book, A Treatise on Tolerance, in response to the Calas case of 1762. In this book, Voltaire expresses his beliefs that the worst crimes have been carried out in the name of religions. The book also mentions that people should be able to practice whatever religion they want, and governments should not impose a certain religion on their states. Voltaire concluded that secular values should be looked upon as more important than religious values. Continuing on, Voltaire's other book, Candide, uses a character named Candide to show that human beings cannot endlessly improve themselves and the environment. This contradicts ideas of the philosophe movement, even though Voltaire, himself was a famous philosophe. 2 5 9 i 7) Montesquieu: A famous philosopher who focused on political theories. He wrote pirit of the Laws. Connection: Spirit of the Laws Division of power Executive, legislative, and judicial Checks and Balances Significance: His philosophical ideas were big components of enlightenment ideas that focused on politics. Therefore, he contributed to enlightenment thought. His main philosophy was that climate and terrain determine human behavior and forms of authority. In addition, he believed there was one best government , which would be like the English government. The English government had a division of power; it contained an executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Montesquieu called this balance of power "checks and balances". (This political philosophy influenced the current American government) SeM 't-8) Encyclopedia: It was a book, which contained the great manifesto of the philosophe movement. It was a collection of topics that referred to philosophe ideas and were organized around categories of human knowledge. The Encyclopedia was organized together by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, but was a collective effort of hundreds of French thinkers. Connection: Philosophes Science (human, natural and mechanical sciences) Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert Aristolean principle Significance: The Encyclopedia contained many of the great ideas that spurred on the Enlightenment. The Encyclopedia was a collective work on philosophe theories. Its main purpose was to secularize learning and refute the idea that human improvement was based on religion. In addition, the division between human and natural sciences, as well as the division between natural and mechanical sciences, all owe their origin to the Encyclopedic. The Encyclopedic has allowed many great works to be collected, organized and passed on together, which helped establish the main thoughts of the enlightenment and spread them on throughout society. 5ei(J)humans David Hume: An English philosopher from the eighteenth century who believed could know nothing with certainty. He wrote An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Connection: Philosophe Movement An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding Moral relativism Significance: His philosophies were conducive to the enlightenment thoughts in England. His thoughts especially focused on a moral relativism. He believed no human could know anything for certain, so no human should pass judgment on different moral systems. 10) Adam Smith: A significant theorist of the eighteenth century. He wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which was the first book that basically invented economics for countries going through the Enlightenment. Connections: Division of labor Economic Liberty Laissez Faire Significance: He had some great economic theories that played a part in the Enlightenment and helped establish economies in the western world. Smith believed that division of labor between workers was a critical characteristic of growing economies. He also thought that instead of monopolies and regulations, there should be a natural system of economic liberty, in which individuals are free to choose how to disperse their labor and money. Such economic liberty was called laissez faire, which means "let them do as they please". In addition, Smith thought that the world had an infinite amount of resources, which could be used to benefit humankind. 5e51 3% 5t) Edward Gibbon: A man known for his great and classic book, The Decline and Fall of e Roman Empire. In this book, he expresses his beliefs about what led to the fall of Rome. Connections: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Philosophe Movement Rome Significance: His book explains political and social theories of the philosophe movement in relation to history. Gibbon believed that Rome fell because barbarians overwhelmed it and it had been declining due to adoption of Christianity. Christianity, Gibbon thought, debased the Roman mind and soul, which made Rome vulnerable to internal degradation and external predation. Jim Kraus 5/25/10 Online Chapter on Exploration, Columbian Exchange, and Slavery P.1 This chapter dealt with exploration, the Columbian Exchange, and slavery. The 7 exploration for the most part was to find trade routes going to west to India. Christopher Columbus was the first to try this. He was a sailor from Genoa that asked convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to finance his journey to India. In 1492 Columbus landed on an island near present-day Cuba. He believed he had landed in India so he called the people there Indians. Of course he was not in India he was in the Americas. So in 1492 Columbus crossed the ocean and discovered the Americas. Other explorers tried to find routes to India like Ferdinand Magellan who sailed around the tip of South America. This is the exploration part of the chapter. The next part of the chapter was about the "Columbian Exchange". This was a concept of the sixteenth century that was used to express the spread of ideas, diseases, animals, food, and religion during the time period of the conquering of the Americas. Many of the ideas flowed from East to West because the East brought technologies such as medicine over to the Amerindians. Another thing that was spread in the Columbian Exchange was disease. The main diseases were small pox and influenza which killed almost 90% of the Amerindian people. Animals were also spread from the east to west like horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs to the Americas and llamas and alpacas to the east. Also different types of food were spread. From the east, they brought wheat, barley, and rye. And it brought Maize, potato, sweet potato, bananas, and pineapple to the East. Finally the east also spread Christianity with them. The final part of the chapter talks about slavery. The main idea of slavery in this chapter was that all of the indigenous people of the Americas that survived small pox and war were turned into slaves. All of the slaves in society were forced to work in sugar plantations, or just a plantation in general. Very few Amerindians became slaves because they were often killed by disease or warfare. So in order for the Europeans to maintain their plantations they had to import slaves from Africa. This is the chapter summary. Jim Kraus 5/25/10 5 Key Terms P.1 AmerindianDefinitions- People living in the Americas during the time period of the discovery of the8 Americas in 1492. Significance- They were people of the Western culture that was part of the Americas. They served as slaves to the European people. Many of them died due to diseases. They were taught many important things such as medicine and religion. They also spread llamas, alpacas, sugar cane, sweet potato, potatoes, and corn. Connections- They were part of the Columbian exchange during the sixteenth century. And were attacked and destroyed by the Europeans when they started their conquest of the Americas. Jeffrey AmherstDefinition-commanding general of British forces in America during the Seven Years War (or French and Indian War, 1756-1763), distributed blankets from smallpox victims as a way to crush an Indian uprising Significance- He claimed land in many parts of the Americas for Europe and he used small pox as a weapon during the Seven Years War. Connection- He was part of the French and Indian War. InfluenzaDefinition-is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, lungs. Significance- It was another large killer of the Amerindians in the Americas. It killed a large percent of Amerindians, and it helped the Europeans take-over the people of the Americas. Connections- It also killed many people in recent times and it was a huge epidemic that spread throughout the United States and other countries. "New World"Definition- The Americas that were discovered in 1492 by Christopher columbus and this is what the discovered land was called. Significance- This was the name that the Europeans used to name the newly discovered Americas. This was a huge part in world history. Connections- It was connected to the Columbian Exchange and the Slave trade because it had the raw materials and the resources that caused these two things Hispanola Definition- present day Cuba and Haiti Significance- this was where Christopher Columbus first landed when it hit the Americas. Connections- This was the site of a 95% death of the Amerindians due to smallpox. LJ t'v ti I19iP ,yfrr 0 5/n11 l°e r- y Key Terms 1. Columbian Exchange ( tevc, ) Definition: The exchange of people, crops, animals, ideas, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres due to European exploration. Significance: The Columbian Exchange was the first contact between the Old and New Worlds. New crops, diseases, and cultures were introduced, and Europeans began colonizing the New World. Connections: Colonization Agriculture Revolution Industrial Revolution 2. Smallpox ( i evc,) Definition: a human diseases caused by the Variola major virus. Significance: Was brought by the Europeans to the New World, killing 90 — 95 % of the indigenous population, which allowed the Europeans to conquer the Native Americans (ex. Aztecs and Incans.) Connections: Epidemic Aztecs and Incans The Conquest of the Americas 3. Epidemic CY"evct) Definition: Rapid outbreaks of a disease. Significance: Because the indigenous people of the Americas had not been exposed to European diseases, they had not built up a resistance, and therefore smallpox became an epidemic in the Americas. Connections: Smallpox Conquistadors 4. Endemic L T e V t ) Definition: A diseases that is passed from person to person without needing to be reintroduced from an outside source. Significance: When a disease is endemic to a population, the population eventually builds us a resistance to the diseases. However, when the Europeans suddenly introduced many diseases that had been endemic to Europe, but not the Americas, the indigenous people could not build up a resistance resulting in the killing of 90 — 95 % of the indigenous population. Connections: Smallpox, measles, the flu Columbian Exchange 5. Zoonotic CTWA) Definition: a disease the came to humans from animals. Significance: Because American Indians lived with their animals, the zoonotic diseases brought by the Europeans spread quickly in the Americas. Connections: Measles, smallpox, flu, diphtheria, common cold, tuberculosis Columbian Exchange 6. Conquistadors C Tew%) Definition: Spanish conquerors. Significance: These ruthless men conquered and killed many American Indians, leading to the European colonization of the Americas. Connections: Henan Cortes Francisco Pizarro Aztecs and Incans 7. Henan Cortes l "f P ✓G ) Definition: A Spanish conquistador in the 1500s. Significance: In 1519, he and his men conquered to Aztec capital of Tenochtilan, and subsequently the Aztec Empire. Connections: Aztec Empire Quetzalcoatl Mocetezuma 8. Francisco Pizarro ( S t ✓ n+) Definition: A Spanish conquistador in the 1500s. Significance: In the 1530s, he conquered the Incan Empire in Peru. Connections: Mean Empire Atahualpa 9. Bartoleme de Las Casas t fie vrc' ) Definition: A Spanish priest in the Americas, who observed and wrote about the Spanish cruelty. Significance: His efforts caused the Spanish government to limit the use and ownership of slaves. Connections: Abolishment of Slavery King Charles V Human Rights 10. Reconquista C T e V a ) Definition: the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Spain Significance: It made Spain very strong and wealthy. This made them able and willing to finance Columbus' expeditions to the New World. Connections: Aragon, Portugal, Castile Christianity King Ferdinand The New World Ch. 22 the early industrial revolution This chapter talks about the causes of the industrial revolution, the different types of technological innovations, the impact that the industrial revolution had on people, and new economic and political ideas. Starting off with the causes, the book highlights population growth as one of the main causes. New foods in America were discovered that both humans and animals could eat. This led to a increased meat production, which then feed more people. With more people, there were less and less jobs needed filling in the country working on farms, so some peasants went to cities to work in factories. More workers helped factories become more efficient, thus spurring the industrial revolution. Another cause was a revolution in farming. Corn, Maize, turnips, legumes, and clover had all been discovered and were all easier to grow and grew more than wheat, rye, and oats. Rich landowners began the "enclosure movement" where they would close off their land they could experiment with new agricultural systems, kicking out some peasants and forcing them to go to the cities to work in factories. An increased need for trade and more inventors also was a cause for the industrial revolution. With the growing population, there was a greater need for items over seas, thus caused the spreading of ideas. Also more and more people started to experiment and create new things and ideas. However, not all parts of the world started industrializing, areas such as France didn't catch on and feel behind, whereas Britain was flourishing. Besides the causes, chapter 22 talks about the different types of technological innovations. The first was mass production of pottery. The process was broken down into different tasks. This made making pottery easier and faster. This was possible the division of labor. People would specialize in different pottery making tasks, such as glazing, or molding. The second technological innovation was mechanization of the cotton industry. The cotton industry was the largest industry during this period, and the use of machines to do the work made it even more efficient. The third innovation was iron. With more and more railroads, bridges, and buildings being built, iron was starting to be used more and more. New ways of making iron were created and more iron was produced. The fifth innovation was the steam engine. steam engines eventually became used for everything, such as steam ships and trains. Having steam engines in trains started lots of railroad building in America and for factories to almost anywhere. Lastly, was an innovation in communication. the electric telegraph was invented that made communication much much easier. Pretty soon, telegraph cables were put all around europe and across the Atlantic ocean. Another part of this chapter was the impact of the industrial revolution. Because of the population growth, many people decided to move into towns or cities. Towns were growing fast, and becoming over crowded. Peasants would crowd into apartments, and people would throw out their sewage and trash on the streets. Their was also air pollution. Towns were not sanitary. Deforestation also became a problem, with more people their was a higher demand for wood, and more mines opened up. Working conditions also worsened. Men worked long hours for little pay, as did women and even children. As conditions worsened, reforms were created to make lifestyles better. Examples were the factory act of 1833, the mines act of 1842, and many more. People also began thinking of new ideas. Adam Smith, Jeremy Brenthan, Saint Simon, and Robert owen were some of the great thinkers of the time. 1. Laissez Faire a. Definition: the idea thatth-%government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. b. Significance: persuaded some governments to dismantle many of their regulations in decades after 1815. c. Connections: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776), Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, Friedrich List. 2. Positivism a. Definition: Believe that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method. b. Significance: attracted support of bankers and entrepreneurs, who were then influenced to invest in railroads, canals, and other symbols of modernity, thus creating a more modern society c. Connections: Saint Simon, Augueste Comte, Utopian Socialism 3. Utopian Socialism a. Definition: they hoped to create humane alternatives o industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively b. Significance: led to robert own trying to get parliament to make working conditions better c. Connections: Robert Owen, New Lanark !j Key Terms in Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 1, Industrial Revolution Definition: A period time from 1760 to 1900 in which new inventions were created and urbanization occurred. Significance: Many new machines were invented, and the urban population increased significantly. A new power structure was seen throughout the world because of industrialization. Connections: Mass production, division of labor, mechanization (Ally Mar) 2. Agricultural Revolution Definition: A period of time in which new crops from the Americas, such as the potato, came to Europe. Significance: Crops helped more peasants marry younger. They would have more children, and the populations of the countries were higher. These people created the workforce for the Industrial Revolution. Connections: Industrial Revolution, urbanization, population increase (Ally Mar) 3. The British Industrial Revolution Definition: A time in Britain starting in 1790 when new inventions were created and factories hired many workers. Significance: The British Industrial Revolution started all of the Industrial Revolution. Connections: Industrial Revolution, water mills, urbanization (Ally Mar) 4. Mass Production Definition: The production of many identical items using easy, repeatable tasks. Significance: This made most items easy to make, so industrialized countries became rich and successful quickly and cheaply. Connections: Urbanization, division of labor, child labor (My Mar) 5. Josiah Wedgwood Definition: The man who created a pottery business that used division of labor. Significance: He started the use of mass production of pottery using divisions of labor. Connections: Division of labor, mass production, pottery (Ally Mar) 6. Division of labor Definition: A system of work in which one person does on simple task over and over. Significance: This way of working made materials easier and faster. Division of labor was often used during the Industrial Revolution. Connection: Josiah Wedgwood, Industrial Revolution, factories (Ally Mar) 7. Mechanization Definition: Replacing workers with machines. Significance: Most factories used mechanization to save money and make more items. Connection: Factories, Industrial Revolution, water frame 8. Water Frame Definition: A loom that produced strong thread using water as its source of power. Significance: This invention helped Britain become a chief exporter of textiles. Connection: Mechanization, urbanization, mass production (Ally Mar) 9. Iron Definition: A metal that was often used for weapons and other tools. Significance: Many people tried to get and make iron during the Industrial Revolution. It was used to make weapons. Connection: Mechanization, weapons, Industrial Revolution (Ally Mar) 10. Steam Engine Definition: An engine that uses fossil fuels to create energy. Significance: The steam engine was the most important invention in the Industrial Revolution. It was used for mining, ships, and factories. Connection: James Waft, mining technology, inventions (Ally Mar) 11. James Watt Definition: The man that improved the steam engine so that it could allow steam to leave the engine. Significance: Steam engines were then often used in mines and on boats. Connections: Steam engine, mechanization (Ally Mar) 12. Mercantilism Definition: The idea that the government should interfere with trade in order to gain more metals. Significance: Mercantilism fell when laissez faire became popular. Connections: Laissez faire, Adam Smith (Ally Mar) Alex Nguyen Christina Gilbert Chapter 24 Summary P.4 Honors World History Between 1750-1870, new states emerged in two areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The 1st was southern Africa, where the Zulu emerged, led by Shaka Zulu. To protect themselves from the Zulu, some new states formed such as the Swazi Kingdom and Lesotho. The second was in Eastern Africa, where the Sokoto Caliphate was formed from a series of jihads, or holy wars, that the Muslims fought to gain territory for the newly formed Caliphate. Meanwhile, Egypt was beginning to modernize with their new leader Muhammad Ali. However, Egypt took too many loons from British and French investors, which led to the invasion of Egypt. It eventually became a territory of England. Ethiopia was similarly conquered by Britain in their attempts to modernize. During this time period, the slave trade was very important to Africa. However, Britain was adamantly against slavery at this time, and promoted abolition by freeing slaves on slave ships. This forced Africa to become more involved in legitimate trade as their biggest industries (ex: palm oil, rubber). India also became a colony of Britain as ambitious company men of the British East Indies Company conquered small portions of India, piece by piece. At this time, the old governments of India were collapsing, so it made it all the easier for the British to take over. However, they were met by resistance. For example, the sepoys, or Indians the British hired to fight for them, rebelled against them in the Sepoy Rebellion. The Sepoy Rebellion was particularly important in India's history because it solidified Britain's rule of India. After this rebellion was put down, all the old forms of government in India, such as the rule of the Nawabs, or Muslim princes of the Mughel Empire, and the company men. With this new centralization of government, they could truly begin to modernize. Another territory of the British was the Cape Colony. There was also conflict there between the British and the Afrikaners, or the Dutch settlers living in the Cape Colony. Many of these Afrikaners left the Cape Colony when the British came, as they became alienated by British laws, and embarked on a "Great Trek" into the lands of the Zulu known as the Transvaal. They occupied this area, but the British later took it from them for its natural resources Terms: Zulu: A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka Zulu united in 1818. Significance: The Zulu tribe is significant because with its creation so was the creation of Lesotho and Swaziland. Also for a kingdom in Africa it was very advance in intelligence, government and making itself a national independence. Connection: Eventually the Zulu were destroyed because of the advancing Afrikaners and the British. Sokoto Caliphate: Large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. Significance: Largest state in West Africa since the fall of the Songhai, during jihads those who didn't agree with Muslim rules were killed and enslaved. Connection: The Sokoto can connect to slavery because they were the one of the biggest supporters and holders of slaves in the world. It is estimated by 1865 there were more slaves there than in the U.S. Modernization: the process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of western societies. Significance: It was very important because it was because of modernization that led Egypt and Ethiopia to be eventually be conquered and controlled by the British. Connection: This can connect to a lot of places around the globe. Modernization was very common because of the large success of western societies like Britain and France. For example the modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia. Muhammad Ali: Leader of Egyptian modernization, in the early nineteenth century he ruled as an ottoman governor, he had imperialistic ideas. He ruled until he was overthrown in 1952. Significance: He enforced the Idea of modernization which helped Egypt in many ways but it had to buy loans from the British which eventually leads to the British invading and taking over Egypt. Connection: Muhammad Ali has a connection to Tewodros because like him they both tried to modernize their home countries. Eventually it led to the downfall of both their countries because they were invaded by the British and taken over. "Legitimate" Trade: Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. Significance: This greatly increased the amount of raw materials that was being produced by the Africans which was a good thing, for example palm oil. Connections: Even though they tried to stop selling slaves this eventually led to slaves again. With the palm oil industry becoming quite strong; slaves were bought to canoe large amounts of cargo down the Niger Delta. Niger Delta slavery was quite harsh and was as brutal as new world slavery. Recaptives: Africans rescued by the British's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to fee status. Significance: The significance of this was that it freed some African slaves but it also allowed for some of them to convert into Christianity. Connections: This can be connected to many new settlements full of free Africans. For example the republic of Liberia. Nawab: A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughel emperor. Significance: Because they fought with the Sepoys they helped the Sepoys into the Sepoy rebellion which later lead to the direct control of India by the British Government. Connections: British Raj: The rule over much of South Asian between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Trading Company and then by a British government. Significance: This was very significant because it leads to the modernization of India but also it caused many stressful matter s for example the Sepoy rebellion. Connection: Sepoy: A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. Significance: They were significant because they were the main cause towards the Sepoy rebellion. Connection: They caused the Sepoy rebellion and in the end they deliberately lead to rule of India by the hands of the British Government. Sepoy Rebellion: the revolt of Indian soldiers in the 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Significance: This is significant because the Sepoy rebellion lead to the direct control of India by the hands of the British Government. Connections: The Sepoy rebellion connects to a lot of things it connects to the control of India by the British Government it also lead to the revolution and the gaining of independence for India. Indian Civil Service: The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well- educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. Significance: The significance is that this bring ups racism as well as the belief that the Indians cant run themselves, but it leads to the modernization and industrialization of India because they start to invest money in harbors and cities and irrigation. Connection: The Indian Civil Service connects to the modernization and transformation of India because with it more and more British men came to India the idea of numerous British men ruling the government meant that India would soon become like Britain an industrialized and Modern country. Shaka Zulu: Leader of the Zulu tribe was a fierce fighter and he united the Zulu tribe in1818. Significance: He united the Zulu tribe and he created a very intelligent learning system and made Zulu gain its national independence. Connection: With his unification of the Zulu tribes he unknowingly created two new kingdoms, the Swazi kingdoms and Lesotho. King Menelik II: Emperor of Ethiopia. He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa. Significance: Menelik created what is now modem day Ethiopia he was involved in the modernization of Ethiopia as well. Connection: With his belief in modernization eventually the British come and conquer Ethiopia making it one of the British colonies. Egypt: A country in Africa at the time being ruled by Muhammad Ali. During his rule he modernized Egypt. Significance: It was modernized by Muhammad Ali and eventually taken over by the British after Muhammad was overthrown. Egypt became more and more modernized as more canals were built as well as the number of British Advisors. Connections: Egypt is very connected to Ethiopia they were exactly the same because they both had rulers who wanted modernization eventually they were overthrown and then Britain modernized them in a good way. Abolitionists: Mena and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist's pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the U.S the activities of abolitionist were on factor leading to the Civil War. Significance: With abolitionist came the end of the slave trade which leads to many new things for example the "legitimate" trade in Africa as well as Slave hunt created by the British. Connection: Abolitionists have had their marks everywhere across the world without them slavery in the south wouldn't have been stopped in the U.S. after the civil war. India: At the time was being controlled by the East India Trading Company and eventually directly by the British government. Significance: It was a major country at the time for the British, numerous events happened in India as well as it was a great producer for the British. Connections: India had many connections; it connects to sepoys and the Sepoy rebellion which lead to the control of India directly by the British government as well as the East Indian Trading Company which controlled it for a time until the Sepoy rebellion which later inspired revolution and independence in India. Ethiopia: A country in Africa ruled by Menelik the II at the time. The made numerous reforms as well as modernization at the time. Significance: Was being modernized at the time by the rulers, which included Menelik, Tewodros, and Yohannes. Eventually the British invaded after the Ethiopians had taking some British men prisoners to help then change and reform. Connections: This connects to Egypt and to Modernization. It connects to Egypt because they were the same in how they both wanted modernization and they both got invaded and eventually became much modernized and it connects to modernization because it was one of the countries at the time that tried to modernize. East Indian Trading Company: A company hired by the British to run colonies in south Asia. It eventually crumbled after the Sepoy rebellion. Significance: Lead to the Sepoy rebellion which in turn leads to the direct control of India by the government of Britain. Connection: It connects to sepoys, the Sepoy rebellion as well as the direct control of India. It connects to sepoys and the Sepoy rebellion because the sepoys worked for the EITC and the rebellion which happened under the EITC's watch ended badly which alarmed the British to take control over India, direct control. Afrikaners: People from the Netherlands also known as the Dutch who moved to southern African and then were forced northward. Also known as Boers but that is a disrespectful term. Significant: The Afrikaners lead to numerous battles in Africa between them and the British as well as the Zulu. Connection: The Afrikaners connect to the European conquest of New Zealand and Australia because Australians fought against the Boers in the battles and it also connects to the idea of Britain trying to conquer more of Africa. Summary: Christina Gilbert Terms: Alex Nguyen Y . 45.Zc M o y c ZacGh Fox ()net '2 Summary (Sagee Moyal) New technologies made travel easy and helped in the industrialization of countries while steamships transformed sea shipping and made it faster and more reliable. The submarine telegraph created easy communication between far away places. Steel and chemical industries allowed cheaper and more versatile metals to be created. Electricity was invented by Thomas Edison and made hard labor work easy by replacing it with electrical powered appliances. Due to technologies the world trade fmance expanded tenfold from 1850-1913. Social changes led to population and migrations which led population in Europe doubling, Non Europeans countries gain many white people due to crisis's in theft home country, and large Asian migrations. Urbanization lead to death rates falling below birth rates, this was caused because of great sanitation leading to better neighborhoods. Mid class woman's "separate sphere caused en to be business men and women would stay at home and take care of he house and take care of the kids. Working class woman mostly would work in textile industries and domestic services. Socialism is the ideology developed by radicals for improvement of industry and this idea led to labor movements. Marx was agerman writer and a socialist scientific, his ideas led to intellectual framework. Labor movements were forbidden and then at the turn of the century the laws were abolished which led to an increase in labor unions which led o better conditions and wages. Nationalism was the concept identified by territory, sate that ruled it and culture of its people this is idea led to the unification of Germany and Italy. Language and national identity before 1871 meant if you knew the language then you had national unity, and if you knew the language you had control and liberalism. Unification of Italy 1860-1870 Garibaldi overthrew kingdom of two Sicilians which led to democratic republic. Unification of Germany 1866-1871 led to German nationalists wanting to unite all germany, and Germanic tribes wanted Prussia to join Germany. Nationalism after 1871 was a form of politics that Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia used. The great powers of Europe 1871 -1900 which were the start of minor incidents leading to stir up wars. Germany was at the center of Europe, leading to Germany most powerful army on continent, no more territorial ambitions, France mad with Germany, Wilhelm II starts global policy. Liberal Powers were France and Great Britain. Power led were proportional to to size of army France was weaker than Germany. Great Britain treated everyone equally. Conservative powers were Russia and Austria-Hungary, Nationalism weakened them and population divided. Japan joins the great powers:1865-1905 leading to China, Japan feeling the influence of west powers, china resisted and lost power, Japan did not resist and strengthened. Meiji Restoration and modernization of Japan leads to Meiji pulling Japan Backwards. After Meiji kicked out industrialization begins. Birth of Japan imperialism 1894-1905, imperialism used for defense but strengthened country, lead to industrialization and military conquests. / Terms (Zach Fox) Railroads: Definition: a permanent road laid with rails, commonly in one or more pairs of continuous lines forming a track or tracks, on which locomotives and cars are run for the transportation of passengers, freight, and mail. Significance: Allowed for quicker transport of troops, mail, and trade. Railroads played a large part in opening new areas to trade and civilization. Connections: Railroads were connected to trade, widespread civilization, troop transport, the industrialization of many areas, but especially South America. Connected to telegraphs because telegraphs were usually alongside the rails, and they developed around the same time. Railroads allowed for national markets, with standard national prices throughout the city. Railroads also stimulated the lumber and steel industries used to build the railways. Railroads were dependant on the invention of the steam engine, which propelled the train. Submarine Telegraph Cables: Definition: a network of telegraph cables built in 1850 that was underwater. Significance: Connected areas of land to far away lands through communication. First allowed Britain to send telegraphs to mainland Europe, but later stretched all the way across the Atlantic Ocean, enabling news to be spread much faster. Connections: Connected to Samuel F.B. Morse, William Cooke, and Charles Wheatstone, the inventors of the telegraph. Morse was the first to submerge a telegraph line, after coating it with rubber. Connected to the English Channel because this is where the first submarine lines were laid. Connected to the Atlantic Ocean because this is where the longest lines were laid. William Kelly Definition: Discovered that pumping air into molten pig iron creates steel. Significance: His discovery created cheap steel, which fed the Industrial Revolution. It became economical to use steel, which is stronger, and because of its cost, steel was available for use in railroads and other industries such as manufacturing. Steel became a large industry and a large part of the Industrial Revolution times. Connections: Connected to steel for inventing it, the Industrial Revolution, because of the large role that steel played in it, and railroads because of the tracks are made of steel, and steel's cheap durability is important for railroads. Alfred Nobel Definition: Swedish inventor of dynamite and founder of Nobel prizes Significance: Dynamite was the first controllable explosive that enabled people to focus the power of the blast at a specific place and at a certain time. His dynamite was exceptionally useful in the mining industry, but was also critical for the building of railroads and canals. Nobel's invention made him rich, which allowed him to start the Nobel Prize Foundation. Connections: Nobel is connected to the Suez Canal because dynamite helped carve its path, the Nobel Prize because he started it, cannons and rifles because it made them more accurate and powerful, dynamite because he invented it, and nitroglycerin because he turned it into dynamite. Electricity Definition: Movement or flow of electrically charged particles largely discovered by Michael Faraday Significance: Electricity became a lasting effect of the Industrial Revolution and became the most important energy source today. Electricity is a flexible power source that can power vehicles such as trains and now cars, and can power homes, replacing the need to burn candles and gas lamps. Connections: Electricity is connected to Michael Faraday because he was the first to show the creation of an electric current, Thomas Edison because he created the first light bulb, whish transformed modem life, and because he created the first electricity grid for New York. Steam Engines Definition: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam. Significance: Steam engines made sea travel much faster and more predictable because they did not rely on the wind. They were also the propellant for trains, which spurred their popularity. Steam engines were used to drive machinery such as pumps and mills, and also transportation like trains and boats. This improved method of transportation made shipping much faster and economical, causing shipping costs to go down 50-90 % . Connections: The steam engine is connected to the steam ship because the steam engine allowed the ships to be much faster, the train because the steam engine was the component that made trains popular and convenient, and Industrial Revolution machinery because the machinery became economical to run because of its steam power. Victorian Age Definition: Time period and culture from 1850 to 1901 when Queen Victoria was queen of England. Significance: The Victorian Age greatly influenced the rules of behavior and ideology around families and the relationship between men and women. Victorians contrasted the male ideals of strength and courage with the female ideals of beauty and kindness. Victorian lifestyle best fit middle to upper class families and men and women were expected to be in separate "spheres", with women at home and men at work. Connections: The Victorian Age is connected to Queen Victoria because the entire age is centered around her, women's rights because the age limited the rights of women and expanded the rights of men, upper class because the ideas and customs of the Victorian Age were most popular among upper class families, and the "Victorian" style of house that became popular during the time. Karl Man Definition: Socialism advocate who authored the "The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844", the "Communist Manifesto", and "Das Kapital", three books on socialism. Significance: Marx felt that, in a capitalist society, only the big guys like the owners profit in a company, while the workers are perpetually losing money as they work. He advocated a classless society as a way to make all people even economically. Connections: Marx is connected to socialism because of all the promotional work he did for the philosophy, communism because of its close relation to socialism, capitalism because he was against the way that it worked, and Friedrich Engels because they collaborated in their writings. Otto von Bismarck Definition: Ruler of Prussia during the reign of King Wilhelm I Significance: Bismarck wanted to use Prussian industry and German nationalism to make Prussia the dominant German state. In 1866 he attacked and defeated Austria to make them join the North German Confederation, which eventually became the main part of Germany. Connections: Bismarck is connected to Germany because the North German Confederation is the main part of what is now Germany, Alsace and Lorraine because Bismarck started a war with France and won them, and the Treaty of Versailles because a lot of the land that Bismarck conquered such as Alsace and Lorraine was given back through the treaty. Commodore Matthew C. Perry Definition: American commodore who arrived in Japan in 1853 and demanded that they open their ports within one year. Significance: Perry's demands sparked a crisis with the shogunate of Japan and led to their signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa. This opened ports to other countries but also harbored resentment for the Tokugawa regime in Japan. In 1867 a rebellion was finally led against the shogunate. This allowed young, educated men to emerge as provincial leaders where they otherwise would not be able to. Connections: Perry is connected to steamships because his use of them indicated the United States' power, the Treaty of Kanagawa because his trips to Japan brought it into existence, and the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate because the new rules Perry created made the Japanese unhappy with their leaders. Meiji Restoration Definition: The result of the Japanese civil war to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and "restore" Emperor Mutsuhito to the throne. Significance: The new shogunate was known for being extraordinarily talented and far-sighted. Their rein is regarded as a turning point for the Japanese towards modernization. They felt they needed to change their society in order to be able to fight off a Western attack. The shogunate retained the highest literacy rate in Asia, and used it to create a conscript army and a new educational system. They also modeled their major features on the international powers that had the best of each quality. Connections: The Meiji Restoration is linked to Mutsuhito, who was their first emperor, the Tokugawa shogunate that they ousted, literacy and education because of the high rates of both at the time, Germany because that was what their government was modeled after, Prussia because that's what their army was modeled after, and Britain because that's what their navy was based on. Nationalism Definition: A strong identification with society and state. Significance: Nationalism is largely blamed as an underlying cause of World War I. After 1871, nationalism became very strong because of the new political climate created by the FrancoPrussian War of 1870-1871. This change made France much more liberal, as Italy unified the peninsula, and Germany and Russia remained conservative. Nationalism became a reason for imposing native religion, language, and customs on minority groups. Connections: Nationalism is connected to World War I because the nationalism spurred rivalries, public education because politicians recognized the importance of an educated public, and racial minority subjugation because imposing national customs, languages, and religions "created national unity". Giuseppe Garibaldi Definition: A fiery revolutionary who led a band of followers to overthrow The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and later unite Italy. Significance: Garibaldi was instrumental in the start of the unification of Italy. He overthrew The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He was sidelined by Cavour, but because of the confusion at the time, Italy was eventually unified. This marked a change in nationalism because it was the first time it was used to build strong central support. Connections: Garibaldi is connected to modem Italy because he started the revolution that sparked unification of the peninsula, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies because he brought it to its end, Cavour because he took over the revolution from Garibaldi, and nationalism because Garibaldi used it to gain popular support. North German Confederation Definition: A military alliance between Prussia and Austria after Otto von Bismarck's Prussian army defeated the Austrians. Significance: This alliance later became the foundation for modem Germany, and also made Prussia and Austria strong European forces. This alliance allowed Bismarck to later attack France and start the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Connections: The North German Confederation was connected to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 because without knowledge of Austria's support, Prussia would not have entered the war, modem Germany because the North German Confederation became the foundation of modem Germany, and Otto von Bismarck because he led Prussia at this time and created the North German Confederation. Wilhelm H Definition: The Kaiser of Germany from 1888-1918 Significance: Wilhelm II was very arrogant and insecure, which led to his dismissal of Chancellor Bismarck. The dismissal of Bismarck allowed Wilhelm the second to expand as he would like. He believed that as the most powerful country, Germany should have a "place in the sun" Connections: Wilhelm II was connected to Otto von Bismarck for dismissing him, Wilhelm I because he inherited the throne from him, nationalism because of his idea that Germans had the right to be the best, and also to Nazi Germany because Wilhelm II believed that Germany had the right to conquer vast amounts of land. Chapter 27 Alyssa Go 05/2 5/10 P.4 Summary:/\\ Europeans and Americans took over an unprecedented number of colonies between 1869 and 1914 throughout Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America through New Imperialism. Their motives for imperialism were primary political, cultural, and economical. Politically, imperialism was a way to raise status of a country; especially the French who had a humiliating loss with Prussia. Also, it was a way to build up colonies around previous ones to protect them; for example, the British with India, their "crowned jewel." Culturally, imperialism allowed for the spread of Western ideas like Christianity and the abolishment of slaves to non-modern areas. Economically, Europe and America were looking for places with raw materials to help industrialize even more. The Industrial Revolution helped provide the needs for colonizers to build empires at reasonable cost. New innovations put the Europeans ahead with their steamships, global telegraphs, breechloader, musket, smokeless powder, and machine guns. During the new imperialism, colonialism was used to administer and use colonies for the benefit for the home country. Most colonies had a governor, a few troops, and a small number of tax collectors and magistrates to control. Between 1880 and 1890, a huge invasion and division of Africa by the Europeans occurred. This movement was called the "Scramble for Africa." Europeans were highly interested in areas around the Suez Canal for lots of trade and areas with raw materials. In 1884-1885, the Berlin Conference was called by Chancellor Bismarck about the imperialism of Africa. This conference required effective occupation, which meant that a country wanting a colony needed to be present in the colony. However this brought conflicts between Europeans countries and African countries. The Afrikaners and British had the most conflict in South Africa leading to a war for the British wanting more land. In Southeast Asia and Indonesia, colonialism by Europe and the United States brought peace and reliable food supplies to the area. The United States aided the Philippines in becoming independent from the Spanish. Also, the United States annexed Hawaii. While Europe became powerful throughout Africa and Asia, America became a new big power in Latin America. They were in charge of the Panama Canal, giving independence to Panama and Cuba, and industrializing Latin America with railroads. The United States did not take over territory in Latin America, but they did use free- trade imperialism. They indirectly controlled through the areas in Latin America who depended on the Americas for trade. This period of time expanded the world economy, spread Western ideas, and industrialized more rural areas throughout the world. Terms: Protectorates- Protectorates were colonies that retained their traditional government, but had a European "resident/ consul-general" to advise them. This type of rule was indirect and was used in places like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. These places were predominately white, but also too far away from Europe to rule directly. However, if these places needed help or were under attack, there protector country would come to help militarily. ( P g e3O, Go) South African War- The South African War lasted from 1899 to 1902 and was a British push to annex to Afrikaner republics in South Africa. The two republics were the Transvaal and the Orange State, which were huge gold and diamond mines. The Afrikaners were winning at first, but then the British brought in 450,000 troops. This crushed the Afrikaners in South Africa ending the war. However, this eventually made the Afrikaners the ultimate winners. Since the Afrikaners could not manage their own affairs like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand of the British, Europeans created the Union of South Africa. Here, Afrikaners became the ruling minority. (sNssO. ad') Jose Marti- In 18895, Jose Marti, a Cuban nationalist, started a revolution to free Cuba from Spain. Cuba could not do this on its own, so the United States helped out. The United States had had long interest in Cuba because it was the richest and closest Caribbean island. It also had major sugar and tobacco industries. America went to war with the Spanish and was able to make Cuba an independent republic. (a\}3 Spanish American War- The Spanish- American War occurred because the United States was yearning to fight. They blamed Spain for an accidental blow-up of a U.S. battleship at Havana. The United States issued an ultimatum that Spain leaves Cuba, and the Spanish did. However, the United States still decided to declare war in 1898. This war only lasted a few months. The United States destroyed a Spanish fleet off of Manila in the Philippines, and the United States Navy sank a Spanish fleet off Santiago. Spanish sued for peace, and this was the end of the war. The United States still bought the Philippines from the Spanish, took over Puerto Rico and Guam as war booty, and made Cuba an independent republic. (j'6 c Sc= Get Chapter 28 Summary: The Crisis of the Imperial Order rBy Jamie Page Pd 4/ This chapter covers WWI, what caused it, how it led to the Russian Revolution, its impact on the world, and the role that technology played. The critical events leading up to WWI began with the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 in which Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece chased the Turks out of Europe further weakening the Ottoman Empire. The final straw and immediate cause of WWI was the hostility between Serbia and AustriaHungary, both wanting control of the Ottoman Empire, and when Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian in 1914, a chain of events and mobilizations of the other European powers resulted in war. Two opposing alliances of equal power also had vested interests in maintaining control of the Ottoman Empire inspired by nationalism and the desire to maintain their status as great powers. Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy formed the "Triple Alliance", and France, Britain and Russia joined an "Entente" referred to as the Allied cause. Germany, with its growing industrial and military might and desire to dominate Europe, attempted to defeat France by going through Belgium which resulted in Britain declaring war on them in 1914. WWI was mainly a defensive war fought mostly along an area known as, the Western Front, which was a 300 mile long unbroken line of trenches extending from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland defended by both German and French troops with machine guns as the main method of warfare. Since there were no gaps for either army to advance, fighting went on for four years ending in a stalemate with neither side winning. In 1917 President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany when they failed to halt their submarine campaign against Britain at which point the Germans were forced to sign a peace agreement ending the war on Nov. 11, 1918. By the end of the war, Germany, AustriaHungary, Russia and the Ottoman Empire were defeated both militarily and politically. Following the war, in 1919, the U.S., Britain and France met at The Paris Peace Conference forming the League of Nations to foster peace and international cooperation devising a series of compromises which ultimately failed as it satisfied no one. Germany was also forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles limiting their military, forcing them to compensate the victors, and accept blame for the war leaving them humiliated. The effects of this war included, the death toll of 8-10 million, huge numbers of refugees, and the influenza epidemic which killed one out of every forty people. Also, national economies remained depressed until the mid-1920's, political tensions and resentments lingered, as well as serious damage to the environment. As a result of Russia's involvement in the war with food shortages and widespread hunger, The Russian Revolution occurred in 1917 between the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks (Communists). This ended when the leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the government in 1917 seizing power. With his New Economic Policy relaxing government controls, and his successor, Joseph Stalin's goal to industrialize the Soviet Union, a radical new political system was born there. The pressures of the West also had a huge impact on China and Japan as they entered into a bitter struggle lasting 30 years. Japan wanted to take over China until the U.S. intervened, but not before resentment and conflict grew between these two countries. In China, leadership was taken over by Chiang Kai-shek in 1925, establishing a dictatorship which was steeped in corruption and incompetency. Societal changes as a result of WWI included, the fading of class distinctions, the rise of importance of the middle class, growth of government influence, more freedom for women, new theories in physics, and the invention of airplanes, radio, film, the automobile by Henry Ford, improvements in health, and the building of skyscrapers. kevr + e o im by A ,6 ' er - Western Front: Area of land from the North Sea to Switzerland extending over 300 miles. Germans and French fighting using Trench Warfare on either side, continuous lines with no gaps to allow the enemy through the fortifications. Common weapons on the western front were machine guns to prevent opposing troops from advancing across no man's land. In no man's land, dead bodies lay strewn about as people failed to cross the border into the other side. Barbed wire and mines also lay strewn across no man's land to prevent people from crossing it. The western front played a major role in the German invasion in France as they tried to take Paris. The western front was where trench warfare was fully utilized and was where the bloodiest battles took place with many causalities. The western front was one of the major reasons why the Germans lost the war when they failed to take France. The Western Front has many connections with the machine guns, as it was used to prevent either side from advancing on to their side. The western front also ties into the Schlieffen plan because the Western Front prevented the success of the Schlieffen plan by not enabling the destruction of France. Franz Ferdinand: (December 18 1863- June 28 1914) Archduke of Austria-Hungary and Royal Prince of Hungary of Bohemia. He was to assume the Austro-Hungarian Throne but was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the terrorist group the Black Hand. This assassination created severe tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary and AustriaHungary Declared war on Serbia if they would not allow the Austrian Military to hunt down the members of the black hand within their country. The serbs would not succumb to their military supremacy and war broke out between the two nations. Serbia, realizing their huge differences in strength, asked Russia to help them in defeating Austria. Thus an alliance was formed. Austria also formed a partial alliance with Germany and WWI began. Russia then decided to attack Austria and Germany to quickly wipe out the war. However, they were not as modernized as Germany and they had a hard time mobilizing their army and the attack was very slow. Germany realizing its position in Europe knew that France could potentially get involved in the war and Germany would be caught in the middle between Russia and France and fighting a two Fronted war. Germany then came up with the Schlieffen Plan which was to send troops all the way to Paris, crushing France, turn around and then destroy the slow moving Russian Army. However, their first invasion into France was not a success but the Russians were advancing so the Germans had to turn around and go to the other border where they defeated the Russians soundly and went back to the Western Front where they tried to make a Final Push to Paris but were several miles shy of victory. Germany then soon lost and was made to take the blame for the war that was created by the death of Franz Ferdinand. Triple Alliance: An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy which was formed prior to WWI, later known as the Central Powers. Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side against the opposing Triple Entente during WWI and ended up getting defeated. Italy was involved in the war for awhile since 1915. However, during the course of the war, Italy dropped out of the Triple Alliance and began to fight against the Austrians, when it was obvious the Germans were going to lose, in hopes of getting some war spoils. Triple Entente: An alliance formed between Great Britain, France, and Russia before WWI began, later known as the Allies. The alliance did not take full effect though until later in the war after Russia had already begun its assault on Germany. France was soon declared war on and it joined the fight, and Britain got involved in WWI when the German army marched through Belgium to get to Paris thus invoking the British into the war because of their alliance with Belgium. The Triple Entente also later included the US as they became involved with the War for various reasons. Italy, however, did not fight exactly with the Triple Entente but fought against the Austrians separately in hopes of getting some of their territory. The Triple Entente was the force opposing the Triple Alliance and won WWI by soundly defeating Germany after France and Russia's near defeats. Though France and Britain got involved later in the war, Russia was the first one to pull out because of the overthrowing of the Russian government and the instatement of Vladimir Lenin, who got Russia out of the war. Vladimir Lenin: (April22 1870- January 21 1924) Lenin was one of the major Russian communist revolutionaries during WWI who ended up leading the October Revolution to instate him in power and to remove the previous leader of Russia. He was the leader of the Bolsheviks and was the ruler of Russia for 7 years where he tried to establish a socialist economic system during The Russian Civil War. Lenin campaigned during WWI for Peace, Land, and Bread to gain the trust of the general public of Russia. When the old provisional Government was overthrown, Vladimir instantly sued for peace with Austria and Germany. The Treaty of BrestLitovsk was signed and Russia lost Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania along with a third of its population. To maintain the peace that he recently established, Lenin created the Cheka, or Russian Secret Police who would arrest and execute his opponents to maintain his power. Bolsheviks: Political party during WWI which supported communism along with Marxist Ideas. Run by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks greatly opposed the Mensheviks who had different ideas on how Russia should be run. The Bolsheviks during this time were the minority in Russia whereas the Mensheviks were a majority within Russia. The Bolsheviks started the October Rebellion where Petrograd, or St. Petersburg where the Provisional government was overthrown. The Bolsheviks soon took power and quickly snuffed out the Mensheviks thus enabling full supremacy in Russia. Treaty of Versailles: The treaty that ended WWI where Germany was heavy burdened by major debts to other countries, the entire blame for the war, and huge restrictions were placed on their military size. From this conference, Great Britain and France benefited enormously from whereas the remainder of the countries involved hardly got any of the benefits of the treaty. The signing of the document took place at the Paris Peace Conference on November 11 1918, 6 months after the beginning of the conference. The Major people who attended this conference were US: Woodrow Wilson, Britain: David Lloyd George, and France: Georges Clemenceau. Italy and many other smaller countries involved with the war were not considered by these three powers, especially by Britain and France. Woodrow Wilson during this conference he proposed a league of nations, but the ideas did not fit well with many of the other European Countries who were not as open minded to the Germans after WWI. So more punishing methods were brought before the conference to decide Germany's fate. By the end of the conference, the Europeans had formed a League of Nations but the US refused to join after Germany's cruel punishment. The Treaty of Versailles most likely led to WWII because of the bad feelings that Germany had begun to foster against other nations. Guomindang: Aka the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese Nation People's party, was established by Sun Yat-sen prepared to take over after the death of Dowager Cixi. The regional army mutinied led by Yuan Shikai against Sun Yat-sen and forced him to resign after several weeks in power. The Guomindang were severely harassed by Yuan as the revolution was being suppressed to a severe degree. During the 1920s the ideology of Lenin was beginning to take root inside the Guomindang and members of the Chinese Communist party were being invited to join their party. Leadership after Sun Yat-sen was passed to Chiang Kai-shek where he established a government that ended up attracting many businesses during its peak when corrupt people could easily make huge amounts of money at the expense of the peasants. Chiang Kai-shek: (October 31 1887- April 5 1975) Leader of the Guomindang after Sun Yatsen, who was originally a military officer and director of a military academy who trained a couple hundred young officers who remained loyal to him. Chiang Kai-shek strove to eliminate the regional warlords with the help of the communists. However, after reaching Shanghai, he allied himself with the local gangsters to crush labor unions and decimate the communists. After defeating the warlords, he established a dictatorship, he issued plans to build railroads, develop agriculture and industry, and modernize China. However, most of his staff were incompetent and corrupt. However, this change attracted thousands of opportunists who wanted to become officials in government and get rich quick by taxing and plundering businesses and collecting taxes from local peasants, until they had nothing left. Mandate system: Established during the Paris Peace Conference to administer territories and to manage the material, moral well-being, and social progress of the inhabitants. Class C Mandates, colonies with the smallest populations were treated as colonies by their conquerors and the German and Russian Colonies lost during the war were distributed to various other countries throughout the world. Class B Mandates, colonies with somewhat larger populations would be monitored by the League of Nations and were to receive independence at some unspecified time in the future. Class A Mandates or previous territories of the Ottoman empire were treated as independent nations. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Peace Treaty signed on March 3 1918 at Brest-Litovsk (Brest, Belarus). The treaty was the point at which Russia left the war after Vladimir was appointed the leader of Russia. Russia made peace with Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and the AustriaHungary Empire. During this treaty Russia lost Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and its colonies in Central Asia and the Caucasus, which included 1/3t of its total population. During this time Russia lost a o f its industry and 9/10 of all of its coal mines. Germany claimed Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Ottoman Empire received Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi that were captured by the Russians during their conquests. Schlieffen Plan: A plan created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen which took effect during WWI. The plan was to prevent fighting a two front war against France and Russia at the same time. So the Schlieffen plan stated to attack France and eliminate Paris, thus decimating the empire if successful. Then turn around and defeat the slowly mobilizing Russians on their Eastern Front. The Germans invaded through Belgium to get to France and ended up getting Britain involved with the war due to a treaty with Belgium. Germany then began its assault on France and began to destroy their army quickly, until they came within a couple miles of Paris and couldn't push any farther into France. The German army then had to turn around to attack the advancing Russian Forces. The German army soundly defeated the Russians and returned to France tired, for one final push to Paris, and only to fail again. At this point the German moral was so low that they ended up surrendering before the Allies even get to Germany. Guilt Clause: A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that Germany was to take the entire blame for WWI even though that the original instigation that caused the war was between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Even though that Germany was involved with Austria due to their alliance to provide materials to Austria-Hungary, Russia brought them into the war when they declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. This created a lot of tension between Germany and the rest of Europe which led to WWII due to these bad relations. Imperialism: "The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas" (Merriam-Webster.com) Imperialism played a significant role in the starting of WWI. Many countries wanted to expand their territory by conquering many different parts around the world, though the main examples are in Africa. Europeans competed for different territories throughout the world to expand their influence over other nations. This caused tension between many different countries whose colonial borders were being invaded by different countries and the ideology that supremacy meant that you had the most colonies. These factors played a huge role in WWI as many of the colonies got involved with the war in hopes of independence from their colonial rulers. Though many thought that these problems would be resolved in the Treaty of Versailles, many were disappointed to see only Britain and France benefit from the outcome of the conference. Nationalism: "Loyalty and devotion to a nation" (Merriam-Webster.com) Nationalism played an important role in WWI because it helped start the war and fuel it. Before the war began, different countries began to see themselves as superior to those around them; ex. Germany used nationalism, through German pride to declare war on France and prepared to attack Russia to prevent fighting a two front war. Though alliances helped weaken Nationalism, many countries thought of their country first. By gaining support of the public through Nationalism, leaders of different countries gained war support and were able to continue ruling during the time of war, as long as they won eventually. Nationalism also fueled the war's continuation by bringing more and more countries into the war who wanted chunks out of other countries for their own. Italy joined the Allies later as the war progressed in hopes of getting parts of Austria near the Italian border and other countries were soon to follow its example as it seemed inevitable that Austria and Germany would lose. However, when the war ended, Nationalism came strongest from the British and French during the treaty of Versailles and wanted compensation for their damages caused by the war. Though other countries tried to get their share to support their nationalism, they were suppressed by the overpowering British and French. Militarism: "The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests." (Wikipedia.org) Militarism was also another influential starter of WWI due to the idea that the military should be used to solve conflicts instead of diplomatic relations. Militarism first began its involvement in WWI when Austria attacked Serbia over the death of Franz Ferdinand instead of talking it over and working out a mutual agreement between the two countries. Militarism also took place in Russia where it attacked both Germany and Austria simultaneously involving Germany in the war where it believed that its military numbers would be enough to destroy the Germans with their new technology. Germany then used militarism to attack France and accidentally got Britain involved as well through the push through Belgium to reach France. Militarism played a big role in getting people involved in war because they believed that military power could solve their conflicts for them. Gabriel Paoletti Mr. Hughes 25 May 2010 Chapter 29 Summary Joseph Stalin was born in Russia during 1873. He quickly became an influential member of the Communist Party. He strategically placed people loyal to him in powerful positions and overcame Leo Trotsky to become the leader of the party. Motivated by Russia's previous defeat to Germany Stalin turned Russia into a much more industrialized country. He also devised many Five-Year Plans. One main goal he attempted was the collectivization of agriculture. This program meant transforming independent farming plots into large communal farms owned by the government. People who didn't conform to this or any other government project were executed. Then in October 24, 1929 the New York stock market crashed causing millions of investors to lose money. The United States economy reached an immense depression. This depression caused the US economy to shrink to half its size by 1932 with a 25% unemployment rate. The depression spread to Europe due to American loans and Germany and Austria lost their ability to pay reparations. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the "New Deal" a program used by the American, French and English government to revitalize the economy. Although the government intervened there without sacrificing democracy in Germany and Japan they didn't. Germany and Italy used propaganda and peoples bitterness over economic state and outcome of World War Two to apply fascism. In Italy Benito Mussolini became the leader of the Fascist Party and used the then new mass communication to push his propaganda. Adolf Hitler used these same principles in Germany for the Nazi Party to rise to power. He seized power and gradually broke all the provisions put on Germany from the Versailles Treaty by seizing Rhineland and Austria. All these actions were met with appeasement by other powers. Eventually Germany took over Poland, splitting it with the USSR, and Europe was forced into war. Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to quickly take over countries and slaughter the inhabitants. Hitler continued to advance taking over Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and finally France. In 1941 Germany broke their treaty with Russia and launched a humungous offensive against them. The war raged on between Britain and Russia against Germany and Italy. Then on December 7, 1941 Japan bombed the American naval base, Pearl Harbor. This act of aggression spurred the US to join into the war. Fighting on both the Pacific and European front America helped tip the scales to the Allies side, especially with the American offensive of D-day on June 6, 1944. Then on May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered. The war finally ended when Japan surrendered after the successive bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. All this while in China communism had been coming to power. Although initially the Communist Party was small and heavily persecuted in China it gradually grew in power and size. After Mao Zedong took control of the party it steadily garnered more public support. The nationalist Chinese government lead by Chiang Kai-shek hunted attempted to exterminate the party, but the communists fled to the mountains. There they evaded the army using their knowledge of terrain and public support until finally in 1934 they were surrounded by the nationalist army. In a desperate escape the 100,000 members of the Communist Party took the Long March to Shaanxi 6,000 miles away. The communists then won the Chinese Civil War to gain control of the country. Joseph Stalin: The premier of the USSR and General Secretary of the Communist party in the USSR, he led the industrialization of the USSR using his Five Year Plans, collectivized the agriculture, and purged the military and government of many officials. Five Year Plans: A series of plans implemented by Joseph Stalin to successfully industrialise the USSR and collectivize the agriculture Benito Mussolini: The fascist dictator of Italy, he led the Fascist Party which overthrew the Italian government in 1922, and inspired many of Adolf Hitler's policies in Nazi Germany. Fascist Party: The party of which Benito Mussolini was leader, which glorified war and Italian nationalism, and in 1922 took over Italy. Adolf Hitler: The leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor (and later Fuhrer) of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler instigated World War II and the Holocaust, using post-World War I sentiments and the worsening conditions of Germany to gain support. Nazi Party: The party of which Adolf Hitler was leader, which glorified war, nationalism, and anti-Jewish sentiments. Using the general dislike of the Treaty of Versailles, the worsening conditions of Germany at the time, and German nationalism, the Nazi Party took over Germany in 1933, with the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor. Chiang KaiShek: The leader of the Chinese Nationalist government, Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalists against the Communist forces, but was eventually defeated, with popular support eroding with his oppressive occupational attitude. Mao Zedong: The leader of the Communist forces in China, and later the premier of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong created a new form of Communist called Maoism, which claimed the peasant to be the most important factor of society rather than the worker. Long March: The march of the Communist forces from Jianxi to Shaanxi, a distance of 6,000 miles, the Long March began with 100,000 Communist soldiers, but by the time they arrived at Shaanxi only 4,000 remained, many killed by starvation and pursuing Nationalists. Stalingrad: A major city of the USSR, Stalingrad was attacked in August of 1942 by the Nazi Forces. However, when winter arrived the Red Army encircled Stalingrad, starving the German army into submission, and marking the beginning of the Soviet Union's counterattack. El Alamein: A city in Northern Egypt which was attacked by the German forces, the British forces prevailed there due to better supplies, forcing the Germans to leave North Africa. Pearl Harbour: An American naval base in Hawai'i which was attacked in 1941 by Japanese forces, Pearl Harbour's attack resulted in the destruction of many American ships, and led to the US's involvement in World War II. Battle of Midway: An attack on the American Midway Island by Japanese forces in June of 1942, the Battle of Midway marked the first American victory against the Japanese, and the beginning of their counterattack. Hiroshima: A major industrial city in Japan, Hiroshima was targeted by the Americans atomic bomb attack when Japan refused to surrender. The city was demolished and took decades to fully rebuild. Auschwitz: One of the most significant and infamous concentration camps the Nazis built for Jews, Auschwitz was designed to kill up to 12,000 prisoners daily, and 2 million Jews died in Auschwitz alone. Holocaust: The mass extermination of Jews, Slays, and other ethnic groups in Nazi Germany, the Holocaust killed at least 10 million people in all.