Download BASIC CHEM NOTES OUTLINE

BASIC CHEM NOTES
I. Matter
1. Humans and organisms and everything around them made of
_MATTER____________
2. Matter is made up of chemical
__ELEMENTS__________________
3. Elements are pure substance that cannot be broken down into
___SIMPLER _ substances
4. About __25_____ elements are essential to
life…__96____% of your body is made up of CARBON,
Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
5. All elements in the same column ___or Group have the same
# of VALIANCE ELECTRONS
(electrons on the very outer shell where a lot of the activity is)
6. All elements in the same row _____PERIOD____ have same
# of
_____ORBITALS or RINGS____________
II. Compounds
1. Groups of two or more elements that are bonded together
2. Ex: H2O, NaCl (Table Salt)
3. Compound properties are different from individual
elements
4. Covalent Compounds happen when the atoms share the
electrons
5. Ionic Compounds happen when electrons are donated from
one atom to another.
III. Atoms
1. Smallest possible particle of an element
Three parts:
___Protons___ inside the nucleus___(+)
__ Neutrons___inside the nucleus___(0)
___Electrons__ rotate around the nucleus_(-)
2. Atomic # = # of Protons ________________
3. Atomic Mass=Protons and Neutrons
4. # protons = # electrons
5. When we change the number of protons, we change the
element
6. If you change the number of Protons, you change the
element name.
IV. Isotopes
1. Different forms of the same element but have the same # of protons,
but different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
2. Some can be radioactive!!
3. Useful for:
* Treating cancer and bone imaging
* Dating fossils
* Fuel/Energy-nuclear reactors
4. Electrons belongs to certain energy levels
1st orbital
2nd
orbital
V. Bonding
1. Atoms want to fill their outer energy levels to be HAPPY
2. In order to do this, they will meet up with other atoms and
either share or exchange electrons.
VI. Ionic Bonds
1. Atoms _____exchange____________ electrons, becoming
___+__ or __-___ charged
2. This attraction brings them
__together_____________________
3. Ex: Na and Cl
VII. Covalent bonds
1. Atom SHARE electrons so that both atoms fill their outer
energy level
2. Elements can only use electrons from their
____________OUTER ORBITAL _ to bond
with other elements.
3. Carbon can form __Four (4)__covalent bonds
VIII. Chemical Reactions
1. Define reactants: the ingredients into a chemical reaction
2. Define products: the results of a chemical change
H2 + OH20
Physical vs. Chemical Change
Physical Change-does not produce a NEW substance.
Changes in phase
-Solid
-Liquid
-Gas
3 examples
-crushing a can
-melting an ice cube
-breaking a glass bottle
Chemical Change-takes place on the molecular level.
Produces a new substance
3 examples
-combustion (burning)
-cooking an egg
-rusting of an iron pan