Download Lec # Application of plant tissue culture

Lec # Application of plant tissue
culture & Biofertilisers
Dr. Shah Rukh Abbas
16.2.2015
Applications: Why do we
Plant Tissue Culture?
• A single explant can be multiplied into several thousand
plants in less than a year - this allows fast commercial
propagation of new cultivars
• Taking an explant does not usually destroy the mother
plant, so rare and endangered plants can be cloned safely
• Once established, a plant tissue culture line can give a
continuous supply of young plants throughout the year
• In plants prone to virus diseases, virus free explants (new
meristem tissue is usually virus free) can be cultivated to
provide virus free plants
Applications: Why do we
Plant Tissue Culture?
• Plant ‘tissue banks’ can be frozen, then regenerated through
tissue culture
• Plant cultures in approved media are easier to export than
are soil-grown plants, as they are pathogen free and take up
little space (most current plant export is now done in this
manner)
• Tissue culture allows fast selection for crop improvement explants are chosen from superior plants, then cloned
• Tissue culture clones are ‘true to type’ as compared with
seedlings, which show greater variability
Types of In Vitro Culture
• Culture of intact plants (seed and seedling culture)
• Embryo culture (immature embryo culture)
• Organ culture
1. shoot tip culture
2. root culture
3. leaf culture
4. anther culture
• Callus culture
• Cell suspension culture
• Protoplast culture
Tissue Culture Applications
Micropropagation
dihaploid production
Protoplast fusion
Genetic engineering
http://playit.pk/watch?v=hgOqTyiI_30
Biofertiliser
– It involves inoculation of beneficial microorganisms
that help nutrient acquisition by plants through
fixation of nitrogen, solubilization and mobilization
of other nutrients.
– Biofertilizer concept goes back as early as 300
BC when our ancestors realized the importance of
legume crops bearing nodules.
Legume root nodules
– The perspective of biofertilizer came into existence
through discovery of many organisms capable of
nitrogen fixation, P-solubilization, P. mobilization,
potash
solubilization
and
micronutrient
transformation in the soil.
– The role of biofertilizers assumes special
significance due to increased cost of chemical
fertilizers and their ill effects on soil health
Rhizobium bacteria
inside nodule
Biofertiliser
• The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live microbes
which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by fixing atmospheric
nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus or decomposing organic
wastes or by augmenting plant growth by producing growth
hormones with their biological activities.
Rhizobium Bacteria
Bacteria in root surface
Bacteria in root surface
Legume inoculation
Factors affecting Performance (survival
and efficacy) of biofertilisers:
•
•
•
•
Host plant
Soil fertility
Cropping practices
Biological & environmental
factors
1. Rhizobacterium
• Rhizobium bacteria in roots of legume plants fix
atmospheric N2 in nodules formed on the roots
of plants.
• A pure and efficient strain of Rhizobium
multiplied in the lab on a suitable medium by
using shake flask technology or fermentation
technology and inoculated into seed or root
• Rhizobium Innoculants: Use of Rhizobium culture
in legumes is most promising. On average, its use
can supply 15-20 kg N/ha to legumes: increase
yield up to 20 percent.
2. Azotobacter
(Non-legume innoculants )
• Is a free living microorganism that grow in the
rhizosphere and fix atmospheric nitrogen nonsymbiotically
• Makes it available to particularly cereals. Promotes
seed germination, initial vigor of plants- by producing
growth producing substances
• Isolation is carried out from soil near rhizosphere area.
• A highly efficient strain _Azotobacter chrooccocum is
grown in the lab either as shake culture or using
fermenter.
3. Azospirillum
• Azospirillum, [ Azospirillum lipoferum, biological
nitrogen fixing grasses; enhance biomass-root system]
• Associative endo-symbiont on roots of grasses and
similar types of plants. Also fixes atmospheric nitrogen
and benefits host plants by supplying growth
hormones and vitamins.
• Commonly used for preparation of commercial
inoculants on a large scale, for cereals and grasses as it
produces growth promoters in addition to fixing N2.
• Has good adaptability to temp, soil pH and wide host
range.
Advantages of biofertilisers
• Renewable source of nutrients
• Sustain soil health
• Supplement chemical fertilizers.
• Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers
• Increase the grain yields by 10-40%.
• Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil
• Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
• No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility.
• Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth hormones.
• Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like substances
• Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
• Eco-friendly, non-pollutants and cost effective method.
• http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834
092339/student_view0/chapter17/genes_into
_plants_using_the_ti-plasmid.html
• http://playit.pk/watch?v=wTO-KmpZQgQ
• http://playit.pk/watch?v=1rSWOSt3wVQ
• http://playit.pk/watch?v=l2xC_WMvo5g