Download Chapter 14 Summary Chapter 14 covers The Latin West, 1200

Chapter 14 Summary
Chapter 14 covers The Latin West, 1200-1500, and it mostly describes Rural
Growth and Crisis, Urban Revival, Learning Literature and the Renaissance, and Political
and Military Transformations. It starts by describing how between 1200 and 1500 most
europeans lived in rural areas, and were poor farmers. Also, the plague known as Black
Death spread throughout Europe from 1347 to 1351, caused serfs to revolt and some were
freed. In 1200 most western europeans were serfs living in feudalism with terrible living
conditions. Also, living conditions for women were very bad in the early medieval times,
and between 1100 and 1345 Europe's population doubled, and it could not be supported.
People began using the three-field system, migrating to new farmland, and clearing
swamps, and forests to make farmland. The Black Plague came to Europe from the
Mongolian army, and it wiped out a third of the population of western Europe. The end of
the Black Death made people revolt, and brought an end to serfdom in Europe, and higher
wages for skilled workers too. Guilds became more important in cities where workers were
being hired more. Water wheels and other industrial things spread through Europe very
quickly. Wind and water mills started spreading a lot and performed many tasks involving
iron and grain very easily. The Europeans caused deforestation and pollution, but got more
mines. Also, many new towns and cities were made and dams. In this time period the
ruling class was the rich, and they controlled fairly large amounts of land. By the later
medieval ages counties were getting bigger, and had larger armies. Also, they were
fighting with each other all the time. The urban communities got a lot bigger, and guilds
became more powerful in society. In the later medieval times trade, and manufacturing
became more important. Taxes got very high, and nations were still pretty small, and
divided over many different things. Universities started appearing, and art music and
literature grew more. Many things from earlier times like Islam and Greek/Roman were
developed or changed to make better. Warfare techniques and weapons became more
effective, and so did other aspects of life. Industry grew, and global trade started appearing.
This time marked how Europe became more influential in the world, and it's culture started
developing more. Many of the newer things that was making the western world better were
originally eastern such as, mills, printing, gunpowder, and agriculture, and alphabet had
before. Many things encouraged western european expansion including religion,
overpopulation, economics, and search for new knowledge. In this time period western
europe began leaving the medieval ages and started creating the first amounts of surplus.
Many things happened where land was taken including expansion of Europe, and the
reconquest of Spain and Portugal. Also, the Great Schism between the Christian church
split a lot of Europe which was mainly christian.
Nico Aimonetti
5-25-10 per 4
Chapter 14 Key Terms
Three-Field System: This is when a farmer plants 2/3 of his farmland with their crops and on the
rest they planted oats, or other plants that returned nitrogen to the soil. These nitrogen producing
plants also were able to be used as food for plow horses. Although most farmers in Europe during
this agricultural boom in Europe still let half of their land fallow and use oxen for plowing.
Black Death: The Black Death was a disease called the Bubonic Plague that went and spread all
around Europe and Asia. It wiped out 1/3 of the European population and it originally started in
Asia but was carried out by the Mongol armies. They gave it to Europe by attacking Kaffa, on the
Black Sea in 1346. Traders from Kaffa then spread it to Italy and Southern France and sparing
other cities and carrying off 2/3 in others. the Black Death caused social changes such as skilled
workers who lived started raising their prices and peasant revolted against nobles like the Jacquerie
in France in 1358.
Mills: Mills were powered by either water or wind and they were used to grind grain and flour,
saw logs into lumber, crush olives, tan leather, make paper, and perform other useful tasks.
Watermills were common in dry lands like in Spain and northern Europe and were powered by
water wheels. Many mills were built by wealthy individuals and monasteries and they were
profitable because the nature ran the energy for free.
Water Wheel: After 1,200 water mills spread rapidly across the western European mainland. By
the early 14th century entrepreneurs had crammed 68 watermills into a one-mile section of the
Seine River in Paris. These water mills were powered by water wheels which were promised a
steady flow of water because of the dams that were built. Some water wheels were even powered
by the ocean tides in England and France.
Hanseatic League: In northern Europe an association of trading cities known as the Hanseatic
League traded extensively in the Baltic, coasts of Prussia, and new land conquered by German
knights. The merchants in the league ranged from Novgorod, Russia to the east and London in
the west. By the 13th century a third area for trading was created in Flanders which had many
skill artisans who made English sheep wool into the softest cloth and made into expensive
textiles sold in Europeans. This caused Asia's textile business to fall because many wealthy
Europeans got their textiles from Flanders.
Guild: A guild is and association of craft specialists, such as silversmiths or of the merchants that
regulated the business practices of its members and the prices they charge. Guilds also trained
apprentices and promoted members interests with the city government and they recruited new
members from families that were members and they perpetuated male dominance of skilled jobs.
Gothic Cathedrals: The Gothic cathedrals made their appearance in around 1140 in France. The
main piece in these cathedrals was the gothic arch which was pointed instead of the Roman arch
which was rounded. Also the flying buttresses stabilized the high thin stone columns below the
arches. The Gothic cathedrals did not only need master builders to build it but skill artisans to make
the stained glass windows and beautiful art inside of the cathedral. It then became a
competition of which cathedral was largest such as the Beauvais cathedral which was 154 feet
high and the Strasbourg cathedral which measured 466 feet high.
Champagne: Champagne is the land between Flanders and northern Italy and became an important
trading spot. It started as a trading post where everyone would meet once or twice a year to trade all
their items. When Champagne came under the control of the king of France there were royal
guaranties of safe conduct to all merchants turned the regional market into an international trading
spot. This spot became so popular that Italy had 15 permanent consultants in Champagne.
Although during the fourteenth century trade grew so large its became cheaper to send textiles
overseas from Flanders instead of by land from Champagne thus resulting in Champagne losing its
international popularity and stayed as a regional market
Galen Barker
4th
Chapter 15 Summary
Polynesian people from the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia had been exploring
island chains of the East Indies and later New Guinea, and later to more islands close by.
While the Polynesian mariners were sailing to the Pacific Islands, the MaylayoIndonesians
were sailing westward into the Indian Ocean and settling Madagascar. The Indian Ocean
was also being used for trade by other peoples, and the rise of Medieval Islam allowed for
Islamic trading posts to spread and develop. The Ming dynasty also launched large and
powerful expeditions into the Indian Ocean, with Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim,
commanding them, but the Chinese avoided people that could make no real contributions to
China. The Vikings were the great mariners of the Atlantic in the Middle Ages, and they
attacked coastal European settlements for centuries. Much later the Iberian kingdoms
sponsored voyages of explorations in the 15th centuries because of the revival of urban life
and trade, a struggle with Islamic powers, growing intellectual curiosity, and a peculiarly
European alliance between merchants and rulers. Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator
worked on converting Africans to Christianity and several expeditions were mounted. The
caravel had been invented, they were small, could travel upriver, yet weather ocean storms,
and when equipped with different sails, they could handle differently in the water. For the
Spanish explorers, there was Christopher Columbus, who opened up the land of America
for other countries. The Africans, the Indians, and the Americans had trade that was opened
up with the Europeans. Also, the conquering of the Southern American lands by the
European conquistadors occurred.
Christopher Columbus was the leader of Spain's overseas mission to the Indian Ocean by a
new route. He was a Genoese mariner. Between 1492-1502 his four voyages established
the reality of the "new World". When Columbus was younger, he participated in
Portuguese explorations along the African coast. Columbus had a theory that the Canaries
were 2,400 nautical miles from Japan. He wanted to test his theory but it was very hard to
find a sponsor. He was rejected by the Portuguese twice and then by Castile. After studying
Castilian commission, he finally won of Queen Isabella and her husband King Ferdinand of
Aragon. They left Friday August 3rd, 1492. they traveled in three ships; Nina, Pinata and
the Santa Maria. In October they reached the Caribbean islands. he believed the islands to
be the East Indies and therefore mistakenly called its people the Indians. on a second
voyage he still thought they were Indians. On his 3rd voyage in 1498, he found the
mainland of South America, but he still thought it was Asia. Because Portugal and Spain
thought they had founded the Americas they agreed to split the world between them
documented in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. (Emily San Juan)
Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition that was created to
continue the interrupted voyage of Columbus. He was to sail around the Americas and
across the Pacific Ocean. His voyage was the basis for colonization of the Philippines by
the Spanish people. Magellan was thought to be the first person to encircle the globe.
(Emily San Juan)
Ileunau Cortes was a nobleman that led expeditions. In 1519, he left Cuba with six
hundred men to go to Mexico to establish trade and find slaves. the expedition soon
learned of the Aztec people and brought the recon quest of Muslim Iberia and it
continued in the Greater Antilles. (Emily San Juan)
ZheriHe commanded the Ming expeditions in the Indian ocean. he was a Chinese Muslim
who increased Muslim-dominate Indian ocean basin. He kept Arabic speaking Chinese as
interpreters on these expeditions. his ships carried silks, metals, and intended gifts for
rulers. this stimulated trade between china and its neighbors. this also caused delegates
from Africa being sent to china. (Emily San Juan)
araw..,,- the Sarawak were the Amerindian name after the year 1000. they colonized in
the West Indies and sailed along the Pacific coast of South America. they moved from
Barbados, Martinique, and Guadalupe (lesser Antilles) into Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica,
and Puerto rice (greater Antilles) as well as Bahamas. (Emily San Juan)
Mansa Kankan Musa was the ruler of Mali. he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1342. t
nntortunately a canoe returned saying that the caravan of people was swept away by a
current in the ocean. this caused manse muse's predecessor Mansa Muhammad to bring
an even bigger expedition and no one returned. (Emily San Juan)
Francisco Pizarro was a man that had come to the Americas in 1502 at 25 years of age
with little education. he was involved with Balbo's expedition across the Isthmus of
Panama and the conquest of Hispaniola. in 1520 he was a wealthy landowner and an
official in Panama. he explored the pacific coast and set out to conquer Inca in 1531. he
awaited the Incas with 180 men, 37 horses, and 2 cannon. in November 1532 he arranged
to meet with the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. lizards seized Atahualpa. even though the Incas
had numbers far greater than Pizarro, the confusion of the cannon fire helped his men
conquers the Incas. they were given a room full of gold and silver in order to free
Atahualpa, but instead, as soon as they got their gold, they gave Atahualpa a choice. they
would either bum him alive or he could be baptized as a Christian and then strangled. the
death of Atahualpa broke the unity of the Incan empire. Pizarro met his death in 1539.
Atahualpa was the empower of the Incas. in November he was arranged to meet with
Francisco'Pizarro, but instead was captured by him. all of Atahualpa's people were killed by
the confusion of cannon fire at the expense of pizarro's men. the ransom for Atahualpa was
a room full of gold and silver, as soon as the ransom was paid, Atahualpa was given a
choice. he either be burned at the stake or be baptized and become a Christian and then
strangled. he was strangled to death and his death broke the unity of the Incas.
Moctezuma: The Aztec ruler who sent messangers to greet cortex to see if he was a an or
god, friend or foe
Connection: He was held hostage in return for money
Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and
directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa Connection: He
was a Portuguese Prince
Bartolommeo Dia: He was the 1st Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa.
Connection: He was a famous explorer
Conquistadors: Spanish explorers who conquered people.
Connection: Helped conquer new areas
Vasco De Gama: Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa and got to India.
Connection: He was able to get to India from Portugal.
Caravel: The new vessel to the Europeans. Small, 1/5 the size of other ships:
Connection: Helped increase travel efficiency because they were quicker and could go up
rivers causer they were small.
Gold Coast: A Coast along the western side of Africa, which brought riches to European
explorers.
Connection: It helped bring riches to eruopean explorers.
Americas: The new land Columbus mistook for India. Held new people.
Connection: It was a lot more land that could be colonized by the Europeans.
LUVe, ' G e n
}onThis a))
Chapter 16 Summary
Zack Rezowalli
Period 4
The Papacy was the central government of Latin Christianity in the 1500s; it was funded by
both tax and donations by its followers. The Church gave out indulgences which were guaranteed
tickets to heaven to anybody who would pay for them. In 1519 Martin Luther got into a dispute
with a church official over church doctrines and the papacy's behavior, and then Martin started
his own church causing the Protestant Reformation. In response to the Protestant Reformation the
Catholic Reformation began which was a movement within the Latin Church to clarify Catholic
teachings, trainings, and discipline. Witch Hunts became popular in the late 1600s early 1700s
which was when protestants and Catholics both went after woman and some men who were
accused of which craft. The Scientific revolution started with an attempted to explain planetary
motion and physics and the in the 17th century it became the basis for modem science. A major
member of the Scientific Revolution was Galileo who observed planetary motion and came to the
conclusion that the Sun did not revolve around the earth but the other way around. Galileo was
put under house arrest by the Church because his theory differed from theirs. The Dutch
government was the first to create a joint-stock company which was a business backed by the
government who sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprise. In the 1590s a
small Ice Age fell over Europe, the effects of the cold killed crops, shorted surplus, and caused
inflation. In Spain and France the Catholic tradition was protected from the Protestant movement.
England was put into a civil war when King Charles I refused to grant individual rights to his
people as parliament ordered and arrested the leaders of the movement. After Charles lost the
civil war he was put on trial where he was found guilty and executed. The most successful
example of how European rulers increased revenue to pay for military costs was when they
promoted mutually beneficial alliances with the rising commercial elite. (Zack Rezowalli)
Robert H. Barragan
5-26-10
P-.4
Honors World History
JC w\t3
Final Review Chapter 16 terms
Renaissance
Definition= Between 1300 and 1600s, a time period where more than 130 scholars,
translators, writers, poets, sculptors, explorers and philosophers whose work over the
preceding two centuries had restored the standards of ancient learning.
Significance= The Renaissance was an important time period because great art,
philosophy, and ideas that changed Europe forever for the better.
Connection= Leonardo Da Vinci, reasoning, classical art, Martin Luther, Donatello,
Raphael.
Papacy
Definition= In the 1500s the Papacy was the central government of Latin Christianity.
Significance= They gained their stature from the suffering of the people and their own
corruption and dissent. Large donations and tax receipts let Popes find ambitious
construction projects in Rome.
Connection= Vatican, Protestant Reformation, Taxation.
Indulgences
Definition= A forgiveness of the punishment for past sins, usually paid for and granted
by the church.
Significance= Cause much controversy in church and influenced people like Martin
Luther to speak against the church.
Connection= Martin Luther, Catholic Reformation, Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
Definition= A professor who objected to indulgences.
Significance= He had forsaken money and marriage for a life of prayer, self-denial and
study. He claimed salvation came from faith not "doing certain things". He disliked how
indulgences could be obtained by money and not faith. He eventually wrote to Pope Leo,
asking him to stop the abuse. At a convention he burned the Papal Bull, a religious
document, which fed the fuel for the Catholic Reformation.
Connection= Indulgences, Catholic Reformation, Papal Bull.
Protestant Reformation
Definition= Started by Martin Luther because he was unhappy with the church.
Significance= Luther said that instead on focusing on deeds, to have faith in Jesus Christ.
He also said that the authority of the church was based on the Bible and did not come from
the Pope. Luther's use of the printing press won him the support of powerful German
families, which he received funding from for his religious campaign.
Connection= John Calvin, The Institutes of Christian Religion, (Book by John Calvin).
Catholic Reformation
Definition= A counsel met in the city of Trent because they were inspired by the
Protestant Reformation.
Significance= The counsel gathered in three separate sessions between 1545 and 1563.
These sessions reaffirmed the supremacy of the Pope and assured that each Bishop resided
in his respective diocese and at the same time each diocese had a seminary to train priest.
Also during theses sessions Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as
the Jesuits.
Connection= Jesuits, Protestant Reformation.
Witch-Hunts
Definition= The wide spread witch-hunts were a dramatic illustration of the common
beliefs of the Protestants and Catholics.
Significance= The extraordinary fear of the power of witches that swept across Northern
Europe in the late sixteenth century was a testimony to the belief of spiritual causes of
natural events. It is estimated that over a thousand people were tried for being witches, of
them being women.
Connection= Magic, folklore, witchcraft, witch riots.
Scientific Revolution
Definition= European investigators began to challenge prevailing conceptions of the
world. This was called the scientific revolution.
Significance= A time period where everything was questioned and many products came
from this period, such as the scientific method, the explanation for gravity, and the
philosophy of reason. Also the explanation for nature was more relied on reason and
science than religion.
Connection= Isaac Newton, Pythagryuim Therum.
( W("* 4 b 4
,
/ t
,
p
Bourgeoisie- A class of well-off town dwellers who made their livings from manufacturing, finance,
commerce, and allied professors. These members were very skilled in their trade. They also supplied the
city they were in with wealth, and this allowed Europe's economy to become more stable and efficient.
This ultimately led to a population increase of many towns in Europe because of the bourgeoisie.
Joint-Stock Company- A business often backed up by a government charter that sold shares to individuals
to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors. This
new business allowed for money to be loaned to companies that needed to buy new facilities, or just grow
in size. For a healthy economy, there needed to be a sense of competition between businesses, and the
joint-stock companies gave each business a chance to become the number one producer of a certain
trade.
Gentry- The class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. The gentry loaned money to
peasants and members of the nobility, and in time increased their ownership of land. They eventually
became a very powerful class in England.
Little Ice Age- A century long cool climate that began in the 1590's. It very much effected the agricultural
state of many countries. Because it got colder during the ice age, many plants started to freeze and die.
With less extra food, this meant less surplus , which ultimately meant less wealth for the European
countries. However many people actually starved during this time because of the lack of production of
agriculture.
Holy Roman Empire- Was a loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an
emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806. Also was a powerful empire in Europe that
challenged the strong monarchies of Western Europe. Charles V of Austria from the powerful family
Hasburg tried to unite all of the German states into one by making a single religion. However, after
several decades of fighting he gave up his efforts at unification and decided to let every Germanic state
to have their own religion.
English Civil War- A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights between Charles I and parliament that
eventually ended up with the execution of Charles I. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolution
and, with the Glorious revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights 1689 ensured that England would be
a constitutional monarchy.
Women's Role in Society- Women ranked below men, and were closely tied to their husbands and
family. They did not participate in social affairs, but were meant to stay home watch after the children
and do work around the house. European men and women did not usually get married until they could
afford to build or buy their own house to live in. Girls of rich families were often educated and taught
things such as weaving and instruments. Women did sometimes help out men at their jobs.
3e551& 1) The Enlightenment: A time period in Europe in which countries are said to have
experienced a "great awakening". Many philosophers came about and spread their new
ideas to the world during this time. In this process, new philosophies were used to better
and improve society.
Connections:
Philosophes
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Rousseau
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Encyclopedie
David
Hume
Adam
Smith
Edward Gibbon
Significance: The Enlightenment introduced many new ideas into European society,
and as new ideas were introduced, they were soon used to educate individuals and create a
better society that has carried on even until this day
Sesiit.2) Philosophes: A group of French thinkers who helped the development of European
Enlightenment begin. These thinkers were interested in science, literature, philosophy, and
sociology. Also, these people wanted to get rid of inaccurate thought systems such as
religion while bettering humans and their societies.
Connections:
Enlightenment ideas
Philosophe movement
Progress
Deism
Tolerance
Significance: They created the philosophe movement, which lead to increased
thoughts and different ideas. In turn, this helped lead to the Enlightenment. The philosophe
movement consisted of three main ideas: Progress, deism, and tolerance. Progress involved
human history in which humans have managed to manipulate the world through technological
advances, overcome foolishness brought on by religion and superstitious ideas, and use social
improvements to overcome human cruelty. Deism focused more on religion as the
philosophes used it to explain that religion should be built on reason and should result in good
moral behavior of its followers. Also, deism is related to the idea that the knowledge of the
natural world has nothing at all to do with religion. Lastly, tolerance was used to declare that
in a good society, tolerance of all religions is necessary.
*,;e3)
Thomas Hobbes: A philosopher during the Enlightenment period. He was the first
major thinker of the seventeenth century to use new methods for human sciences. He also
wrote Leviathan, which is a very revolutionary book on political theories.
Connection:
Leviathan
Selfishness
Social Contract
Authority
Significance: Hobbes' ideas became very important and well-known enlightenment
ideas. First, he explained that all human law is derived from natural law. When human law
branches away from this natural law, disaster arises. He also explains
that humans are motivated by selfishness, which means humans want to maximize
pleasures. Continuing on, individuals unite into a society to increase their safety and
happiness. People in society agree to a social contract to make laws of which to live by that
are to be for the best of the society. However, humans cannot be trusted to live by the social
contracts themselves, so an authority, such as a monarch, is put in control. This monarch
though, does not live by the consent of heaven, but by the consent of the people.
,Sie4) John Locke: An important philosopher of human sciences from the seventeenth
century. He wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises on
Government, which are two very influential works.
Connection:
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Two Treatises on Government
Tabula Rasa
Empiricism
Human Equality
Significance: He contributed many new important ideas and philosophies that were
not only important to the Enlightenment, but which remain important to today's society. His
first idea was that everyone is born with a blank mind, which he called a tabula rasa (means
an erased board). With such, all human minds use empiricism to learn. Empiricism is the
theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Also, Locke concluded that
since everyone is born with a blank mind, everyone is born equal. Authority, Locke thought,
is established to protect this equality, and when an authority stops caring about the equality
and natural rights of people, it is up to the people to overthrow the authority. (These ideas
have come to greatly influence the American Government).
15) Jean Jacques Rousseau: An important Enlightenment writer. He wrote The Social
Contract, The Discourse on Inequality, and Emile.
Connections:
The Social Contract
The Discourse on Inequality,
Emile
Liberty
Rights
Social Contract
Significance: Rousseau provided many prudent enlightenment ideas. His basic ideas
were that the happiest state of humankind is a middle state between completely wild
and completely civilized, the existence of social contracts, and the nature of human
freedom. In addition, Rousseau believed civilization corrupts humans and robs them
of theft natural freedom. Continuing on, part of Rousseau's' philosophy on social
contracts is that social contracts should be meant to protect the rights and equality of
everyone, and if a government fails to do so, it has broken the social contract (this
theory was a relevant idea of the French and American revolutions). Also, Rousseau
explained that rights and liberties only exist because the rest of society agreed to
those rights and liberties.
$ <<~ 6) Voltaire: A very influential French philosophe who focused on empiricism and
religious tolerance. He is author of A Treatise on Tolerance and Candide.
Connection:
A Treatise on Tolerance
Candide
Empiricism
Tolerance
Calas Case of 1762
Significance: His books, A Treatise on Tolerance and Candide, have brought on
great ideas significant to enlightenment ideals. Voltaire wrote the book, A Treatise on
Tolerance, in response to the Calas case of 1762. In this book, Voltaire expresses his
beliefs that the worst crimes have been carried out in the name of religions. The book also
mentions that people should be able to practice whatever religion they want, and
governments should not impose a certain religion on their states. Voltaire concluded that
secular values should be looked upon as more important than religious values. Continuing
on, Voltaire's other book, Candide, uses a character named Candide to show that human
beings cannot endlessly improve themselves and the environment. This contradicts ideas
of the philosophe movement, even though Voltaire, himself was a famous philosophe.
2 5 9 i 7) Montesquieu: A famous philosopher who focused on political theories. He wrote pirit
of the Laws.
Connection:
Spirit of the Laws
Division of power
Executive, legislative, and judicial
Checks and Balances
Significance: His philosophical ideas were big components of enlightenment ideas
that focused on politics. Therefore, he contributed to enlightenment thought. His main
philosophy was that climate and terrain determine human behavior and forms of
authority. In addition, he believed there was one best government , which would be like
the English government. The English government had a division of power; it contained an
executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Montesquieu called this balance of power
"checks and balances". (This political philosophy influenced the current American
government)
SeM 't-8) Encyclopedia: It was a book, which contained the great manifesto of the philosophe
movement. It was a collection of topics that referred to philosophe ideas and were
organized around categories of human knowledge. The Encyclopedia was organized
together by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, but was a collective effort of
hundreds of French thinkers.
Connection:
Philosophes
Science (human, natural and mechanical sciences)
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Aristolean principle
Significance: The Encyclopedia contained many of the great ideas that spurred on
the Enlightenment. The Encyclopedia was a collective work on philosophe theories. Its
main purpose was to secularize learning and refute the idea that human improvement was
based on religion. In addition, the division between human and natural sciences, as well
as the division between natural and mechanical sciences, all owe their origin to the
Encyclopedic. The Encyclopedic has allowed many great works to be collected,
organized and passed on together, which helped establish the main thoughts of the
enlightenment and spread them on throughout society.
5ei(J)humans
David Hume: An English philosopher from the eighteenth century who believed
could know nothing with certainty. He wrote An Inquiry Concerning Human
Understanding.
Connection:
Philosophe Movement
An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Moral relativism
Significance: His philosophies were conducive to the enlightenment thoughts in
England. His thoughts especially focused on a moral relativism. He believed no human
could know anything for certain, so no human should pass judgment on different moral
systems.
10) Adam Smith: A significant theorist of the eighteenth century. He wrote An Inquiry
into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which was the first book that
basically invented economics for countries going through the Enlightenment.
Connections:
Division of labor
Economic Liberty
Laissez Faire
Significance: He had some great economic theories that played a part in the
Enlightenment and helped establish economies in the western world. Smith believed that
division of labor between workers was a critical characteristic of growing economies. He
also thought that instead of monopolies and regulations, there should be a natural system of
economic liberty, in which individuals are free to choose how to disperse their labor
and money. Such economic liberty was called laissez faire, which means "let them do as
they please". In addition, Smith thought that the world had an infinite amount of
resources, which could be used to benefit humankind.
5e51
3% 5t)
Edward Gibbon: A man known for his great and classic book, The Decline and Fall of e
Roman Empire. In this book, he expresses his beliefs about what led to the fall of Rome.
Connections:
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Philosophe Movement
Rome
Significance: His book explains political and social theories of the philosophe
movement in relation to history. Gibbon believed that Rome fell because barbarians
overwhelmed it and it had been declining due to adoption of Christianity. Christianity,
Gibbon thought, debased the Roman mind and soul, which made Rome vulnerable to
internal degradation and external predation.
Jim Kraus
5/25/10
Online Chapter on Exploration, Columbian Exchange, and Slavery
P.1
This chapter dealt with exploration, the Columbian Exchange, and slavery. The
7
exploration for the most part was to find trade routes going to west to India. Christopher
Columbus was the first to try this. He was a sailor from Genoa that asked convinced
Isabella and Ferdinand to finance his journey to India. In 1492 Columbus landed on an
island near present-day Cuba. He believed he had landed in India so he called the
people there Indians. Of course he was not in India he was in the Americas. So in 1492
Columbus crossed the ocean and discovered the Americas. Other explorers tried to find
routes to India like Ferdinand Magellan who sailed around the tip of South America. This
is the exploration part of the chapter. The next part of the chapter was about the
"Columbian Exchange". This was a concept of the sixteenth century that was used to
express the spread of ideas, diseases, animals, food, and religion during the time period
of the conquering of the Americas. Many of the ideas flowed from East to West because
the East brought technologies such as medicine over to the Amerindians. Another thing
that was spread in the Columbian Exchange was disease. The main diseases were small
pox and influenza which killed almost 90% of the Amerindian people. Animals were
also spread from the east to west like horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs to the
Americas and llamas and alpacas to the east. Also different types of food were spread.
From the east, they brought wheat, barley, and rye. And it brought Maize, potato, sweet
potato, bananas, and pineapple to the East. Finally the east also spread Christianity with
them. The final part of the chapter talks about slavery. The main idea of slavery in this
chapter was that all of the indigenous people of the Americas that survived small pox
and war were turned into slaves. All of the slaves in society were forced to work in
sugar plantations, or just a plantation in general. Very few Amerindians became slaves
because they were often killed by disease or warfare. So in order for the Europeans to
maintain their plantations they had to import slaves from Africa. This is the chapter
summary.
Jim Kraus
5/25/10
5 Key Terms
P.1
AmerindianDefinitions- People living in the Americas during the time period of the discovery of the8
Americas in 1492.
Significance- They were people of the Western culture that was part of the Americas. They
served as slaves to the European people. Many of them died due to diseases. They were taught
many important things such as medicine and religion. They also spread llamas, alpacas, sugar
cane, sweet potato, potatoes, and corn.
Connections- They were part of the Columbian exchange during the sixteenth century. And were
attacked and destroyed by the Europeans when they started their conquest of the Americas.
Jeffrey AmherstDefinition-commanding general of British forces in America during the Seven Years War (or
French and Indian War, 1756-1763), distributed blankets from smallpox victims as a way to
crush an Indian uprising
Significance- He claimed land in many parts of the Americas for Europe and he used small pox
as a weapon during the Seven Years War.
Connection- He was part of the French and Indian War.
InfluenzaDefinition-is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally,
lungs.
Significance- It was another large killer of the Amerindians in the Americas. It killed a large
percent of Amerindians, and it helped the Europeans take-over the people of the Americas.
Connections- It also killed many people in recent times and it was a huge epidemic that spread
throughout the United States and other countries.
"New World"Definition- The Americas that were discovered in 1492 by Christopher columbus and this is what
the discovered land was called.
Significance- This was the name that the Europeans used to name the newly discovered
Americas. This was a huge part in world history.
Connections- It was connected to the Columbian Exchange and the Slave trade because it had the
raw materials and the resources that caused these two things
Hispanola Definition- present day Cuba and Haiti
Significance- this was where Christopher Columbus first landed when it hit the Americas.
Connections- This was the site of a 95% death of the Amerindians due to smallpox. LJ
t'v ti I19iP ,yfrr
0
5/n11
l°e r- y
Key Terms
1. Columbian Exchange ( tevc, )
Definition: The exchange of people, crops, animals, ideas, and diseases between the
Eastern and Western Hemispheres due to European exploration.
Significance: The Columbian Exchange was the first contact between the Old and New
Worlds. New crops, diseases, and cultures were introduced, and Europeans began
colonizing the New World.
Connections:
Colonization
Agriculture Revolution
Industrial Revolution
2. Smallpox ( i evc,)
Definition: a human diseases caused by the Variola major virus.
Significance: Was brought by the Europeans to the New World, killing 90 — 95 % of the
indigenous population, which allowed the Europeans to conquer the Native Americans
(ex. Aztecs and Incans.)
Connections:
Epidemic
Aztecs and Incans
The Conquest of the Americas
3. Epidemic CY"evct)
Definition: Rapid outbreaks of a disease.
Significance: Because the indigenous people of the Americas had not been exposed to
European diseases, they had not built up a resistance, and therefore smallpox became an
epidemic in the Americas.
Connections:
Smallpox
Conquistadors
4. Endemic L T e V t )
Definition: A diseases that is passed from person to person without needing to be
reintroduced from an outside source.
Significance: When a disease is endemic to a population, the population eventually builds
us a resistance to the diseases. However, when the Europeans suddenly introduced many
diseases that had been endemic to Europe, but not the Americas, the indigenous people
could not build up a resistance resulting in the killing of 90 — 95 % of the indigenous
population.
Connections:
Smallpox, measles, the flu
Columbian Exchange
5. Zoonotic CTWA)
Definition: a disease the came to humans from animals.
Significance: Because American Indians lived with their animals, the zoonotic diseases
brought by the Europeans spread quickly in the Americas.
Connections:
Measles, smallpox, flu, diphtheria, common cold, tuberculosis
Columbian Exchange
6. Conquistadors C Tew%)
Definition: Spanish conquerors.
Significance: These ruthless men conquered and killed many American Indians, leading to
the European colonization of the Americas.
Connections:
Henan Cortes
Francisco Pizarro
Aztecs and Incans
7. Henan Cortes l "f P ✓G )
Definition: A Spanish conquistador in the 1500s.
Significance: In 1519, he and his men conquered to Aztec capital of Tenochtilan, and
subsequently the Aztec Empire.
Connections:
Aztec Empire
Quetzalcoatl
Mocetezuma
8. Francisco Pizarro ( S t ✓ n+)
Definition: A Spanish conquistador in the 1500s.
Significance: In the 1530s, he conquered the Incan Empire in Peru.
Connections:
Mean Empire
Atahualpa
9. Bartoleme de Las Casas t fie vrc' )
Definition: A Spanish priest in the Americas, who observed and wrote about the Spanish
cruelty.
Significance: His efforts caused the Spanish government to limit the use and ownership
of slaves.
Connections:
Abolishment of Slavery
King Charles V
Human Rights
10. Reconquista C T e V a )
Definition: the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Spain
Significance: It made Spain very strong and wealthy. This made them able and willing to
finance Columbus' expeditions to the New World.
Connections:
Aragon, Portugal, Castile
Christianity
King Ferdinand
The New World
Ch. 22 the early industrial revolution
This chapter talks about the causes of the industrial revolution, the different types of
technological innovations, the impact that the industrial revolution had on people, and new
economic and political ideas. Starting off with the causes, the book highlights population
growth as one of the main causes. New foods in America were discovered that both
humans and animals could eat. This led to a increased meat production, which then feed
more people. With more people, there were less and less jobs needed filling in the country
working on farms, so some peasants went to cities to work in factories. More workers
helped factories become more efficient, thus spurring the industrial revolution. Another
cause was a revolution in farming. Corn, Maize, turnips, legumes, and clover had all been
discovered and were all easier to grow and grew more than wheat, rye, and oats. Rich
landowners began the "enclosure movement" where they would close off their land they
could experiment with new agricultural systems, kicking out some peasants and forcing
them to go to the cities to work in factories. An increased need for trade and more inventors
also was a cause for the industrial revolution. With the growing population, there was a
greater need for items over seas, thus caused the spreading of ideas. Also more and more
people started to experiment and create new things and ideas. However, not all parts of the
world started industrializing, areas such as France didn't catch on and feel behind, whereas
Britain was flourishing. Besides the causes, chapter 22 talks about the different types of
technological innovations. The first was mass production of pottery. The process was
broken down into different tasks. This made making pottery easier and faster. This was
possible the division of labor. People would specialize in different pottery making tasks,
such as glazing, or molding. The second technological innovation was mechanization of the
cotton industry. The cotton industry was the largest industry during this period, and the use
of machines to do the work made it even more efficient. The third innovation was iron. With
more and more railroads, bridges, and buildings being built, iron was starting to be used
more and more. New ways of making iron were created and more iron was produced. The
fifth innovation was the steam engine. steam engines eventually became used for
everything, such as steam ships and trains. Having steam engines in trains started lots of
railroad building in America and for factories to almost anywhere. Lastly, was an innovation
in communication. the electric telegraph was invented that made communication much
much easier. Pretty soon, telegraph cables were put all around europe and across the
Atlantic ocean. Another part of this chapter was the impact of the industrial revolution.
Because of the population growth, many people decided to move into towns or cities.
Towns were growing fast, and becoming over crowded. Peasants would crowd into
apartments, and people would throw out their sewage and trash on the streets. Their was
also air pollution. Towns were not sanitary. Deforestation also became a problem, with
more people their was a higher demand for wood, and more mines opened up. Working
conditions also worsened. Men worked long hours for little pay, as did women and even
children. As conditions worsened, reforms were created to make lifestyles better. Examples
were the factory act of 1833, the mines act of 1842, and many more. People also began
thinking of new ideas. Adam Smith, Jeremy Brenthan, Saint Simon, and Robert owen were
some of the great thinkers of the time.
1. Laissez Faire
a. Definition:
the idea thatth-%government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs.
b. Significance: persuaded some governments to dismantle many of their regulations
in decades after 1815.
c. Connections: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776), Thomas Malthus, David
Ricardo, Friedrich List.
2. Positivism
a. Definition: Believe that social and economic problems could be solved by the
application of the scientific method.
b. Significance: attracted support of bankers and entrepreneurs, who were then
influenced to invest in railroads, canals, and other symbols of modernity, thus
creating a more modern society
c. Connections: Saint Simon, Augueste Comte, Utopian Socialism
3. Utopian Socialism
a. Definition: they hoped to create humane alternatives o industrial capitalism by
building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
b. Significance: led to robert own trying to get parliament to make working conditions
better
c. Connections: Robert Owen, New Lanark
!j
Key Terms in Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851
1, Industrial Revolution
Definition: A period time from 1760 to 1900 in which new inventions were created
and urbanization occurred.
Significance: Many new machines were invented, and the urban population
increased significantly. A new power structure was seen throughout the world
because of industrialization.
Connections: Mass production, division of labor, mechanization (Ally Mar)
2.
Agricultural Revolution
Definition: A period of time in which new crops from the Americas, such as the
potato, came to Europe.
Significance: Crops helped more peasants marry younger. They would have more
children, and the populations of the countries were higher. These people created the
workforce for the Industrial Revolution.
Connections: Industrial Revolution, urbanization, population increase (Ally Mar)
3.
The British Industrial Revolution
Definition: A time in Britain starting in 1790 when new inventions were created and
factories hired many workers.
Significance: The British Industrial Revolution started all of the Industrial
Revolution.
Connections: Industrial Revolution, water mills, urbanization (Ally Mar)
4.
Mass Production
Definition: The production of many identical items using easy, repeatable tasks.
Significance: This made most items easy to make, so industrialized countries
became rich and successful quickly and cheaply.
Connections: Urbanization, division of labor, child labor (My Mar)
5.
Josiah Wedgwood
Definition: The man who created a pottery business that used division of labor.
Significance: He started the use of mass production of pottery using divisions of
labor.
Connections: Division of labor, mass production, pottery (Ally Mar)
6.
Division of labor
Definition: A system of work in which one person does on simple task over and
over.
Significance: This way of working made materials easier and faster. Division of
labor was often used during the Industrial Revolution.
Connection: Josiah Wedgwood, Industrial Revolution, factories (Ally Mar)
7.
Mechanization Definition: Replacing workers
with machines.
Significance: Most factories used mechanization to save money and make more
items.
Connection: Factories, Industrial Revolution, water frame
8. Water Frame
Definition: A loom that produced strong thread using water as its source of power.
Significance: This invention helped Britain become a chief exporter of textiles.
Connection: Mechanization, urbanization, mass production (Ally Mar)
9. Iron
Definition: A metal that was often used for weapons and other tools.
Significance: Many people tried to get and make iron during the Industrial
Revolution. It was used to make weapons.
Connection: Mechanization, weapons, Industrial Revolution (Ally Mar)
10. Steam Engine
Definition: An engine that uses fossil fuels to create energy.
Significance: The steam engine was the most important invention in the Industrial
Revolution. It was used for mining, ships, and factories.
Connection: James Waft, mining technology, inventions (Ally Mar)
11. James Watt
Definition: The man that improved the steam engine so that it could allow steam to
leave the engine.
Significance: Steam engines were then often used in mines and on boats.
Connections: Steam engine, mechanization (Ally Mar)
12. Mercantilism
Definition: The idea that the government should interfere with trade in order to
gain more metals.
Significance: Mercantilism fell when laissez faire became popular.
Connections: Laissez faire, Adam Smith (Ally Mar)
Alex Nguyen
Christina Gilbert
Chapter 24 Summary
P.4 Honors World History
Between 1750-1870, new states emerged in two areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The 1st
was southern Africa, where the Zulu emerged, led by Shaka Zulu. To protect themselves
from the Zulu, some new states formed such as the Swazi Kingdom and Lesotho. The
second was in Eastern Africa, where the Sokoto Caliphate was formed from a series of
jihads, or holy wars, that the Muslims fought to gain territory for the newly formed
Caliphate. Meanwhile, Egypt was beginning to modernize with their new leader Muhammad
Ali. However, Egypt took too many loons from British and French investors, which led to
the invasion of Egypt. It eventually became a territory of England. Ethiopia was similarly
conquered by Britain in their attempts to modernize. During this time period, the slave trade
was very important to Africa. However, Britain was adamantly against slavery at this time,
and promoted abolition by freeing slaves on slave ships. This forced Africa to become more
involved in legitimate trade as their biggest industries (ex: palm oil, rubber). India also
became a colony of Britain as ambitious company men of the British East Indies Company
conquered small portions of India, piece by piece. At this time, the old governments of India
were collapsing, so it made it all the easier for the British to take over. However, they were
met by resistance. For example, the sepoys, or Indians the British hired to fight for them,
rebelled against them in the Sepoy Rebellion. The Sepoy Rebellion was particularly
important in India's history because it solidified Britain's rule of India. After this rebellion
was put down, all the old forms of government in India, such as the rule of the Nawabs, or
Muslim princes of the Mughel Empire, and the company men. With this new centralization
of government, they could truly begin to modernize. Another territory of the British was the
Cape Colony. There was also conflict there between the British and the Afrikaners, or the
Dutch settlers living in the Cape Colony. Many of these Afrikaners left the Cape Colony
when the British came, as they became alienated by British laws, and embarked on a "Great
Trek" into the lands of the Zulu known as the Transvaal. They occupied this area, but the
British later took it from them for its natural resources
Terms:
Zulu: A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka Zulu united in 1818.
Significance: The Zulu tribe is significant because with its creation so was the creation of
Lesotho and Swaziland. Also for a kingdom in Africa it was very advance in intelligence,
government and making itself a national independence. Connection: Eventually the Zulu
were destroyed because of the advancing Afrikaners and the British.
Sokoto Caliphate: Large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
Significance: Largest state in West Africa since the fall of the Songhai, during jihads
those who didn't agree with Muslim rules were killed and enslaved. Connection: The
Sokoto can connect to slavery because they were the one of the biggest supporters and
holders of slaves in the world. It is estimated by 1865 there were more slaves there than
in the U.S.
Modernization: the process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural
traditions in imitation of the early success of western societies. Significance: It was very
important because it was because of modernization that led Egypt and Ethiopia to be
eventually be conquered and controlled by the British. Connection: This can connect to a lot
of places around the globe. Modernization was very common because of the large success
of western societies like Britain and France. For example the modernization in Egypt and
Ethiopia.
Muhammad Ali: Leader of Egyptian modernization, in the early nineteenth century he ruled
as an ottoman governor, he had imperialistic ideas. He ruled until he was overthrown in
1952. Significance: He enforced the Idea of modernization which helped Egypt in many
ways but it had to buy loans from the British which eventually leads to the British invading
and taking over Egypt. Connection: Muhammad Ali has a connection to Tewodros because
like him they both tried to modernize their home countries. Eventually it led to the downfall
of both their countries because they were invaded by the British and taken over.
"Legitimate" Trade: Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the
newly outlawed slave trade. Significance: This greatly increased the amount of raw
materials that was being produced by the Africans which was a good thing, for example
palm oil. Connections: Even though they tried to stop selling slaves this eventually led to
slaves again. With the palm oil industry becoming quite strong; slaves were bought to
canoe large amounts of cargo down the Niger Delta. Niger Delta slavery was quite harsh
and was as brutal as new world slavery.
Recaptives: Africans rescued by the British's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the
nineteenth century and restored to fee status. Significance: The significance of this was that
it freed some African slaves but it also allowed for some of them to convert into
Christianity. Connections: This can be connected to many new settlements full of free
Africans. For example the republic of Liberia.
Nawab: A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically a semi-autonomous deputy of
the Mughel emperor. Significance: Because they fought with the Sepoys they helped the
Sepoys into the Sepoy rebellion which later lead to the direct control of India by the British
Government. Connections:
British Raj: The rule over much of South Asian between 1765 and 1947 by the East India
Trading Company and then by a British government. Significance: This was very
significant because it leads to the modernization of India but also it caused many stressful
matter s for example the Sepoy rebellion. Connection:
Sepoy: A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. Significance: They
were significant because they were the main cause towards the Sepoy rebellion.
Connection: They caused the Sepoy rebellion and in the end they deliberately lead to rule
of India by the hands of the British Government.
Sepoy Rebellion: the revolt of Indian soldiers in the 1857 against certain practices that
violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Significance: This is
significant because the Sepoy rebellion lead to the direct control of India by the hands of
the British Government. Connections: The Sepoy rebellion connects to a lot of things it
connects to the control of India by the British Government it also lead to the revolution and
the gaining of independence for India.
Indian Civil Service: The elite professional class of officials who administered the
government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well- educated British
men, it gradually added qualified Indians. Significance: The significance is that this bring
ups racism as well as the belief that the Indians cant run themselves, but it leads to the
modernization and industrialization of India because they start to invest money in harbors
and cities and irrigation. Connection: The Indian Civil Service connects to the
modernization and transformation of India because with it more and more British men came
to India the idea of numerous British men ruling the government meant that India would
soon become like Britain an industrialized and Modern country.
Shaka Zulu: Leader of the Zulu tribe was a fierce fighter and he united the Zulu tribe
in1818. Significance: He united the Zulu tribe and he created a very intelligent learning
system and made Zulu gain its national independence. Connection: With his unification
of the Zulu tribes he unknowingly created two new kingdoms, the Swazi kingdoms and
Lesotho.
King Menelik II: Emperor of Ethiopia. He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions
and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa. Significance: Menelik created what is now
modem day Ethiopia he was involved in the modernization of Ethiopia as well.
Connection: With his belief in modernization eventually the British come and conquer
Ethiopia making it one of the British colonies.
Egypt: A country in Africa at the time being ruled by Muhammad Ali. During his rule he
modernized Egypt. Significance: It was modernized by Muhammad Ali and eventually
taken over by the British after Muhammad was overthrown. Egypt became more and more
modernized as more canals were built as well as the number of British Advisors.
Connections: Egypt is very connected to Ethiopia they were exactly the same because they
both had rulers who wanted modernization eventually they were overthrown and then
Britain modernized them in a good way.
Abolitionists: Mena and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist's
pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies
in 1834. In the U.S the activities of abolitionist were on factor leading to the Civil War.
Significance: With abolitionist came the end of the slave trade which leads
to many new things for example the "legitimate" trade in Africa as well as Slave hunt
created by the British. Connection: Abolitionists have had their marks everywhere across
the world without them slavery in the south wouldn't have been stopped in the U.S. after
the civil war.
India: At the time was being controlled by the East India Trading Company and eventually
directly by the British government. Significance: It was a major country at the time for the
British, numerous events happened in India as well as it was a great producer for the British.
Connections: India had many connections; it connects to sepoys and the Sepoy rebellion
which lead to the control of India directly by the British government as well as the East
Indian Trading Company which controlled it for a time until the Sepoy rebellion which
later inspired revolution and independence in India.
Ethiopia: A country in Africa ruled by Menelik the II at the time. The made numerous
reforms as well as modernization at the time. Significance: Was being modernized at the
time by the rulers, which included Menelik, Tewodros, and Yohannes. Eventually the
British invaded after the Ethiopians had taking some British men prisoners to help then
change and reform. Connections: This connects to Egypt and to Modernization. It connects
to Egypt because they were the same in how they both wanted modernization and they
both got invaded and eventually became much modernized and it connects to
modernization because it was one of the countries at the time that tried to modernize.
East Indian Trading Company: A company hired by the British to run colonies in south
Asia. It eventually crumbled after the Sepoy rebellion. Significance: Lead to the Sepoy
rebellion which in turn leads to the direct control of India by the government of Britain.
Connection: It connects to sepoys, the Sepoy rebellion as well as the direct control of
India. It connects to sepoys and the Sepoy rebellion because the sepoys worked for the
EITC and the rebellion which happened under the EITC's watch ended badly which
alarmed the British to take control over India, direct control.
Afrikaners: People from the Netherlands also known as the Dutch who moved to
southern African and then were forced northward. Also known as Boers but that
is a disrespectful term. Significant: The Afrikaners lead to numerous battles in Africa
between them and the British as well as the Zulu. Connection: The Afrikaners connect to
the European conquest of New Zealand and Australia because Australians fought against
the Boers in the battles and it also connects to the idea of Britain trying to conquer more of
Africa.
Summary: Christina Gilbert
Terms: Alex Nguyen
Y . 45.Zc M o y c
ZacGh Fox
()net '2
Summary (Sagee Moyal)
New technologies made travel easy and helped in the industrialization of countries while
steamships transformed sea shipping and made it faster and more reliable. The submarine telegraph
created easy communication between far away places. Steel and chemical industries allowed
cheaper and more versatile metals to be created. Electricity was invented by Thomas Edison and
made hard labor work easy by replacing it with electrical powered appliances. Due to technologies
the world trade fmance expanded tenfold from 1850-1913. Social changes led to population and
migrations which led population in Europe doubling, Non Europeans countries gain many white
people due to crisis's in theft home country, and large Asian migrations. Urbanization lead to death
rates falling below birth rates, this was caused because of great sanitation leading to better
neighborhoods. Mid class woman's "separate sphere caused en to be business men and women
would stay at home and take care of he house and take care of the kids. Working class woman
mostly would work in textile industries and domestic services. Socialism is the ideology developed
by radicals for improvement of industry and this idea led to labor movements. Marx was agerman
writer and a socialist scientific, his ideas led to intellectual framework. Labor movements were
forbidden and then at the turn of the century the laws were abolished which led to an increase in
labor unions which led o better conditions and wages. Nationalism was the concept identified by
territory, sate that ruled it and culture of its people this is idea led to the unification of Germany
and Italy. Language and national identity before 1871 meant if you knew the language then you
had national unity, and if you knew the language you had control and liberalism. Unification of
Italy 1860-1870 Garibaldi overthrew kingdom of two Sicilians which led to democratic republic.
Unification of Germany 1866-1871 led to German nationalists wanting to unite all germany, and
Germanic tribes wanted Prussia to join Germany. Nationalism after 1871 was a form of politics
that Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia used. The great powers of Europe 1871 -1900 which
were the start of minor incidents leading to stir up wars. Germany was at the center of Europe,
leading to Germany most powerful army on continent, no more territorial ambitions, France mad
with Germany, Wilhelm II starts global policy. Liberal Powers were France and Great Britain.
Power led were proportional to to size of army France was weaker than Germany. Great Britain
treated everyone equally. Conservative powers were Russia and Austria-Hungary, Nationalism
weakened them and population divided. Japan joins the great powers:1865-1905 leading to China,
Japan feeling the influence of west powers, china resisted and lost power, Japan did not resist and
strengthened. Meiji Restoration and modernization of Japan leads to Meiji pulling Japan
Backwards. After Meiji kicked out industrialization begins. Birth of Japan imperialism 1894-1905,
imperialism used for defense but strengthened country, lead to industrialization and military
conquests.
/
Terms (Zach Fox)
Railroads:
Definition: a permanent road laid with rails, commonly in one or more pairs of continuous lines
forming a track or tracks, on which locomotives and cars are run for the transportation of
passengers, freight, and mail.
Significance: Allowed for quicker transport of troops, mail, and trade. Railroads played a large
part in opening new areas to trade and civilization.
Connections: Railroads were connected to trade, widespread civilization, troop transport, the
industrialization of many areas, but especially South America. Connected to telegraphs because
telegraphs were usually alongside the rails, and they developed around the same time. Railroads
allowed for national markets, with standard national prices throughout the city. Railroads also
stimulated the lumber and steel industries used to build the railways. Railroads were dependant
on the invention of the steam engine, which propelled the train.
Submarine Telegraph Cables:
Definition: a network of telegraph cables built in 1850 that was underwater.
Significance: Connected areas of land to far away lands through communication. First allowed
Britain to send telegraphs to mainland Europe, but later stretched all the way across the Atlantic
Ocean, enabling news to be spread much faster.
Connections: Connected to Samuel F.B. Morse, William Cooke, and Charles Wheatstone, the
inventors of the telegraph. Morse was the first to submerge a telegraph line, after coating it with
rubber. Connected to the English Channel because this is where the first submarine lines were
laid. Connected to the Atlantic Ocean because this is where the longest lines were laid.
William Kelly
Definition: Discovered that pumping air into molten pig iron creates steel.
Significance: His discovery created cheap steel, which fed the Industrial Revolution. It became
economical to use steel, which is stronger, and because of its cost, steel was available for use in
railroads and other industries such as manufacturing. Steel became a large industry and a large
part of the Industrial Revolution times.
Connections: Connected to steel for inventing it, the Industrial Revolution, because of the large
role that steel played in it, and railroads because of the tracks are made of steel, and steel's cheap
durability is important for railroads.
Alfred Nobel
Definition: Swedish inventor of dynamite and founder of Nobel prizes
Significance: Dynamite was the first controllable explosive that enabled people to focus the power
of the blast at a specific place and at a certain time. His dynamite was exceptionally useful in the
mining industry, but was also critical for the building of railroads and canals. Nobel's invention
made him rich, which allowed him to start the Nobel Prize Foundation. Connections: Nobel is
connected to the Suez Canal because dynamite helped carve its path, the Nobel Prize because he
started it, cannons and rifles because it made them more accurate and powerful, dynamite because
he invented it, and nitroglycerin because he turned it into dynamite.
Electricity
Definition: Movement or flow of electrically charged particles largely discovered by Michael
Faraday
Significance: Electricity became a lasting effect of the Industrial Revolution and became the
most important energy source today. Electricity is a flexible power source that can power
vehicles such as trains and now cars, and can power homes, replacing the need to burn candles
and gas lamps.
Connections: Electricity is connected to Michael Faraday because he was the first to show the
creation of an electric current, Thomas Edison because he created the first light bulb, whish
transformed modem life, and because he created the first electricity grid for New York.
Steam Engines
Definition: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam.
Significance: Steam engines made sea travel much faster and more predictable because they did not
rely on the wind. They were also the propellant for trains, which spurred their popularity. Steam
engines were used to drive machinery such as pumps and mills, and also transportation like trains
and boats. This improved method of transportation made shipping much faster and economical,
causing shipping costs to go down 50-90 % .
Connections: The steam engine is connected to the steam ship because the steam engine allowed
the ships to be much faster, the train because the steam engine was the component that made trains
popular and convenient, and Industrial Revolution machinery because the machinery became
economical to run because of its steam power.
Victorian Age
Definition: Time period and culture from 1850 to 1901 when Queen Victoria was queen of
England.
Significance: The Victorian Age greatly influenced the rules of behavior and ideology around
families and the relationship between men and women. Victorians contrasted the male ideals of
strength and courage with the female ideals of beauty and kindness. Victorian lifestyle best fit
middle to upper class families and men and women were expected to be in separate "spheres",
with women at home and men at work.
Connections: The Victorian Age is connected to Queen Victoria because the entire age is
centered around her, women's rights because the age limited the rights of women and expanded
the rights of men, upper class because the ideas and customs of the Victorian Age were most
popular among upper class families, and the "Victorian" style of house that became popular
during the time.
Karl Man
Definition: Socialism advocate who authored the "The Condition of the Working Class in England
in 1844", the "Communist Manifesto", and "Das Kapital", three books on socialism. Significance:
Marx felt that, in a capitalist society, only the big guys like the owners profit in a company, while
the workers are perpetually losing money as they work. He advocated a classless society as a way
to make all people even economically.
Connections: Marx is connected to socialism because of all the promotional work he did for the
philosophy, communism because of its close relation to socialism, capitalism because he was
against the way that it worked, and Friedrich Engels because they collaborated in their writings.
Otto von Bismarck
Definition: Ruler of Prussia during the reign of King Wilhelm I
Significance: Bismarck wanted to use Prussian industry and German nationalism to make Prussia
the dominant German state. In 1866 he attacked and defeated Austria to make them join the North
German Confederation, which eventually became the main part of Germany. Connections:
Bismarck is connected to Germany because the North German Confederation is the main part of
what is now Germany, Alsace and Lorraine because Bismarck started a war with France and won
them, and the Treaty of Versailles because a lot of the land that Bismarck conquered such as Alsace
and Lorraine was given back through the treaty.
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
Definition: American commodore who arrived in Japan in 1853 and demanded that they open
their ports within one year.
Significance: Perry's demands sparked a crisis with the shogunate of Japan and led to their
signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa. This opened ports to other countries but also harbored
resentment for the Tokugawa regime in Japan. In 1867 a rebellion was finally led against the
shogunate. This allowed young, educated men to emerge as provincial leaders where they
otherwise would not be able to.
Connections: Perry is connected to steamships because his use of them indicated the United
States' power, the Treaty of Kanagawa because his trips to Japan brought it into existence, and
the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate because the new rules Perry created made the Japanese
unhappy with their leaders.
Meiji Restoration
Definition: The result of the Japanese civil war to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and
"restore" Emperor Mutsuhito to the throne.
Significance: The new shogunate was known for being extraordinarily talented and far-sighted.
Their rein is regarded as a turning point for the Japanese towards modernization. They felt they
needed to change their society in order to be able to fight off a Western attack. The shogunate
retained the highest literacy rate in Asia, and used it to create a conscript army and a new
educational system. They also modeled their major features on the international powers that had
the best of each quality.
Connections: The Meiji Restoration is linked to Mutsuhito, who was their first emperor, the
Tokugawa shogunate that they ousted, literacy and education because of the high rates of both at
the time, Germany because that was what their government was modeled after, Prussia because
that's what their army was modeled after, and Britain because that's what their navy was based on.
Nationalism
Definition: A strong identification with society and state.
Significance: Nationalism is largely blamed as an underlying cause of World War I. After 1871,
nationalism became very strong because of the new political climate created by the FrancoPrussian
War of 1870-1871. This change made France much more liberal, as Italy unified the peninsula,
and Germany and Russia remained conservative. Nationalism became a reason for imposing native
religion, language, and customs on minority groups.
Connections: Nationalism is connected to World War I because the nationalism spurred
rivalries, public education because politicians recognized the importance of an educated public,
and racial minority subjugation because imposing national customs, languages, and religions
"created national unity".
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Definition: A fiery revolutionary who led a band of followers to overthrow The Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies and later unite Italy.
Significance: Garibaldi was instrumental in the start of the unification of Italy. He overthrew The
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He was sidelined by Cavour, but because of the confusion at the
time, Italy was eventually unified. This marked a change in nationalism because it was the first
time it was used to build strong central support.
Connections: Garibaldi is connected to modem Italy because he started the revolution that
sparked unification of the peninsula, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies because he brought it to
its end, Cavour because he took over the revolution from Garibaldi, and nationalism because
Garibaldi used it to gain popular support.
North German Confederation
Definition: A military alliance between Prussia and Austria after Otto von Bismarck's Prussian
army defeated the Austrians.
Significance: This alliance later became the foundation for modem Germany, and also made
Prussia and Austria strong European forces. This alliance allowed Bismarck to later attack
France and start the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.
Connections: The North German Confederation was connected to the Franco-Prussian War of
1870-1871 because without knowledge of Austria's support, Prussia would not have entered the
war, modem Germany because the North German Confederation became the foundation of
modem Germany, and Otto von Bismarck because he led Prussia at this time and created the
North German Confederation.
Wilhelm H
Definition: The Kaiser of Germany from 1888-1918
Significance: Wilhelm II was very arrogant and insecure, which led to his dismissal of Chancellor
Bismarck. The dismissal of Bismarck allowed Wilhelm the second to expand as he would like. He
believed that as the most powerful country, Germany should have a "place in the sun"
Connections: Wilhelm II was connected to Otto von Bismarck for dismissing him, Wilhelm I
because he inherited the throne from him, nationalism because of his idea that Germans had the
right to be the best, and also to Nazi Germany because Wilhelm II believed that Germany had the
right to conquer vast amounts of land.
Chapter 27
Alyssa Go
05/2
5/10
P.4
Summary:/\\
Europeans and Americans took over an unprecedented number of colonies between 1869
and 1914 throughout Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America through New Imperialism. Their
motives for imperialism were primary political, cultural, and economical. Politically, imperialism
was a way to raise status of a country; especially the French who had a humiliating loss with
Prussia. Also, it was a way to build up colonies around previous ones to protect them; for
example, the British with India, their "crowned jewel." Culturally, imperialism allowed for the
spread of Western ideas like Christianity and the abolishment of slaves to non-modern areas.
Economically, Europe and America were looking for places with raw materials to help industrialize
even more.
The Industrial Revolution helped provide the needs for colonizers to build empires at
reasonable cost. New innovations put the Europeans ahead with their steamships, global
telegraphs, breechloader, musket, smokeless powder, and machine guns.
During the new imperialism, colonialism was used to administer and use colonies for the
benefit for the home country. Most colonies had a governor, a few troops, and a small number of
tax collectors and magistrates to control.
Between 1880 and 1890, a huge invasion and division of Africa by the Europeans
occurred. This movement was called the "Scramble for Africa." Europeans were highly interested
in areas around the Suez Canal for lots of trade and areas with raw materials. In 1884-1885, the
Berlin Conference was called by Chancellor Bismarck about the imperialism of Africa. This
conference required effective occupation, which meant that a country wanting a colony needed to
be present in the colony. However this brought conflicts between Europeans countries and
African countries. The Afrikaners and British had the most conflict in South Africa leading to a war
for the British wanting more land.
In Southeast Asia and Indonesia, colonialism by Europe and the United States brought
peace and reliable food supplies to the area. The United States aided the Philippines in
becoming independent from the Spanish. Also, the United States annexed Hawaii.
While Europe became powerful throughout Africa and Asia, America became a new big
power in Latin America. They were in charge of the Panama Canal, giving independence to
Panama and Cuba, and industrializing Latin America with railroads. The United States did not
take over territory in Latin America, but they did use free- trade imperialism. They indirectly
controlled through the areas in Latin America who depended on the Americas for trade.
This period of time expanded the world economy, spread Western ideas, and
industrialized more rural areas throughout the world.
Terms:
Protectorates- Protectorates were colonies that retained their traditional government, but had a
European "resident/ consul-general" to advise them. This type of rule was indirect and was used
in places like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. These places were predominately white, but
also too far away from Europe to rule directly. However, if these places needed help or were
under attack, there protector country would come to help militarily. ( P g e3O, Go)
South African War- The South African War lasted from 1899 to 1902 and was a British push to
annex to Afrikaner republics in South Africa. The two republics were the Transvaal and the
Orange State, which were huge gold and diamond mines. The Afrikaners were winning at first,
but then the British brought in 450,000 troops. This crushed the Afrikaners in South Africa
ending the war. However, this eventually made the Afrikaners the ultimate winners. Since the
Afrikaners could not manage their own affairs like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand of the
British, Europeans created the Union of South Africa. Here, Afrikaners became the ruling
minority. (sNssO. ad')
Jose Marti- In 18895, Jose Marti, a Cuban nationalist, started a revolution to free Cuba from
Spain. Cuba could not do this on its own, so the United States helped out. The United States had
had long interest in Cuba because it was the richest and closest Caribbean island. It also had
major sugar and tobacco industries. America went to war with the Spanish and was able to make
Cuba an independent republic. (a\}3
Spanish American War- The Spanish- American War occurred because the United States
was yearning to fight. They blamed Spain for an accidental blow-up of a U.S. battleship at
Havana. The United States issued an ultimatum that Spain leaves Cuba, and the Spanish did.
However, the United States still decided to declare war in 1898. This war only lasted a few
months. The United States destroyed a Spanish fleet off of Manila in the Philippines, and the
United States Navy sank a Spanish fleet off Santiago. Spanish sued for peace, and this was the
end of the war. The United States still bought the Philippines from the Spanish, took over Puerto
Rico and Guam as war booty, and made Cuba an independent republic. (j'6 c Sc= Get
Chapter 28 Summary: The Crisis of the Imperial Order rBy Jamie Page Pd 4/
This chapter covers WWI, what caused it, how it led to the Russian Revolution, its
impact on the world, and the role that technology played. The critical events leading up to
WWI began with the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 in which Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania
and Greece chased the Turks out of Europe further weakening the Ottoman Empire. The
final straw and immediate cause of WWI was the hostility between Serbia and AustriaHungary, both wanting control of the Ottoman Empire, and when Ferdinand of Austria was
assassinated by a Serbian in 1914, a chain of events and mobilizations of the other European
powers resulted in war. Two opposing alliances of equal power also had vested interests in
maintaining control of the Ottoman Empire inspired by nationalism and the desire to
maintain their status as great powers. Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy formed the
"Triple Alliance", and France, Britain and Russia joined an "Entente" referred to as the
Allied cause. Germany, with its growing industrial and military might and desire to
dominate Europe, attempted to defeat France by going through Belgium which resulted in
Britain declaring war on them in 1914. WWI was mainly a defensive war fought mostly
along an area known as, the Western Front, which was a 300 mile long unbroken line of
trenches extending from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland defended by both
German and French troops with machine guns as the main method of warfare. Since there
were no gaps for either army to advance, fighting went on for four years ending in a
stalemate with neither side winning. In 1917 President Woodrow Wilson declared war on
Germany when they failed to halt their submarine campaign against Britain at which point
the Germans were forced to sign a peace agreement ending the war on Nov. 11, 1918. By
the end of the war, Germany, AustriaHungary, Russia and the Ottoman Empire were
defeated both militarily and politically. Following the war, in 1919, the U.S., Britain and
France met at The Paris Peace Conference forming the League of Nations to foster peace
and international cooperation devising a series of compromises which ultimately failed as it
satisfied no one. Germany was also forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles limiting their
military, forcing them to compensate the victors, and accept blame for the war leaving them
humiliated. The effects of this war included, the death toll of 8-10 million, huge numbers of
refugees, and the influenza epidemic which killed one out of every forty people. Also,
national economies remained depressed until the mid-1920's, political tensions and
resentments lingered, as well as serious damage to the environment. As a result of Russia's
involvement in the war with food shortages and widespread hunger, The Russian
Revolution occurred in 1917 between the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks (Communists). This
ended when the leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the government in
1917 seizing power. With his New Economic Policy relaxing government controls, and his
successor, Joseph Stalin's goal to industrialize the Soviet Union, a radical new political
system was born there. The pressures of the West also had a huge impact on China and
Japan as they entered into a bitter struggle lasting 30 years. Japan wanted to take over China
until the U.S. intervened, but not before resentment and conflict grew between these two
countries. In China, leadership was taken over by Chiang Kai-shek in 1925, establishing a
dictatorship which was steeped in corruption and incompetency. Societal changes as a result
of WWI included, the fading of class distinctions, the rise of importance of the middle class,
growth of government influence, more freedom for women, new theories in physics, and the
invention of airplanes, radio, film, the automobile by Henry Ford, improvements in health,
and the building of skyscrapers.
kevr + e o im by A ,6 ' er
-
Western Front: Area of land from the North Sea to Switzerland extending over 300 miles.
Germans and French fighting using Trench Warfare on either side, continuous lines with no gaps to
allow the enemy through the fortifications. Common weapons on the western front were machine
guns to prevent opposing troops from advancing across no man's land. In no man's land, dead
bodies lay strewn about as people failed to cross the border into the other side. Barbed wire and
mines also lay strewn across no man's land to prevent people from crossing it. The western front
played a major role in the German invasion in France as they tried to take Paris. The western front
was where trench warfare was fully utilized and was where the bloodiest battles took place with
many causalities. The western front was one of the major reasons why the Germans lost the war
when they failed to take France. The Western Front has many connections with the machine guns,
as it was used to prevent either side from advancing on to their side. The western front also ties into
the Schlieffen plan because the Western Front prevented the success of the Schlieffen plan by not
enabling the destruction of France.
Franz Ferdinand: (December 18 1863- June 28 1914) Archduke of Austria-Hungary and Royal
Prince of Hungary of Bohemia. He was to assume the Austro-Hungarian Throne but was
assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the terrorist group the Black Hand. This
assassination created severe tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary and AustriaHungary
Declared war on Serbia if they would not allow the Austrian Military to hunt down the members
of the black hand within their country. The serbs would not succumb to their military supremacy
and war broke out between the two nations. Serbia, realizing their huge differences in strength,
asked Russia to help them in defeating Austria. Thus an alliance was formed. Austria also formed
a partial alliance with Germany and WWI began. Russia then decided to attack Austria and
Germany to quickly wipe out the war. However, they were not as modernized as Germany and
they had a hard time mobilizing their army and the attack was very slow. Germany realizing its
position in Europe knew that France could potentially get involved in the war and Germany would
be caught in the middle between Russia and France and fighting a two Fronted war. Germany then
came up with the Schlieffen Plan which was to send troops all the way to Paris, crushing France,
turn around and then destroy the slow moving Russian Army. However, their first invasion into
France was not a success but the Russians were advancing so the Germans had to turn around and
go to the other border where they defeated the Russians soundly and went back to the Western
Front where they tried to make a Final Push to Paris but were several miles shy of victory.
Germany then soon lost and was made to take the blame for the war that was created by the death of
Franz Ferdinand.
Triple Alliance: An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy which was formed
prior to WWI, later known as the Central Powers. Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the
same side against the opposing Triple Entente during WWI and ended up getting defeated. Italy
was involved in the war for awhile since 1915. However, during the course of the war, Italy
dropped out of the Triple Alliance and began to fight against the Austrians, when it was obvious the
Germans were going to lose, in hopes of getting some war spoils.
Triple Entente: An alliance formed between Great Britain, France, and Russia before WWI
began, later known as the Allies. The alliance did not take full effect though until later in the war
after Russia had already begun its assault on Germany. France was soon declared war on and it
joined the fight, and Britain got involved in WWI when the German army marched through
Belgium to get to Paris thus invoking the British into the war because of their alliance with
Belgium. The Triple Entente also later included the US as they became involved with the War for
various reasons. Italy, however, did not fight exactly with the Triple Entente but fought against the
Austrians separately in hopes of getting some of their territory. The Triple Entente was the force
opposing the Triple Alliance and won WWI by soundly defeating Germany after France and
Russia's near defeats. Though France and Britain got involved later in the war, Russia was the first
one to pull out because of the overthrowing of the Russian government and the instatement of
Vladimir Lenin, who got Russia out of the war.
Vladimir Lenin: (April22 1870- January 21 1924) Lenin was one of the major Russian
communist revolutionaries during WWI who ended up leading the October Revolution to instate
him in power and to remove the previous leader of Russia. He was the leader of the Bolsheviks
and was the ruler of Russia for 7 years where he tried to establish a socialist economic system
during The Russian Civil War. Lenin campaigned during WWI for Peace, Land, and Bread to gain
the trust of the general public of Russia. When the old provisional Government was overthrown,
Vladimir instantly sued for peace with Austria and Germany. The Treaty of BrestLitovsk was
signed and Russia lost Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania along with a third of its
population. To maintain the peace that he recently established, Lenin created the Cheka, or
Russian Secret Police who would arrest and execute his opponents to maintain his power.
Bolsheviks: Political party during WWI which supported communism along with Marxist Ideas.
Run by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks greatly opposed the Mensheviks who had different ideas
on how Russia should be run. The Bolsheviks during this time were the minority in Russia
whereas the Mensheviks were a majority within Russia. The Bolsheviks started the October
Rebellion where Petrograd, or St. Petersburg where the Provisional government was overthrown.
The Bolsheviks soon took power and quickly snuffed out the Mensheviks thus enabling full
supremacy in Russia.
Treaty of Versailles: The treaty that ended WWI where Germany was heavy burdened by major
debts to other countries, the entire blame for the war, and huge restrictions were placed on their
military size. From this conference, Great Britain and France benefited enormously from whereas
the remainder of the countries involved hardly got any of the benefits of the treaty. The signing of
the document took place at the Paris Peace Conference on November 11 1918, 6 months after the
beginning of the conference. The Major people who attended this conference were US: Woodrow
Wilson, Britain: David Lloyd George, and France: Georges Clemenceau. Italy and many other
smaller countries involved with the war were not considered by these three powers, especially by
Britain and France. Woodrow Wilson during this conference he proposed a league of nations, but
the ideas did not fit well with many of the other European Countries who were not as open minded
to the Germans after WWI. So more punishing methods were brought
before the conference to decide Germany's fate. By the end of the conference, the Europeans had
formed a League of Nations but the US refused to join after Germany's cruel punishment. The
Treaty of Versailles most likely led to WWII because of the bad feelings that Germany had begun
to foster against other nations.
Guomindang: Aka the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese Nation People's party, was
established by Sun Yat-sen prepared to take over after the death of Dowager Cixi. The regional
army mutinied led by Yuan Shikai against Sun Yat-sen and forced him to resign after several
weeks in power. The Guomindang were severely harassed by Yuan as the revolution was being
suppressed to a severe degree. During the 1920s the ideology of Lenin was beginning to take root
inside the Guomindang and members of the Chinese Communist party were being invited to join
their party. Leadership after Sun Yat-sen was passed to Chiang Kai-shek where he established a
government that ended up attracting many businesses during its peak when corrupt people could
easily make huge amounts of money at the expense of the peasants. Chiang Kai-shek: (October 31
1887- April 5 1975) Leader of the Guomindang after Sun Yatsen, who was originally a military
officer and director of a military academy who trained a couple hundred young officers who
remained loyal to him. Chiang Kai-shek strove to eliminate the regional warlords with the help of
the communists. However, after reaching Shanghai, he allied himself with the local gangsters to
crush labor unions and decimate the communists. After defeating the warlords, he established a
dictatorship, he issued plans to build railroads, develop agriculture and industry, and modernize
China. However, most of his staff were incompetent and corrupt. However, this change attracted
thousands of opportunists who wanted to become officials in government and get rich quick by
taxing and plundering businesses and collecting taxes from local peasants, until they had nothing
left.
Mandate system: Established during the Paris Peace Conference to administer territories and to
manage the material, moral well-being, and social progress of the inhabitants. Class C Mandates,
colonies with the smallest populations were treated as colonies by their conquerors and the
German and Russian Colonies lost during the war were distributed to various other countries
throughout the world. Class B Mandates, colonies with somewhat larger populations would be
monitored by the League of Nations and were to receive independence at some unspecified time in
the future. Class A Mandates or previous territories of the Ottoman empire were treated as
independent nations.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Peace Treaty signed on March 3 1918 at Brest-Litovsk (Brest, Belarus).
The treaty was the point at which Russia left the war after Vladimir was appointed the leader of
Russia. Russia made peace with Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and the AustriaHungary Empire.
During this treaty Russia lost Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and its
colonies in Central Asia and the Caucasus, which included 1/3t of its total population. During this
time Russia lost a o f its industry and 9/10 of all of its coal mines. Germany claimed Finland,
Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Ottoman Empire received
Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi that were captured by the Russians during their conquests.
Schlieffen Plan: A plan created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen which took effect during WWI.
The plan was to prevent fighting a two front war against France and Russia at the same time. So
the Schlieffen plan stated to attack France and eliminate Paris, thus decimating the empire if
successful. Then turn around and defeat the slowly mobilizing Russians on their Eastern Front.
The Germans invaded through Belgium to get to France and ended up getting Britain involved
with the war due to a treaty with Belgium. Germany then began its assault on France and began to
destroy their army quickly, until they came within a couple miles of Paris and couldn't push any
farther into France. The German army then had to turn around to attack the advancing Russian
Forces. The German army soundly defeated the Russians and returned to France tired, for one final
push to Paris, and only to fail again. At this point the German moral was so low that they ended up
surrendering before the Allies even get to Germany.
Guilt Clause: A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that Germany was to take the entire blame for
WWI even though that the original instigation that caused the war was between Austria-Hungary
and Serbia. Even though that Germany was involved with Austria due to their alliance to provide
materials to Austria-Hungary, Russia brought them into the war when they declared war on
Austria-Hungary and Germany. This created a lot of tension between Germany and the rest of
Europe which led to WWII due to these bad relations.
Imperialism: "The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation
especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or
economic life of other areas" (Merriam-Webster.com) Imperialism played a significant role in the
starting of WWI. Many countries wanted to expand their territory by conquering many different
parts around the world, though the main examples are in Africa. Europeans competed for different
territories throughout the world to expand their influence over other nations. This caused tension
between many different countries whose colonial borders were being invaded by different countries
and the ideology that supremacy meant that you had the most colonies. These factors played a huge
role in WWI as many of the colonies got involved with the war in hopes of independence from their
colonial rulers. Though many thought that these problems would be resolved in the Treaty of
Versailles, many were disappointed to see only Britain and France benefit from the outcome of the
conference.
Nationalism: "Loyalty and devotion to a nation" (Merriam-Webster.com) Nationalism played an
important role in WWI because it helped start the war and fuel it. Before the war began, different
countries began to see themselves as superior to those around them; ex. Germany used nationalism,
through German pride to declare war on France and prepared to attack Russia to prevent fighting a
two front war. Though alliances helped weaken Nationalism, many countries thought of their
country first. By gaining support of the public through Nationalism, leaders of different countries
gained war support and were able to continue ruling during the time of war, as long as they won
eventually. Nationalism also fueled the war's continuation by bringing more and more countries
into the war who wanted chunks out of other countries for their own. Italy joined the Allies later as
the war progressed in hopes of getting parts of Austria near the Italian border and other countries
were soon to follow its example as it seemed inevitable that Austria
and Germany would lose. However, when the war ended, Nationalism came strongest from the
British and French during the treaty of Versailles and wanted compensation for their damages
caused by the war. Though other countries tried to get their share to support their nationalism,
they were suppressed by the overpowering British and French.
Militarism: "The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a
strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national
interests." (Wikipedia.org) Militarism was also another influential starter of WWI due to the idea
that the military should be used to solve conflicts instead of diplomatic relations. Militarism first
began its involvement in WWI when Austria attacked Serbia over the death of Franz Ferdinand
instead of talking it over and working out a mutual agreement between the two countries.
Militarism also took place in Russia where it attacked both Germany and Austria simultaneously
involving Germany in the war where it believed that its military numbers would be enough to
destroy the Germans with their new technology. Germany then used militarism to attack France
and accidentally got Britain involved as well through the push through Belgium to reach France.
Militarism played a big role in getting people involved in war because they believed that military
power could solve their conflicts for them.
Gabriel Paoletti
Mr. Hughes
25 May 2010
Chapter 29 Summary
Joseph Stalin was born in Russia during 1873. He quickly became an influential member of the
Communist Party. He strategically placed people loyal to him in powerful positions and overcame Leo
Trotsky to become the leader of the party. Motivated by Russia's previous defeat to Germany Stalin turned
Russia into a much more industrialized country. He also devised many Five-Year Plans. One main goal he
attempted was the collectivization of agriculture. This program meant transforming independent farming
plots into large communal farms owned by the government. People who didn't conform to this or any other
government project were executed.
Then in October 24, 1929 the New York stock market crashed causing millions of investors to lose
money. The United States economy reached an immense depression. This depression caused the US
economy to shrink to half its size by 1932 with a 25% unemployment rate. The depression spread to Europe
due to American loans and Germany and Austria lost their ability to pay reparations. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt created the "New Deal" a program used by the American, French and English government to
revitalize the economy.
Although the government intervened there without sacrificing democracy in Germany and Japan
they didn't. Germany and Italy used propaganda and peoples bitterness over economic state and outcome
of World War Two to apply fascism. In Italy Benito Mussolini became the leader of the Fascist Party and
used the then new mass communication to push his propaganda. Adolf Hitler used these same principles in
Germany for the Nazi Party to rise to power. He seized power and gradually broke all the provisions put on
Germany from the Versailles Treaty by seizing Rhineland and Austria. All these actions were met with
appeasement by other powers. Eventually Germany took over Poland, splitting it with the USSR, and
Europe was forced into war.
Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to quickly take over countries and slaughter the inhabitants. Hitler
continued to advance taking over Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and finally France. In 1941
Germany broke their treaty with Russia and launched a humungous offensive against them. The war raged
on between Britain and Russia against Germany and Italy. Then on December 7, 1941 Japan bombed the
American naval base, Pearl Harbor. This act of aggression spurred the US to join into the war. Fighting on
both the Pacific and European front America helped tip the scales to the Allies side, especially with the
American offensive of D-day on June 6, 1944. Then on May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered. The war finally
ended when Japan surrendered after the successive bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
All this while in China communism had been coming to power. Although initially the Communist
Party was small and heavily persecuted in China it gradually grew in power and size. After Mao Zedong
took control of the party it steadily garnered more public support. The nationalist Chinese government lead
by Chiang Kai-shek hunted attempted to exterminate the party, but the communists fled to the mountains.
There they evaded the army using their knowledge of terrain and public support until finally in 1934 they
were surrounded by the nationalist army. In a desperate escape the 100,000 members of the Communist
Party took the Long March to Shaanxi 6,000 miles away. The communists then won the Chinese Civil War
to gain control of the country.
Joseph Stalin: The premier of the USSR and General Secretary of the Communist party in
the USSR, he led the industrialization of the USSR using his Five Year Plans, collectivized
the agriculture, and purged the military and government of many officials. Five Year Plans:
A series of plans implemented by Joseph Stalin to successfully industrialise the USSR and
collectivize the agriculture
Benito Mussolini: The fascist dictator of Italy, he led the Fascist Party which overthrew
the Italian government in 1922, and inspired many of Adolf Hitler's policies in Nazi
Germany.
Fascist Party: The party of which Benito Mussolini was leader, which glorified war and
Italian nationalism, and in 1922 took over Italy.
Adolf Hitler: The leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor (and later Fuhrer) of Nazi Germany,
Adolf Hitler instigated World War II and the Holocaust, using post-World War I sentiments
and the worsening conditions of Germany to gain support.
Nazi Party: The party of which Adolf Hitler was leader, which glorified war, nationalism,
and anti-Jewish sentiments. Using the general dislike of the Treaty of Versailles, the
worsening conditions of Germany at the time, and German nationalism, the Nazi Party
took over Germany in 1933, with the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor. Chiang KaiShek: The leader of the Chinese Nationalist government, Chiang Kai-shek led the
Nationalists against the Communist forces, but was eventually defeated, with popular
support eroding with his oppressive occupational attitude.
Mao Zedong: The leader of the Communist forces in China, and later the premier of the
People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong created a new form of Communist called
Maoism, which claimed the peasant to be the most important factor of society rather than
the worker.
Long March: The march of the Communist forces from Jianxi to Shaanxi, a distance of
6,000 miles, the Long March began with 100,000 Communist soldiers, but by the time
they arrived at Shaanxi only 4,000 remained, many killed by starvation and pursuing
Nationalists.
Stalingrad: A major city of the USSR, Stalingrad was attacked in August of 1942 by the
Nazi Forces. However, when winter arrived the Red Army encircled Stalingrad, starving
the German army into submission, and marking the beginning of the Soviet Union's
counterattack.
El Alamein: A city in Northern Egypt which was attacked by the German forces, the
British forces prevailed there due to better supplies, forcing the Germans to leave North
Africa.
Pearl Harbour: An American naval base in Hawai'i which was attacked in 1941 by
Japanese forces, Pearl Harbour's attack resulted in the destruction of many American
ships, and led to the US's involvement in World War II.
Battle of Midway: An attack on the American Midway Island by Japanese forces in June of
1942, the Battle of Midway marked the first American victory against the Japanese, and
the beginning of their counterattack.
Hiroshima: A major industrial city in Japan, Hiroshima was targeted by the Americans
atomic bomb attack when Japan refused to surrender. The city was demolished and took
decades to fully rebuild.
Auschwitz: One of the most significant and infamous concentration camps the Nazis built
for Jews, Auschwitz was designed to kill up to 12,000 prisoners daily, and 2 million Jews
died in Auschwitz alone.
Holocaust: The mass extermination of Jews, Slays, and other ethnic groups in Nazi
Germany, the Holocaust killed at least 10 million people in all.