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Testing in Clinical Psychology PSYC 350 Chapter 5 What is a test? Systematic procedure for observing and describing a person’s behavior in a standard situation Two principles that facilitate the elimination of extraneous variables Objectivity Standardization What do tests in clinical psychology measure? Intellectual or cognitive abilities Attitudes, interests, preferences, and values Psychopathology and personality characteristics How are tests constructed? Analytic Approach Empirical Approach Sequential System Approach Score Interpretation Based on a NORM: the scores of others (such as the standardization sample) Compared to an external CRITERION (like level of proficiency,) Or IPSATIVE MEASUREMENT: comparing one’s scores to him/herself (pre- and post-treatment measurement) How to minimize distortion in test scores? Develop clear, simple instructions for examiners and test takers; and answer any questions Extensive pilot testing and studying response tendencies (building indicators of response bias into the test) Enlisting the participation of outside experts in test bias Paying careful attention to the circumstances under which testing takes place Cultural Fairness and Bias Both before and during the test The 80% , or four-fifths rule The test is declared as biased if there is a difference of 20 % or more between the mean scores of majority and minority groups on a particular test item Ethical Standards in Testing Competence Professional responsibility Respect for rights and dignity Concern for others’ welfare Social responsibility and access to test materials 1 Testing in Clinical Psychology PSYC 350 Chapter 5 2 Quality Indicators of a Test Good consistency, reliability, validity High clinical utility Test norms based on large representative samples Theories of Intellectual Functioning General Intelligence Model “g” general notion of intelligence as an underlying biological or psychological trait Multiple Specific Intelligences Model is better understood by a collection of specific abilities rather a single factor Triarchic Theory (Sternberg) – analytical, creative, practical Hierarchical and Factor Analytic Model Separate and general cognitive abilities are related to each other in a hierarchical fashion About Intelligence Tests Alfred Binet Father of intelligence testing “Intelligence Quotient” Most popular test of intelligence: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: WAIS-III Other Tests Tests of attitudes, interests, preferences, and values Tests of psychopathology and personality Objective and projective Current Status Medical and psychological testing are comparable in terms of validity Clinical utility/treatment utility tests have been developed and these efforts have to be continued.