Download Chapter 7 - Riverside Township Middle School

6th grade NJ ASK notes
I. Human body
A. Bones
1. Flat-ribs, breastbone, and shoulder
2. long-arm, legs, three in fingers
3. short- tarsal (feet)
4. Irregular – Vertebrae, ear
5. Function - protects organs, move muscles, marrow maker red blood cells,
stores fat & minerals
B.Cartilage
1. tissue that gives body shape
2. cover ends of some bones
C. Joint
1. ball & socket – moves in all direction (shoulder)
2. Hinge moves back and fourth (like a door)
3. Pivot(head)
4. Gliding-bones slide (wrist)
D. Ligaments
1. Holds bone to bone, ACL
E. Tendons
1. Holds muscles to bone
F. Muscles
1. Skeletal-moves voluntarily
2. Smooth-moves involuntarily
3. Cardiac-heart
G. Skin
1. Epidermis-5 layers (upper layer)
2. Dermis-thicker (bottom layer)
II. Cells
1. Scientists- Anton van LeeuwenhoekPond H2O
2. Mitosis – cell division
3. Plant Cell/Animal Cells
a. cell membrane – surrounds plant &
animal cells, made of proteins/lipids
b. cell wall - *plants only…provides
support & protection
c. nucleus – guides cell activity
d. cytoplasm – living material
e. organelles – carry out processes
(1) mitochondria – provides energy
(2) ribosomes – protein makers
(3) endoplasmic reticulum – roads &
highways
(4) gogli bodies – manufacturing &
shipping center
(5) lysosomes – digestive center
(6) vacuoles – store H2O & food
(7) chloroplasts
–
contain
chlorophyll (PLANTS)
III. Heredity
A. Patterns of Inheritance – Scientists = Mendel
1.dominant genes- strong form
2.recessive genes – weak
3.genotype – gene combo that determines
phenotype
4.phenotype – trait that shows (brown hair, big
ears, etc.)
5.hybrid – genotype w/dominant & recessive
gene
B Punnett Squares – helps predict genetic results
of an offspring / plant
Mom
75% have T
25% have t
T- brown eyes
t – blue eyes
TT
Tt
tT
tt
Dad
46 Chromosomes – 23 from mom 23 from dad
IV . Classifying Living Things
A. Kingdom
B. Phylum
C. Class
D. Order
E. Family
F. Genus
G. Species
V. Viruses & Monerans
A. Monerans – single celled microscopic, no
nucleus; most abundant of all living
organism; bacteria
VI.Protists & Fungi
A. Protist – single & multi-celled have
nucleus, mitochondria ---- algae
B. Fungi – spore-producing, no chlorophyll
VII. Food Chain
All animals die and become plant food.
*population decrease/increase
*carnivore, omnivore, herbivore
*predator/prey
*bacteria = decomposers
1. THE SMALLEST DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURE OCCUR IN
ORGANISMS OF DIFFERENT
a. ORDER b. PHYLUM
c. CLASS
d. SPECIES
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PROKARYOTE?
a. COW
b. TREE c. BACTERIA d. JELLYFISH
3. WHAT ARE THE BASIC STRUCTURAL UNITS OF LIVING THINGS?
a. ORGANS
b. TISSUES
c. BLOOD
d. CELLS
4. WHY DO NERVE CELLS HAVE MORE MITOCHONDRIA THAN SKIN
CELLS?
a. NERVE CELLS USE MORE ENERGY
b. NERVE CELLS DIVIDE MORE FREQUENTLY
c. NERVE CELLS ARE LARGER
d. NERVE CELLS STORE MORE WATER IN THEM
5. ALL ORGANISMS CLASSIFIED AS ARTHROPODS MUST ALSO BE
CLASSIFIED IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING KINGDOMS?
a. PROTIST
b. FUNGI
c. EUBACTERIA d. ANIMAL
OPEN ENDED QUESTION ON LIFE SCIENCE:
HAIR COLOR IN HUMANS IS AN INHERITED TRAIT. HOW IS IT
POSSIBLE FOR A MALE AND A FEMALE WHO BOTH HAVE BROWN
HAIR SINCE BIRTH PRODUCE A CHILD WITH BLOND HAIR? (BROWN
HAIR IS A DOMINANT TRAIT AND BLOND A RECESSIVE) USE A
PUNNET SQUARE TO ILLUSTRATE YOUR EXPLANATION.
7th Grade NJ Ask Notes
I. Structure of Earth
A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Core – outer & inner
D. Lithosphere – cool solid
E. Asthenosphere – soft but not liquid
II. Division of Geographic Time
A. Precambrian Era – 1st & longest, 640 million years ago
B. Paleozoic Era – plants / animals begin
C. Mesozoic Era – dinosaurs, warm climate
D. Cenozoic Era – cooler, drier climate, human life begins
III. Minerals
A. Characteristics
formed in nature
inorganic – not made by living things
solid
chemical composition
crystalline structure
B. Formation
1. cooling magma
2. precipitation – dissolve in liquid & liquid evaporates; ocean is
largest mineral solution
C. Identification
1. Luster
2. Streak
3. Color
4. Fracture
5. Specific gravity
6. Hardness – Mohs scale
IV. Rocks
A. Igneous – cooling & solidifying of magma
B. Sedimentary – layers
C. Metamorphic – chemical change due to heat, pressure & chemical action
V. Soil Types & Climate Zones
A. Tropical – heavy rain, very warm
B. Grassland / Prairie – less rain
C. Desert – little to no rain, rich in minerals
D. Tundra – little to no rain, frozen
E. Forest – heavy rainfall & temperature changes
F. Mountain – rocky, thin, not good for crops
VI. Theory of Evolution
A. Scientist – Charles Darwin
1. Process by which species change over time
2. Causes
a. Adaptation
b. Natural selection
c. Earth’s environment
d. Movement of tectonic plates – Pangaea
3. All living things are related
VII. Water Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
(RUN OFF)
(Collection)
Evaporation
(Underground Water)
VIII. Atmospheric Layers
A. Exosphere – outer most layer
B. Thermosphere – temp goes up with height
C. Mesosphere – temp goes down with height
D. Stratosphere – ozone
E. Troposphere – closest to Earth
IX. Astronomy
A. Seasons
1. Vernal (Spring) Equinox – 1st day in N. Hemisphere
2. Winter Solstice – shortest day, longest night
3. Autumnal (Fall) Equinox – 1st day of fall
4. Summer Solstice – longest day, shortest night
B. TIDES
1. SPRING TIDE – WHEN THE EARTH, MOON AND SUN ARE
IN 1 LINE DURING FULL AND NEW MOONS.
2. NEAP TIDE – WHEN THE MOON, EARTH AND SUN ARE
IN A 90 DEGREE ANGLE DURING 1ST AND 3RD QUARTER
C PHASES OF THE MOON
NEW MOON
WANING CRESCENT
WAXING CRESCENT
LAST QUARTER
FIRST QUARTER
WANING GIBBOUS
WAXING GIBBOUS
FULL MOON
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS:
1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANISMS IN A FOREST ECOSYSTEM
USES ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO MAKE ITS OWN FOOD?
a. MAPLE TREE b. FOX
c. BACTERIA d. GRASSHOPPER
2. HOW ARE HUMANS CLASSIFIED IN OUR ECOSYSTEM?
a. PRODUCERS
b. CONSUMERS
c. DECOMPOSERS d. PARASITES
3. WHICH BIOME CONTAINS THE MOST DIVERSITY OF LIFE?
a. DESERT
b. TROPICAL RAINFOREST c. TUNDRA
d. GRASSLAND
4. ORGANISMS THAT ABSORB NUTRIENTS FROM DECAYING PLANTS
AND ANIMALS ARE CALLED
a. PRODUCERS
b. CONSUMERS
c. CARNIVORES
d. DECOMPOSERS
5. OPEN ENDED: RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT OZONE IN THE
UPPER LAYER OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE IS BEING DEPLETED.
WHAT CAUSES THIS DEPLETION, WHAT EFFECT DOES THE
DEPLETION OF OZONE HAVE, AND HOW IS THIS EFFECT HARMFUL
TO HUMANS?
POLLUTION DUE TO THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS, COAL, OIL AND
GAS. GLOBAL WARMING, MELTING OF ICE CAPS, SKIN CANCER, DYING
OFF OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS. SKIN CANCER DUE TO MORE SUN
BURN, WATER TAKING OVER LAND, LESS FOOD B/C OF DYING OFF OF
PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
EARTH AND SPACE QUESTIONS:
1. WHEN LIMESTONE IS SUBJECTED TO HEAT AND PRESSURE, MARBLE
FORMS. WHAT TYPE OF ROCK IS MARBLE?
a. SEDIMENTARY b. IGNEOUS c. METAMORPHIC d. MAGMA
2. WATER TRAPPED WITHIN THE CRACKS OF ROCKS MAY FREEZE AND
CAUSE
a. PHYSICAL WEATHERING
b. QUARTZ TO FORM
c. VOLCANOES
d. HUMUS TO FORM
3. PLATE MOVEMENT IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY CONVECTION
CURRENTS IN THE
a. CRUST
b. ASTHENOPHERE
c. OUTER CORE
d. ATMOSPHERE
OPEN ENDED: EXPLAIN HOW A DROP OF WATER CAN TRAVEL
THROUGH THE WATER CYCLE. BE SURE TO INCLUDE AN
EXPLANATION OF ALL THE PROCESSES OF THE WATER CYCLE.
FULL RESPONSE LISTS EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, PRECIPITATION
AND RUNOFF AND IS ABLE TO EXPLAIN EACH.
8TH GRADE NOTES
Chapter 7
I. Buoyancy
A. The upward force acting against the force of gravity is buoyant force
B. Archimedes’ Principle- weight of fluid displaced = to the buoyant force
C. Density – any object with a density less than water will float
II. Pressure Differences for Flight
A. How do airplanes fly?
1. Airfoil – a shape, flat on bottom, rounded on top
2. Lift – upward force, when it’s greater than plane’s wt. the plane rises
3. Thrust – forward force
4. Drag – force opposing forward motion
5. When the air pressure above the plane is low and the lift is high the
plane can fly
Chapter 8
I. Simple Machines
A. First Class Lever – see-saw, fulcrum is the point in the middle
B. Second Class Lever – wheel barrow, fulcrum in on one end (the wheel)
C. Third Class Lever – arm curl, elbow is the fulcrum
Chapter 15
I. Sound
A. Longitudinal Wave – Slinky
1. compressions – the part of the wave pushed close together, has the
most energy
2. rarefaction – opposite pulled apart, least amount of energy
B. Factors affecting speed of sound:
1. elasticity- does the object go back to its original position when disturbed
2. density – moves better through more dense objects
3. temperature – higher temp = faster speed
4. material
C. Frequency and Pitch – frequency = # of waves that pass a point in given
amount of time; pitch = how high or low a sound is
Chapter 17 Light
I. Light (Newton and Einstein)
A. Photon – a packet of light energy, the smallest form of light
B. Transverse Wave – snake-like
1. Crest – top, has the most energy
2. Trough – bottom, has the least energy
C. Models of Light
1. light can travel on particles when it’s given off or absorbed by other
objects
2. light can be a wave as it travels through outer space where there are few
to no particles
D. Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Visible Spectrum = all the colors of the rainbow
ROY G BIV = Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
2. Invisible Spectrum – you cannot see these waves
a. Radio Waves – AM and FM, AM carries sound, FM carries picture
b. Microwaves – used in radar detectors and for cooking
c. Infrared Rays – when you feel heat
d. X-rays – calcium absorbs these to show bones in pictures
e. Ultraviolet Rays – The Sun, kills bacteria and viruses, #1 cause of skin
cancer
f. Gamma Rays – radioactive materials and nuclear reactions give off
these rays, used in cancer treatments to kill cancer cells
PHYSICAL SCIENCE:
1. ATOMS ARE COMPOSED OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS.
WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC CHARGE OF THE NEUTRON?
a. POSITIVE b. NEGATIVE c. NEUTRAL d. DOUBLE-CHARGED
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CHEMICAL REACTION?
a. RUSTING NAIL b. WATER FREEZING
c. SUGAR DISSOLVING
d. GLASS SHATTERING
3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS IS TRANSPARENT?
a. DICTIONARY
b. WAX PAPER
c. FROSTED GLASS
d. CLEAR GLASS
4. A HOT AIR BALLOON RISES WHEN THE AIR WITHIN IS HEATED.
WHAT FORM OF HEAT TRANSFER IS USED BY THE HOT AIR BALLOON?
a. CONDUCTION b. CONVECTION c. RADIATION d. REFRACTION
5. WHEN A LIQUID FREEZES, ITS MOELCULES
a. RELEASE HEAT ENERGY AND MOVE FARTHER APART.
b. RELEASE HEAT ENERGY AND MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER
c. ABSORB HEAT ENERGY AND MOVE FARTHER APART
d. ABSORB HEAT ENERGY AND MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER
OPEN ENDED:
EXPLAIN IN DETAIL HOW YOU WOULD SEPARATE A MIXTURE OF
SUGAR WATER, GRAVEL, IRON FILINGS, AND SMALL WOOD PARTICLES.
WHAT PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTANCES ARE YOU USING TO
SEPARATE THE MIXTURE? WHAT SUPPLIES WOULD YOU NEED AND
WHAT STEPS WOULD YOU TAKE?
1. WOOD FLOATS IN WATER B/C IT IS LESS DENSE SO PUT IT IN AND
SKIM IT OFF THE TOP WITH A SKIMMER.
2. POUR SUGAR, IRON, AND GRAVEL WATER THROUGH A FILTER PAPER
IN A FUNNEL. SUGAR WILL COME THROUGH SINCE IT IS DISSOLVED
AND THE IRON AND GRAVEL WILL STAY ON THE PAPER SINCE THEY
ARE A SOLID
3. BOIL THE SUGAR WATER WITH A HOT PLATE OR ALLOW TO
EVAPORATE SO YOU ARE LEFT WITH SUGAR CRYSTAL
4. USE A MAGNET TO SEPARATE THE IRON FILINGS AND THE GRAVEL
B/C IRON IS MAGNET AND GRAVEL IS NOT.