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9/24 SI A Ecl 365 Test Review 1. Name 4 characteristics of a chordate a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post-anal tail. 2. 3 subphylums of chordata? a. Subphylum Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata 3. What is Paedomorphosis? a. retention of larval characteristics into adulthood 4. Evolutionary features of vertebrates a. Living internal skeleton b. Tie between pharynx and respiration c. Good nervous system d. Paired limbs 5. Systematics and taxonomy? a. Systematics - the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms, and discovering their evolutionary relationships i. Describing, naming, and classifying organisms ii. Includes several steps, including classifying organisms, providing names for organisms and groups of organisms (and arranging them in some logical order) b. Taxonomy: Providing names for the groups of organisms 6. Carolus Linnaeus provided the scientific world with: a. Systema naturae b. Binomial nomenclature c. hierarchical classification 7. What was Aristotelian essentialism and how does it relate to this course? a. It dominated before Darwin (1859) b. Species were considered eternal, immutable, and discrete c. A few convenient morphological characters (‘essential traits’) were used to classify species (e.g. animals with blood vs animals without blood) d. Observed variation among individuals treated as aberrations around a type (idealized) form for the species e. 8. Published Evolution by Natural Selection a. Charles Darwin 9. Components of natural selection. a. More individuals are born each generation than can survive & reproduce b. There is trait variation among individuals c. At least some of this trait variation is heritable d. Trait differences are tied to fitness (i.e. some individuals have a better chance of surviving and reproducing due to their particular traits) 10. Is natural selection random? a. No – selection of most fit mutations b. Mutations are random, not selection 11. Difference between anology and homology. a. Related species should have similar characteristics b. Based on homology (similarities due to shared ancestry) not analogy (similarities not from shared ancestry: convergent evolution) 12. Allopatric speciation? a. Geographic separation 13. What is Vicariant speciation? a. Original population becomes separated (e.g. river formation, mountain rise, glacial advance) 14. What is founder effect? a. Few individuals move far out of normal range and found a new population (rare event) 15. Are founder representative of original population? a. Founders might not be representative of original population b. Different conditions in each area and small size of new population favors divergent evolution c. Often associated with colonizing islands 16. What is sympatric speciation? a. Speciation sometimes occurs without geographical isolation; new species forms within the range of parent species 17. What are the two forms of sympatric speciation and how are they different? a. Ecological segregation i. Species live in the same area, but segregate relative to specific habitat types b. Genetic (e.g., chromosome changes) i. Involves polyploidy – offspring getting one or more extra full sets of chromosomes (by mistake in meiosis) ii. Most offspring die; some live allowing the instantaneous formation of a new species iii. Very common in plants and insects iv. Rare among vertebrates, seen in a few fish, amphibians, and reptiles 18. Earliest group of fish – jawless, no paired fins, no vertebral column, this superclass is not a true taxonomic group. a. Agnatha 19. What are the two extant classes of jawless fish. a. Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi 20. This fish is eel-like, jawless, has slime glands, has no stomach, is a decomposer and deep marine species. a. Hagfish or Myxini b. Follow up question!! Are these true vertebrates? NO 21. This fish is jawless, scaleless, has no paired fins, and filter feed as larvae; adults either do not feed or feed via parasitic rasping into fish. a. Cephalaspidomorphi or lampreys 22. There are many forms of this jawless fish, which are now extinct, but they are grouped under one name. They have a covering of dermal bone forming armored carapace (sometimes with smaller plates or scales). What is the group name? a. Ostracoderms 23. This superclass evolved a hinged jaw and paired limbs. a. Gnathostomata 24. This adds stability during locomotion and is the source of tetrapod limbs. a. Paired Fins 25. This class includes animals with cartilaginous skeleton, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, and, sharks, skates, and rays. a. Chrondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) 26. This class lived during the second half of the Paleozoic and includes characteristics such as toothed jaws, heterocercal tails, a vertebral column, and multiple sets of paired fins. a. Acanthodia 27. Half of the living vertebrates belong to this class. a. Osteichthyes 28. This is a pouch from the esophagus with air volume regulated for buoyancy. It does not appear until Class Osteichthyes. a. Swim bladder 29. This subclass includes ray-finned fishes and the infraclasses: Chondrostei and Neopterygii. a. Actinopterygii 30. This class is the oldest group of osteichthyes, are lobe finned, and a precursor to tetrapods. a. Sarcopterygii 31. This order of Sarcopterygii were common during the Devonian and are termed a ‘living fossil’ a. Coelocanthiformes 32. Fish in this order are the closest living relatives of tetrapods and fall under the class Sarcopterygii. a. Ceratodontomorpha 33. Ceratodontomorpha (lung fish) form a cocoon during dry periods and do this in mud. a. Aestivate 34. List and describe the 3 types of fish scales: Placoid-from mesoderm/composed dentine, ganoid-composed of bone. Cycloid/ctenoid- outer layer of bone/thin layer connective tissue 35. What caused the predatory lifestyle to begin? Hinged jaws….wider prey types 36. When was the age of the fishes? a. Devonian 37. What are the three extant orders of Amphibians? Gymnophiona-caecilians, caudate/salamanders, anura/frogs and toads 38. What does amphibian mean? 2 lives 39. What is a double breather? a. had both gills and open air passageways: external nares b. Internal nares (choanae) opening at back of nose connecting nasal passage to throat and lungs c. Osteolopiforms: Transitional Fish 40. What are the 3 theories about why fish moved to land? Predation hypothesis, Food hypothesis, competitive avoidance 41. What does Lissamphibia mean? Modern ampibians 42. What is the Age of Amphibians? carboniferous 43. Name the characteristics of amphibians: Terrestrial, aquatic or both. Legless or gilled larval stage. Smooth/permeable skin. Oviparous. Egg w/o shell. 44. What order of amphibians do not metamorphasize? Caudata/salamanders/Urodela 45. What is an example of a stem tetrapod? Acanthostega and Ichthyostega 46. What is the amphibian missing link with both fish and tetrapod characteristics and has a fin with a wrist? a. Tiktaalik 47. What was so interesting about Tiktaalik? a. Scientists predicted location of it (transitional amphibian). 48. What are three problems associated with terrestrial life? Gravity – skeleton must now support weight Locomotion – propulsion must change (more use of limbs) Breathing – Oxygen more concentrated in air than water, but gills function poorly in air and desiccate quickly Feeding – must use jaws, teeth, and tongue to secure food (suction feeding not sufficient) Reproduction – eggs desiccate quickly Outer covering – desiccation Pumping blood (gravity constraints) Sensory systems (air and water conduct differently) 49. This order of Amphibians is legless and tailless, burrow underground, and retain a few neck scales. a. Gymnophiona 50. This order of Amphibians are legged and do not metamorphize. a. Caudata 51. This order of Amphibians have large rear legs, metamorphize, and do not have a tail as adults. a. Anura 52. When is the "Age of Reptiles?" mesozioc 53. What is temporal fenestration? What purpose does it serve? Openings in temporal bones. Greater jaw musculature, lighten skull w/o compromising strength, improve alignment, muscle expansion during contraction 54. What are the names of the groups with different forms of temporal fenestrae? (three) Anapsid-none, synapsid-1, diapsid-2 55. What is the major evolutionary difference between amphibians and reptiles? a. Amniotic egg 56. What reptile is considered a living fossil and is found in New Zealand? a. Order sphenodonta – tuataras 57. Name the orders of reptiles a. Testudines – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Sphenodonta– tuatara, Crocodilia – alligators and crocodiles 58. What is an example of an animal displaying anapsid skull fenestration? Turtles a. What about synapsid and diapsid? i. Mammals and most reptiles 59. Why is the amniotic egg significant? Break tie to water, can be strictly terrestrial 60. What is the name for the top and bottom of the turtle shell? Dorsal-carapace, bottom-plastron 61. What are the three traditional suborders of Order Squamata? Lacertilia(lizards), serpents(snakes), amphisbaenia(worm lizards) 62. Today, this traditional group is recognized to be included in two phylogenetic groups: Iguania and Scleroglossa. 63. What is a patagium? Found in some lizards, mammals- skin for gliding 64. Name the characteristics of reptiles. Amniotic egg, impermeable skin, ectothermic homeotherms, no larval stage, scales of keratin, breathe via lungs, 3 chambered heart(birds n crocs have 4) 65. T/F Reptiles form a monophyletic group. False 66. T/F Birds form a monophyletic group. true 67. True / False Birds are second in diversity. True – 1st = osteichthyes 68. Why might feathers have developed? a. Flight, thermoregulation, protection from solar radiation 69. Name 3 adaptations for flight. a. One ovary/ reduced gonads in off season b. Hollow bones, loss of teeth, rapid digestion 70. How many heart chambers do birds have? 4 71. What was the first true bird and revealed the link between dinosaurs and birds. Archaeopteryx 72. What is special about a bird's respiratory system? flow-through 73. What was the first group of reptiles to have feathers? dromeosaurs 74. How else were they bird-like? Keeled sternum, arms capable of flapping, fused clavicle(furcula) 75. T/F Feathers were derived from scales? True 76. What are the three theories about flight evolution? a. Arboreal- jump-glide-fly…increase distance, break fall. Cursorial I- ground up run jump fly…wings propel forward-not ture. Cursorial II- refined, flap 2 subdue prey. Cursorial III – run on water, lighten load – basilisk lizard 77. ___________: fused clavical furcula 78. 79. ___________: egg-laying oviparous 80. ___________: one temporal fenestre synapsid 81. ___________: flightless birds with Gonduana distribution, possibly the basal group of birds ratites 82. What are the characteristics of mammals? Hair, mammary glands, endothermic homeotherms, 4 ch heart, single lower jaw bone, diphyodonty, 3 earossicles, heterodont dentition, viviparity 83. Therapsids have been found in both warm and cool environments. Why is this significant? Higher metabolic rates, greater dispersal ability, endothermic 84. What is the most widely accepted mammalian characteristic? a. Squamosal-dentary jaw articulation 85. Where is embryonic development completed in a eutherian? a. Uterus – have true placenta that joins to the mother. 86. What are the three groups of mammals? a. Monotremata, metatheria, eutheria 87. Which mammalian group lays eggs? a. Monotremata 88. Mammals are derived from what group? a. Synapsid reptiles 89. What is diphyodonty? a. Having two sets of teeth (decidous and permanent) 90. What does the nasolacrimal duct suggest about stem mammmals? Secreted oil for preening fur…suggests hair 91. What are the three most significant changes that occurred during the shift between reptiles and mammals? Jaw articulation(squamosal dentary, 1 lower jaw bones), inner ear(greater hearing range), locomotion(limbs under body, support, speed, breathing) 92. True / False Fish vertebrae do no interlock? a. true 93. What happened to the original reptilian jaw hinge? Became inner ear 94. How did squamosal-dentary jaw articulation help mammals? Improved hearing, allowed other jaw bones to sense vibrations 95. T/F Monotreme eggs resemble bird eggs. F-reptilian 96. What is the name of the pouch of metatherians or marsupials? Marsupium 97. T/F Marsupials exhibit viviparity. True 98. What makes bones hard? Ossification, calcium carbonate 99. Compare and contrast endochondral and membranous bones. e-replace cartilage, ossified, most common. M-membrane precursor, facial, cranium 100. T/F Turtles have an exoskeleton. F pseudoexoskeleton 101. What is the name of a cartilage cell, which is surrounded by a gel-like material made of protein and fiber? a. Chondrocyte 102. What are two main innovations in the skeleton in terms of locomotion? a. Swimming to walking – new niches b. Sprawling limbs to limbs under the body 103. What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support, muscle attachment, protection 104. T/F bone is a living tissue. True 105. What are the components of the skeletal system? (2) axial, appendicular 106. What specializations of the appendicular skeleton were discussed in class? Variation in length- longer length in runners, big stride. Shorter- lower center of gravity 107. What are 3 functions of the muscular system? a. Locomotion, Eating and digestion, Circulation of blood, Breathing, Communication-talking, touching, etc. 108. Name the three types of muscle. a. Cardiac, smooth, skeletal. 109. T/F Adults can increase the number of skeletal muscle cells. F only size 110. What is hypertrophy? Increasing cell size 111. Why are intercalated disks important/helpful? Coordinate for simultaneous contraction 112. True / False Muscles can both pull and push? a. False – pull only 113. What connects muscles to bones? a. Tendons 114. Put the following in order, (i.e. several blank make one blank). a. MyofilamentMyofibrilFibersfascicles whole muscle 115. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers? Sarcolemma 116. What is the functional unit of muscle? a. Sarcomere – from z-line to z-line 117. What are the two types of muscle myofilaments and what protein do they possess? Myosin-thick - myosin, actin-thin-actin 118. What is the name of the nerves that control skeletal muscle? Motor neurons 119. What is the name for fish muscle? myomeres 120. What is the difference between fast and slow muscle? Fast muscle fibers make up flight muscles – for rapid burst of flight slow muscle fibers are important – for improved resistance 121. True / False Reptiles still use lateral undulations for locomotion, but the limbs are used more for locomotion and reptiles exhibit more muscle specialization. a. True: Lateral undulation of body still used, but much more limb use in locomotion More muscle specialization (for better locomotion and respiration) 122. What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system? Transport(gases, nutrients, hormones), maintain internal environment (homeostasis), temperature 123. What is the name of gene responsible for development of the septum of the heart and in which classes is its expression higher? a. Gene Tbx5, higher in birds, mammals 124. Name the two components of the circulatory system Blood vascular system, lymphatic system 125. True/False Only vertebrates have a closed circulatory system. a. False 126. Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria? Ventricles pump into the arteries, have more muscle 127. How are arteries different from veins? a. Arteries carry blood from heart; walls have connective tissue and thick smooth muscle for pushing blood to tissues b. carry blood back to heart, tend to be larger diameter than arteries, but have thinner walls 128. Starting from the heart and ending with the heart, name the types of blood vessels blood passes through. ArteriesArteriolesCapillariesVenulesVeins 129. What type of blood cells have hemoglobin? a. Erythrocytes or rbc 130. What components can be found in plasma, name 3? Water, nutrients, salts, hormones, proteins wastes 131. What are the names for the 3 types of blood cells? Erythrocytes:rbc, leucocytes:wbc, thrombocytes:not in mammals(we have platelets) blood clotters 132. What is the function of the lymphatic system? Filter waste and produce antibiotics 133. Vertebrates have an open or closed circulatory system? Closed 134. __________sac that collects blood before entering atrium in fish. Sinus venosus 135. Describe the heart of an amphibian. 2 atria and 1 ventricle. 136. What is a difference between the fish and amphibian circulatory system, specifically the heart – not the number of chambers? a. No O2 poor and rich blood mixing in fish circulatory system 137. After returning to the body, the blood flows into the _________ atrium (in species with more than one atrium)? right 138. T/F All reptiles have 3 heart chambers. F crocs have 4 139. True / False lungs are only found in terrestrial vertebrates. False – lungfish 140. How do lungs assist with terrestrial life? a. Prevent dessication by housing inside body and keeping moist 141. What role does hemoglobin play in respiration? i. Protein found in red blood cells with affinity for oxygen, 142. Many lobe-finned fishes, olfactory sac leads to what? a. internal nares Tie Breakers: What are the four flight hypotheses and describe each. Hypothesis Type Ancestors Arboreal Trees-down Tree climbing dinosaurs Cursorial I Ground-up Predators, bipedal runners Cursorial II Ground-up Predators, bipedal runners Cursorial III Ground/water-up Ran across water Fill out phylogenetic tree Development Comments Leapt between trees, structures that increased distance, break falls Wings flapped for speed, lighten load Flapped/grabbed at prey with arms, took weight from feet Increase lift and lighten load; forward propulsion Most Supported Insufficient, would need greater traction for speed