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Midterm Study Guide – Please fill this out as completely as possible & study it for the midterm exam on Friday (01-16-09) & Tuesday (01-20-09). Identify the function of the following organs (look at fetal pig/mammal information): Heart: pump blood throughout body; part of circulatory system Lungs: exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the blood; part of circulatory system Uterus: location in which fertilized eggs are mature; part of reproductive system Stomach: place in which digestion begins; part of digestive system Rectum: removal of solid wastes; part of excretory system Define and the functions of the following organ systems (look at fetal pig/mammal information): Circulatory: move blood throughout the body; bring oxygen-rich blood to & remove poor blood Excretory: remove solid wastes from the digestive tract Digestive: break down food, remove needed materials, and remove unneeded materials Respiratory: breathing; diffusing oxygen in to the blood and removing carbon dioxide Reproductive: creation of new offspring; formation of gametes List the 3 characteristics that all mammals share. Feeding young through mammary glands Specialized teeth endothermic metabolism Fur (hair) Explain why mammalian teeth differ between various species. The teeth are specialized for what they eat. For example, carnivores (meat eaters) have sharp teeth to catch and tear prey, while herbivores (plant eaters) have flat teeth for grinding plants. Explain why and how mammals provide parental care. Care for young can be anything from holding babies in a pouch (marsupials), living in groups (elephants), or teaching babies how to survive. The ultimate goal is to make sure the offspring makes it and is able to survive and reproduce on their own one day. Compare and contrast marsupials, monotremes, and mammals. MARSUPIALS MONOTREMES Babies born incompletely Mammals that lay eggs. developed and are placed in Mammary glands are not distinct mothers pouch where and are generally found in the development is finished. skin. Mammary glands are found within the pouch of the mother. MAMMALS Placental mammals – babies are born completely developed. They develop partly due to placental sac found attached to mother’s uterus. 1 Be able to identify function and location of the following structures for all cnidarians. FUNCTION Sting prey; paralyze it so it can be eaten LOCATION Tentacles, oral arms Mouth Found enters gastrovascular cavity through mouth Cnidocytes Sting prey; paralyze it so it can be eaten Center of organism on oral surface (subcumbrellar surface) Tentacles, oral arms Tentacles Sting and capture prey Polyp – anterior end Medusa – fringe of bell Gastrovascular Cavity Place where digestion occurs Connected to mouth Nerve net Sensory structure; allows the cnidarians to sense prey in any direction. Found throughout cnidarians Nematocysts Discuss the feeding of Porifera. In this discussion describe the water conditions where Porifera thrive. Also describe how Porifera capture food. How does the water condition contribute to the success of Porifera? Filter feeders Live in warm, shallow, flowing waters Porifera can only live where the water is clean, clear, and meets all the conditions described above. Identify which phyla various animals belong to. (Mammalia, Cnidarian, Porifera) – Be sure to know the examples discussed in class! Mammals – humans, primates, deer, dogs, cats, kangaroos, elephants, etc. Cnidarians – jellyfish, hydra, corals, sea anemone Porifera – sea sponges Why do we use binomial nomenclature (our current classification system) instead of using common names to name animals? (Be sure to include 2 reasons why we don’t use common names AND why we do use binomial nomenclature) Why do we use current system? Less confusion when talking about organisms. Reduces regional slang terms for organisms. Why don’t we use common names? Too many regional slang names for organisms. Less descriptive. 2 Define the following terms: Taxonomy: The assignment of a distinctive name to each of the groups in a classification system. Analogous: Structures that similar in shape but did not come from the same common ancestor. They develop based on the environment (wing of bat and wing of bird). Systematics: The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships among them. Homologous : Structures that come from a common ancestor but do not have the same function. Examples include, but are not limited to, limbs of humans, whales, bats, etc. Habitat: The place in which the organisms lives in its environment. Biome: Parts of the earth that have a consistent set of characteristics (terrestrial or aquatic). Physical characteristics: Physical characteristics that an animal has that increases it’s survival. Examples include tusks on an elephant, wings of a bat, sharp teeth, etc. Behavioral characteristics: Behaviors that an animal exhibits that increases it’s survival. Examples include an animal defending it’s territory, hunting at night, etc. Interspecies relationships: A relationship between two different animal species. Examples include a lion hunting a zebra, fighting between two different animals, etc. Intraspecies relationships: A relationship between two animals of the same species. Examples include child rearing, communication, mating, social grouping, hunting in packs, etc. Be able to use each of the dichotomous keys from your classification lab to CORRECTLY identify the taxonomic identify of organisms. Practice using Key D to identify: Mouse Squirrel Whale Boa constrictor Whale shark Blue shark 3