Download 6. osteochondroma - Mission for Vision

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STUDY GUIDE
Cell Growth and Regeneration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is an embryoblast?
What is a trophoblast?
What is a zygote?
Define cleavage.
What are the 3 germs cell layers, and what types of tissues does each of the layers
become?
6. What structures have a phospholipid bilayer?
7. What is the composition of the ribosome?
8. What is the cytoskeleton and where is it located?
9. What are some types of fibers found outside of the cell?
10. What are two common stains used to dye RNA, protein, and elastic fibers?
11. List the four types of tissues and where each type is found.
12. List the three categories of cells based on their division. Describe each.
13. Define hypertrophy.
14. Define atrophy.
15. Define hyperplasia.
16. Define dysplasia.
17. Define metaplasia.
18. Define hydropic swelling.
19. Compare and contrast the features of reversible vs. irreversible cell injury.
20. Define pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.
21. What is apoptosis? List the events that occur from apoptosis.
22. Define the three types of necrosis: coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous.
23. Give one example for each type of necrosis.
Inflammation - Cells, Mediators & Immune and Autoimmune Disease
1. List the changes that occur in hemodynamics, vascular permeability and
inflammatory cell movement in acute inflammation
2. What are the three types of granulocytes?
3. Describe the components of the reticuloendothelial system.
4. Define acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and sub-acute inflammation.
5. Define the term granuloma. Give an example of a disease characterized by
granulomata.
6. List and briefly describe some of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
7. What is the complement system? Describe the two pathways.
8. What is histamine?
9. What can cause histamine to be released into the surrounding tissues?
10. What are the effects of histamines?
11. What is bradykinin? Describe how it is activated.
12. What are prostaglandins?
13. What are lymphokines?
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14. Define neutrophilic enzymes and their role in inflammation.
15. Describe the similarities and differences among the four types of hypersensitive
reactions.
Describe the immune pathogenesis of each of the following:
16. Goodpasture’s disease
17. erythroblastosis fetalis
18. pernicious anemia
19. lupus erythematosus
20. rheumatoid arthritis
21. scleroderma
22. Name four types of hypersensitivity reactions, and give a practical example of
each.
Infectious Processes
1. Name the determinants of pathogenicity.
2. Recognize host defense mechanisms.
3. Give an example of mechanical barriers.
4. Define bacteriocins.
5. Name some organisms that can penetrate the skin.
6. Name some organisms that can invade mucous membranes.
7. How do tears and mucous protect against infection?
8. What is the effect of exogenous steroid hormone on the risk of infection?
9. Explain how Gram negative bacteria can cause fever.
10. How do endogenous pyrogens affect temperature regulation?
11. What are some non-specific and specific factors that increase susceptibility of the
host to infection?
12. What is the A-B model?
13. What is the human lethal dose of botulinum toxin type A?
14. Name the most common pathogenic fungi.
15. What percent of fungal types are pathogenic in humans?
16. Approximately how many pathogenic viruses exist?
17. What is the proportion of bacteria that are human pathogens?
18. List the types of parasites that can cause disease.
19. What is the worldwide percentage of parasitic disease infection?
Wound Healing
1. Describe the sequence of events in non-specific wound healing, and provide a
related time table.
2. Define wound contraction.
3. Define wound strengthening.
4. Compare and contrast abrasion from incision/laceration.
5. Describe a wound with epidermal defects.
6. Which substances are elaborated, and by which cells (i.e., collagen types,
fibronectin, etc)?
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7. Compare temporary matrix composition vs. definitive matrix composition.
8. List the cells, and cell components involved in wound contraction. Provide a time
frame of events.
9. What is the tensile strength of the wound at time points 1 week, and 3 months?
10. Compare the tensile strength of various collagens.
11. Describe the time course of healing of a sutured skin wound.
12. Compare the processes of primary vs. secondary intention in terms of
inflammation, necrosis, cellular proliferation, and scar formation.
13. What are the events of healing following bone fracture?
14. What are the growth factors involved in wound healing?
15. List the local and systemic factors that interfere with wound healing.
16. Define pyogenic granuloma and keloid, and describe their morphologic features
in histologic sections.
17. What is the role of matrix metalloprocesses in wound healing?
18. Name a few diseases and factors that interfere with healing.
Hereditary and Congenital Disease
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2.
3.
4.
What are the three categories of hereditary diseases? Describe each.
Why are Mendelian disorders often called inborn errors of metabolism?
What are some ways in which chromosomal diseases can occur?
Recognize the pattern of transmission from a detailed family tree (i.e., autosomal
dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked etc.).
5. Predict the likelihood of recurrence in another offspring in diseases with the
transmission of inheritance as evident in the family tree.
6. Describe the pathogenesis of phenylketonuria, and its mode of transmission.
7. Describe how inborn errors of metabolism affect substrate fate
8. Why are autosomal trisomies usually always incompatible with life?
9. Describe how the individualiazation (visualization) of the chromosome was
achieved.
10. What are some diseases diagnosed by cytogenetics?
11. Define translocation and explain its role in Down’s syndrome and Cri du Chat.
12. What is karyotyping?
13. Provide a description of the effects of Klinefelter’s Syndrome.
14. What is the Lyon hypothesis?
15. Describe the ‘ethical issues’ of genetic testing.
16. Define mosaicism.
Biology and Biochemistry of Cancer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
List and describe the events of cancer progression.
The properties of cancer can be studied by what methods?
Compare and contrast properties of neoplastic cells versus normal cells.
Define cancer incidence and cancer mortality.
What is the relationship between age and cancer?
What cancers are the most prominent causes of death in men? In women?
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7. Is the incidence of death from cancer rising or decreasing?
8. What is the most likely general cause of cancers, worldwide?
9. Define protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. What are their normal
functions?
10. Name the types of mutations involved in altering these genes.
11. Name two tumor suppressor genes.
12. Describe how cancer can occur by genetic change
13. List the three classes of agents to cause cancer. For each class, describe the ways
in which cancer can be caused.
14. What are some factors that can increase the incidence of tumors?
15. Name a specific type of cancer and the risk factors for that type.
16. What are some ways in which cancer can be managed?
17. What are the risk factors for lung cancer? Breast cancer? Uterine cancer? Colon
cancer? Oral cancer?
Morphology and Behavior of Tumors
1. Define differentiation. What is the difference between well-differentiated and
poorly-differentiated cancer cells?
2. Differentiate dysplasia from cancer.
3. Define tumor.
4. What is a neoplasm?
5. Compare the rate of growth in benign and malignant neoplasms.
6. Compare invasion in benign and malignant tumors.
7. What is metastasis and how does it define a tumor?
8. What are the routes of metastatic spread?
9. What is the difference between tumor grade and tumor stage?
10. Describe dysplasia.
11. Compare carcinoma versus sarcoma.
12. State the correct terminology for: a) benign glandular tumor b) malignant
glandular tumor c) benign mesenchymal tumor of fat d) malignant mesenchymal
tumor of fat
13. Define the features that are indicative of malignancy.
14. Define the features that are indicative of benignity (neoplasm).
15. Define the terms, pleomorphism, and anaplasia.
16. What is the significance of abnormal mitotic figures being present in neoplasm?
17. Compare a stage I malignant neoplasm with a stage IV malignant neoplasm.
18. What are features that relate to architectural abnormalities in histologic section ?
19. What are features that relate to cytologic abnormalities in histologic section ?
Thrombosis and Embolism
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the elements involved in hemostasis, and what is most important?
Describe the function of platelets.
What are prostaglandins and what do they do?
In what tissues are prostaglandins commonly found?
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5. How are prostaglandins made by the cell?
6. Describe what can affect the coagulation system.
7. Define hematoma.
8. What is thrombosis? Describe its pathology.
9. Compare white and red thrombi.
10. What is embolism?
Cardiac and Vascular Diseases
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2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
What are the various classification schemes for Heart Disease?
Describe the pathophysiologic classification.
Describe the structural classification
Describe the classification by pathogenesis.
Compare congenital versus acquired heart disease, and give examples of each.
Name the categories of complications from cardiac valvular defects.
Compare and contrast the causes and effects of left-sided heart failure and rightsided heart failure.
8. Define shock. Provide some examples. Which is most commonly seen by
dentists?
9. How are the three stages of shock characterized?
10. How is neurogenic shock treated?
11. Name the symptoms that may develop form anaphylaxis. How can it be treated?
12. Define hypertension.
13. What is the incidence of hypertension?
14. What symptoms does hypertension produce in most people with the disease?
15. What proportion of African American adults has hypertension?
16. What are the four categories of diseases associated with hypertension?
17. How can hypertension be controlled?
18. Define hyaline arteriolosclerosis.
19. Name two types of malignant hypertension.
20. What are the complications of hypertension?
21. Define atresia, and stenosis.
22. What is the pathogenesis of endocarditis?
23. What dental and surgical procedures predispose to bacteremia?
24. How is primary myocardial disease characterized?
25. How does pericardial disease cause heart disease?
26. Name three types of arteriosclerosis.
27. Define atherosclerosis.
28. What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
29. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
30. Define aneurysm.
31. What are some of the causes of coronary insufficiency?
Respiratory Disease
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1. What is COPD, and what is it characterized by?
2. Provide a description of bronchi, and differentiate them from the bronchioles.
3. What are the types of bronchioles?
4. What is the acinus?
5. What is the pulmonary lobule?
6. Describe collateral ventilation.
7. What defines emphysema? Describe its pathology.
8. Compare centrilobular and panlobular emphysema.
9. List and describe the major pathologic changes that occur in COPD.
10. What are some clinical syndromes of COPD? How are they clinically defined?
11. What are some causes of airflow limitation?
12. What is the proteolytic enzyme hypothesis?
13. What are some ways in which lung cancer is related to smoking?
14. Define squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell undifferentiated
carcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, and
mesothelioma.
15. Which of the types of lung cancer are least likely to present as central masses?
16. List the five ‘paraneoplastic’ syndromes.
17. What are the tests used to diagnose a lung tumor?
18. What are possible treatments, and when should each be used?
19. What are the determinants of prognosis in lung cancer?
20. Which type of lung cancer has the best overall prognosis? Worst?
CNS, Muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
What abnormalities are associated with errors of fusion of the bony spinal canal?
Describe Arnold-Chiari malformation.
What is Hydrocephalus?
List the three forms of CNS hemorrhage associated with trauma? Describe each
form and the pathogenesis.
5. What two complications occur as a result of compound fractures to the skull?
6. What are the four predisposing circumstances leading to infections of pyogenic,
viral or granulomatous disease?
7. What causes meningitis in old people?
8. List at least three examples of granulomatous infection.
9. Define progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
10. How do tumors produce signs and symptoms? Describe two basic mechanisms.
11. Define* glioma (astrocytoma).
12. Define* oligodendroglioma.
13. Define* medulloblastoma.
14. Define* meningiomas.
15. Define* Schwannoma.
16. Define Congenital aneurysms.
17. What are some of the causes of intracranial hemorrhage?
18. Describe cerebral infarcts.
19. What is meant by demylinating diseases? Give an example.
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20. What causes Wernicke's encephalopathy?
21. Describe the clinical and pathologic features of Tay-Sachs disease.
22. What are two major microscopic changes seen in Alzheimer's disease?
23. What are various categories of myopathies?
* The definition should include a description of the rudimentary histologic features.
Diseases of the Breast
1. Describe the anatomic features of the female breast.
2. What causes the enlargement of breast during pregnancy?
3. List some of the congenital diseases of the breast.
4. Describe acute mastitis.
5. Describe fat necrosis.
6. What is the most common disease of the female breast?
7. What breast lesions are amenable to diagnosis by fine needle aspiration?
8. What are the pathologic findings seen in fibrocystic disease of the breast?
9. What is the relative risk of cancer in fibrocystic disease of the breast?
10. What is the clinical presentation of fibrocystic disease of the breast?
11. What is the typical clinical presentation of a fibroadenoma?
12. What are the key histologic elements of a fibroadenoma?
13. What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
14. What are the receptors of particular prognostic importance in breast cancer?
15. Describe the role of the BRAC 1 and 2 gene mutations in breast cancer.
16. What are the advantages of mammography?
17. Describe palpable mass and non-palpable mass.
18. What is the distribution pattern of cancers of the breast compared to benign
lesions?
19. What are the routes of spread of breast cancer?
20. Describe the pathologic features of breast cancer. What is the most common type?
21. What operations are currently performed for breast cancer?
22. What chemotherapeutic agents are currently used and under what circumstances?
23. What is the role of radiation for breast cancer? (When is it used?)
24. What factors influence survival for breast cancer?
25. What is the definition gynecomastia of the male breast? What treatment is
undertaken?
Liver, Biliary Tree, Pancreas
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Review the anatomy and histology of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Review the circulation of the liver.
Describe the patterns of necrosis found in pathology of the liver.
What is the significance of ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes?
What are the morphologic features that define cirrhosis of the liver?
Differentiate the etiology, route of spread and morphologic characteristics of
Hepatitis A, B and C.
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7. What are the current treatments for Hepatitis B?
8. Name the risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.
9. How does one distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from normal liver?
10. What disease accounts for the vast majority of biliary tract disease worldwide?
11. What is the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis?
12. What are some of the risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
13. Describe the clinical features of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Pathology of Bone
1. List the types of bone found in our body.
2. Describe the morphologic features of woven bone.
3. Describe the morphologic features of lamellar bone.
4. What information is important to be able to diagnose bone tumors?
Give the age group, common location, morphologic characteristics, and general
treatment of:
5. Fibrous dysplasia
6. osteochondroma
7. enchondroma
8. osteoid osteoma
9. osteoblastoma
10. benign giant cell tumor of bone
11. primary chondroblastoma
11. chondrosarcoma
12. Ewing’s sarcoma
13. chordoma
14. Name the most common bone tumors that metastasize to bone.
15. Define the x-ray findings, distribution, and histologic appearance of multiple
myeloma.
Hematopathology
1. Define anemia. What are some of the general ways anemia may occur?
2. Define myelodysplastic syndrome. What is the major complication of this
syndrome?
3. Name the 4 major classes of myeloproliferative disorder.
4. Define leukemia.
5. Define malignant lymphoma. Name the 2 major categories and how they are
distinguished in terms of the types of cells that proliferate.
6. What are monoclonal gammopathies? Give two examples.
7. Define hemostasis.
8. Name some clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia.
9. Name the major diseases that involve coagulation factor defects.
10. Name 3 disorders that promote blood clotting and describe their pathogenesis.
Female Genital Tract
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1. Review the anatomy and histology of uterus.
2. What are acute and chronic endometritis?
3. What is endometriosis? Where is it found? What are some of the symptoms?
During which period is it most common?
4. What is endometrial hyperplasia?
5. What are some of the risk factor that can possibly result in endometrial
hyperplasia?
6. What are some histological findings of endometrial hyperplasia?
7. What is endometrial carcinoma?
8. List the staging categories of endometrial carcinoma and the relationship to
prognosis.
9. Compare the presenting findings and morphology of leiomyoma and
leiomyosarcoma.
10. Define pelvic inflammatory disease. What are its symptoms?
11. How is gonorrhea transmitted? What are the symptoms of infection? What are
some of the complications of this disease?
12. What are some of the conditions attributed to chlamydia trachomatis in both
women and men?
13. Where is the site of infection of herpes simplex virus type I & II? What are the
complications?
14. Describe the stages of syphilis infection.
15. What does recent molecular and epidemiological data suggest about the etiologies
of mild dysplasia/CIN I? moderate and severe CIS, CINII and CIN III?
16. List some of the significant risk factors for cervical dysplasia and neoplasia.
17. Name the common neoplasms in the following sites: vulvar,vagina, cervix, uterus.
18. What treatments are available for squamous dysplasia and carcinoma of the
cervix?
19. Describe the stages of cervical cancer and the approximate survival rate at each
stage.
20. What are five types of ovarian tumors?
21. Describe the stages of ovarian carcinoma and the approximate survival rate at
each stage.
Pathology of the Kidney and Male Genitalia
1. Name the three pathogenic mechanisms of glomeruli disorders.
2. Define the clinical and laboratory findings seen in nephrotic syndrome and acute
nephritis.
Compare the following diseases with respect to age, clinical syndrome of presentation
and morphologic changes:
3. minimal change disease
4. focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
5. membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
6. membranous glomerulopathy
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7. post infection glomerulonephritis
8. IgA nephropathy
9. Goodpasteur’s syndrome
10. What are two important examples of non-immunological glomerular diseases, and
what are the clinical manifestations?
11. Name the interstitial renal diseases.
12. What is the most common drug that causes interstitial nephritis?
13. Name the tubular renal diseases.
14. What is the pathogenesis for acute tubular necrosis?
15. Which disease is characterized by inflammation of renal pelvis and interstitium
due to acute bacterial infection?
16. Name 3 important malignant neoplasms of the kidney.
17. What is the cellular composition of Wilm’s tumor?
18. What is the histologic appearance of renal cell carcinoma?
19. What is the histologic appearance of transitional cell carcinoma and from what
specific sites in the urinary tract are they most likely to arise?
20. What are the two main general categories of lesions in the testes?
21. Which testicular neoplasm is highly malignant, rapidly metastasizing?
22. Which is the most common and least aggressive testicular neoplasm?
23. Cystitis is characterized by what in the urinary bladder?
24. What tumors arise in the prostate?
25. Distinguish the typical clinical presentation of prostate hyperplasia from prostate
carcinoma.
26. Describe the histologic findings hyperplasia versus carcinoma of the prostate.
Diabetes Mellitus & Pathology of Diabetes
1. Define diabetes mellitus.
2. What oral pathology lesions are common in Diabetes?
3. What is the incidence of gingivitis and periodontal disease in diabetes?
4. What causes salivary hypofunction in diabetes?
5. Which type of diabetes is more common: Type I or Type II?
6. How many Americans develop diabetes every year?
7. Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of Diabetes in the United States?
8. What is the relationship between obesity and diabetes?
9. What is the definition of diabetes mellitus?
10. What is the pathogenesis of elevated glucose in diabetes?
11. Describe the pathophysiology of Type I Diabetes and compare it to Type II
Diabetes.
12. What are the components of the insulin resistance syndrome?
13. Describe the changes that occur in insulin resistance, with progression of Type II
Diabetes.
14. Describe inherited and acquired forms of insulin resistance.
15. List some of the acute symptoms of diabetes mellitus as well as Diabetic
ketoacidosis.
16. What are the methods used for diagnosis of diabetes?
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17. Describe the similarities and differences between type I and type II diabetes.
18. Give examples of secondary diabetes mellitus.
19. What are some of the ocular complications of diabetes?
20. List some of the ways we can prevent retinopathy.
21. What are the renal complications of diabetes?
22. Describe the renal pathology that can occur in the glomerulus with diabetes.
23. What are the types of diabetic neuropathy?
24. How can we prevent diabetic neuropathy?
25. Describe the general treatment for diabetes.
26. Give examples of drug treatment other than insulin
27. Give examples of insulin analogues of different types.
Pathology of AIDS
1. What is the most common route of transmission of HIV?
2. What cells in the blood are infected by HIV?
3. Describe pathogenesis of HIV.
4. Define AIDS by the CDC criteria.
5. Describe the geographic distribution of AIDS in the United States and abroad.
6. State the general categories of scomplications associated with AIDS.
7. What are the major opportunistic infections seen in AIDS?
8. Describe the histologic findings of CMV infection.
9. What are the histologic findings of PML?
10. Describe the histology of pneumocystis pneumonia.
11. What is Kaposi sarcoma? Describe its histologic appearance.
12. What organs are often involved by AIDS related lymphoma?
13. Describe the neuropathologic features of HIV-1 in the CNS and its
manifestations.
14. What treatment is used for AIDS?
15. What is the prognosis of patients with AIDS?
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