Download 9/25 SI A Ecl 365 Test Review 1. Name 4 characteristics of a

9/25
SI A Ecl 365 Test Review
1. Name 4 characteristics of a chordate
a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post-anal tail.
2.
3 subphylums of chordata?
a. Subphylum Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata
3.
What is Paedomorphosis?
a. retention of larval characteristics into adulthood
4. Evolutionary features of vertebrates
a. Living internal skeleton
b. Tie between pharynx and respiration
c. Good nervous system
d. Paired limbs
5.
Systematics and taxonomy?
a. Systematics - the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms, and discovering their
evolutionary relationships
i. Describing, naming, and classifying organisms
ii. Includes several steps, including classifying organisms, providing names for organisms
and groups of organisms (and arranging them in some logical order)
b. Taxonomy: Providing names for the groups of organisms
6. Carolus Linnaeus provided the scientific world with:
a. Systema naturae
b. Binomial nomenclature
c. hierarchical classification
7.
Published Evolution by Natural Selection
a. Charles Darwin
8.
Components of natural selection.
a. More individuals are born each generation than can survive & reproduce
b. There is trait variation among individuals
c. At least some of this trait variation is heritable
d. Trait differences are tied to fitness (i.e. some individuals have a better chance of surviving and
reproducing due to their particular traits)
9.
Difference between anology and homology.
a. Related species should have similar characteristics
b. Based on homology (similarities due to shared ancestry) not analogy (similarities not from
shared ancestry: convergent evolution)
10. Allopatric speciation?
a. Geographic separation
11. Earliest group of fish – jawless, no paired fins, no vertebral column, this superclass is not a true
taxonomic group.
a. Agnatha
12. What are the two extant classes of jawless fish.
a. Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi
13. This fish is eel-like, jawless, has slime glands, has no stomach, is a decomposer and deep marine
species.
a. Hagfish or Myxini
b. Follow up question!! Are these true vertebrates? NO
14. This fish is jawless, scaleless, has no paired fins, and filter feed as larvae; adults either do not feed or
feed via parasitic rasping into fish.
a. Cephalaspidomorphi or lampreys
15. There are many forms of this jawless fish, which are now extinct, but they are grouped under one name.
They have a covering of dermal bone forming armored carapace (sometimes with smaller plates or
scales). What is the group name?
a. Ostracoderms
16. This superclass evolved a hinged jaw and paired limbs.
a. Gnathostomata
17. Osctracoderms, which are now extinct, appeared in this era, 490 – 350 MYA.
a. Ordovician – Devonian
18. This adds stability during locomotion and is the source of tetrapod limbs.
a. Paired Fins
19. These are the two extinct classes of Gnathostomata.
a. Acanthodia and Placodermi
20. This class includes animals with cartilaginous skeleton, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, and, sharks,
skates, and rays.
a. Chrondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
21. This class lived during the second half of the Paleozoic and includes characteristics such as toothed
jaws, heterocercal tails, a vertebral column, and multiple sets of paired fins.
a. Acanthodia
22. Half of the living vertebrates belong to this class.
a. Osteichthyes
23. This is a pouch from the esophagus with air volume regulated for buoyancy. It does not appear until
Class Osteichthyes.
a. Swim bladder
24. This subclass includes ray-finned fishes and the infraclasses: Chondrostei and Neopterygii.
a. Actinopterygii
25. This class is the oldest group of osteichthyes, are lobe finned, and a precursor to tetrapods.
a. Sarcopterygii
26. This order of Sarcopterygii were common during the Devonian and are termed a ‘living fossil’
a. Coelocanthiformes
27. Fish in this order are the closest living relatives of tetrapods and fall under the class Sarcopterygii.
a. Ceratodontomorpha
28. Ceratodontomorpha (lung fish) form a cocoon during dry periods and do this in mud.
a. Aestivate
29. List and describe the 3 types of fish scales:
Placoid-from mesoderm/composed dentine, ganoid-composed of bone. Cycloid/ctenoid- outer layer of
bone/thin layer connective tissue
30. What caused the predatory lifestyle to begin?
Hinged jaws….wider prey types
31. What fish class was the precursor to tetrapods?
a. Rhipidistians(order coelocanthiforms)
32. When was the age of the fishes?
a. Devonian
33. What is special/unique about amphibian eggs?
No shell
34. What are the three extant orders of Amphibians?
Gymnophiona-caecilians, caudate/salamanders, anura/frogs and toads
35. What does amphibian mean?
2 lives
36. What are the 3 theories about why fish moved to land?
Predation-avoid, Food-better quality, competitive advantage-less comp
37. What does Lissamphibia mean?
Modern ampibians
38. What is the Age of Amphibians?
carboniferous
39. Name the characteristics of amphibians:
Terrestrial, aquatic or both. Legless or gilled larval stage. Smooth/permeable skin.
Oviparous.
Egg w/o shell.
40. What order of amphibians do not metamorphasize?
Caudat a/salamanders
41. What is an example of a stem tetrapod?
Acanthostega and Ichthyostega
42. What is the amphibian missing link with both fish and tetrapod characteristics and has a fin with a wrist?
a. Tiktaalik
43. What are some problems associated with terrestrial life?
Gravity – skeleton must now support weight
Locomotion – propulsion must change (more use of limbs)
Breathing – Oxygen more concentrated in air than water, but gills function poorly in air and desiccate
quickly
Feeding – must use jaws, teeth, and tongue to secure food (suction feeding not sufficient)
Reproduction – eggs desiccate quickly
Outer covering – desiccation
Pumping blood (gravity constraints)
Sensory systems (air and water conduct differently)
44. This order of Amphibians is legless and tailless, burrow underground, and retain a few neck scales.
a. Gymnophiona
45. This order of Amphibians are legged and do not metamorphize.
a. Caudata
46. This order of Amphibians have large rear legs, metamorphize, and do not have a tail as adults.
a. Anura
47. When is the "Age of Reptiles?"
mesozioc
48. What is temporal fenestration? What purpose does it serve?
Openings in temporal bones. Greater jaw musculature, lighten skull w/o compromising strength,
improve alignment, muscle expansion during contraction
49. What are the names of the groups with different forms of temporal fenestrae? (three)
Anapsid-none, synapsid-1, diapsid-2
50. What is the major evolutionary difference between amphibians and reptiles?
a. Amniotic egg
51. Name the orders of reptiles
a. Testudines – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Sphenodonta– tuatara, Crocodilia –
alligators and crocodiles
52. What is an example of an animal displaying anapsid skull fenestration? Turtles
a. What about synapsid and diapsid?
i. Mammals and most reptiles
53. Why is the amniotic egg significant?
Break tie to water, can be strictly terrestrial
54. What is the name for the top and bottom of the turtle shell?
Dorsal-carapace, bottom-plastron
55. What are the three traditional suborders of Order Squamata?
Lacertilia(lizards), serpents(snakes), amphisbaenia(worm lizards)
56. Today, this traditional group is recognized to be included in two phylogenetic groups: Iguania and
Scleroglossa.
57. What is a patagium?
Found in some lizards- skin for gliding
58. Name the characteristics of reptiles.
Amniotic egg, impermeable skin, ectothermic homeotherms, no larval stage, scales of keratin, breathe
via lungs, 3 chambered heart(birds n crocs have 4)
59. T/F Reptiles form a monophyletic group. False
60. T/F Birds form a monophyletic group. true
61. How many heart chambers do birds have? 4
62. What was the first true bird and revealed the link between dinosaurs and birds.
Archaeopteryx
63. What is special about a bird's respiratory system? flow-through
64. What was the first group of reptiles to have feathers? dromeosaurs
65. How else were they bird-like? Keeled sternum, arms capable of flapping, fused clavicle(furcula)
66. T/F Feathers were derived from the skin? Scales, true—don’t like that wording
67. What are the three theories about flight evolution?
a. Arboreal- jump-glide-fly…increase distance, break fall. Cursorial I- ground up run jump
fly…wings propel forward-not ture. Cursorial II- refined, flap 2 subdue prey
68. ___________: fused clavical furcula
69.
70. ___________: egg-laying oviparous
71. ___________: one ear ossicle synapsid
72. ___________: flightless birds with Gonduana distribution, possibly the basal group of birds ratites
73. What are the characteristics of mammals?
Hair, mammary glands, endothermic homeotherms, 4 ch heart, single lower jaw bone, diphyodonty, 3
earossicles, heterodont dentition, viviparity
74. Therapsids have been found in both warm and cool environments. Why is this significant? Higher
metabolic rates, greater dispersal ability, endothermic
75. What does the nasolacrimal duct suggest about stem mammmals?
Secreyed oil for preening fur…suggests hair
76. What are the three most significant changes that occurred during the shift between reptiles and
mammals? Jaw articulation(squamosal dentary, 1 lower jaw bones), inner ear(greater hearing range),
locomotion(limbs under body, support, speed, breathing)
77. What happened to the original reptilian jaw hinge?
Became inner ear
78. How did the new dentary hinge help mammals?
Better hearing=better predator/escape
79. T/F Monotreme eggs resemble bird eggs. F-reptilian
80. What is the name of the pouch of metatherians or marsupials? Marsupium –
81. T/F Marsupials have viviparity. T
82. What makes bones hard?
Ossification, calcium carbonate
83. Compare and contrast endochondral and membranous bones.
e-replace cartilage, ossified, most common. M-no precursor, facial, cranium
84. T/F Turtles have an exoskeleton. F pseudoexoskeleton
85. What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support, muscle attachment, protection
86. T/F bone is a living tissue. True
87. What are the components of the skeletal system? (2) axial, appendicular
88. What specializations of the appendicular skeleton were discussed in class?
Variation in length- longer length in runners, big stride. Shorter- lower center of gravity
89. T/F Adults can increase the number of skeletal muscle cells. F only size
90. Why are intercalated disks important/helpful?
Coordinate for simultaneous pump
91. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers?
sarcolemma
92. What are the two types of muscle myofilaments and what protein do they possess?
Myosin-thick - myosin, actin-thin-actin
93. What is the name of the nerves that control skeletal muscle? Motor neurons
94. Where does energy for muscle contraction come from?
Atp, can be made from adp + creatine phosphate
95. What is the name for fish muscle?
myomeres
96. What is the difference between fast and slow muscle?
Fast-can sustain long period w/o fatigue-flight, slow can sustain long contractions-posture
97. What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?
Transport(gases, nutrients, hormones), maintain internal _________, temperature
98. Name the two components of the circulatory system
Blood vascular system, lymphatic system
99. Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria?
Pumps out into the arteries more muscle
100. What components can be found in plasma?
Water, nutrients, salts, hormones, proteins wastes
101. What are the names for the 3 types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes:rbc, leucocytes:wbc, thrombocytes:not in mammals(we have platelets) blood clotters
102. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Filter waste and produce antibiotics
103. What is a portal vein?
Carries from one organ to another – passes through 2 capillary beds
104. ____________takes blood to liver. Hepatic portal
105. Vertebrates have an open or closed circulatory system? Closed
106. __________takes blood to kidneys. Renal portal
107. __________sac that collects blood before entering atrium in fish. Sinus venosus
108. Describe the heart of an amphibian. 2 atria and 1 ventricle.
109. How is the amphibian (and reptile) circulatory system more advanced than the fish circulatory system?
Little mixing of O2 rich and poor
110. ___________circuit taking oxygen-poor blood to lungs and back to heart. Pulmonary
111. ___________circuit taking oxygen-rich blood to body and back. Systemic pathway
112. After returning to the body, the blood flows into the _________ atrium? right
113. T/F All reptiles have 3 heart chambers. F crocs have 4
114. What is positive pressure breathing and what animals displays this?
a. draw air in, force into lungs, frogs, toads
115. What are the 3 types of respiratory systems?
a. Cutaneous, gills, lungs
116. How does gas exchange occur in the gills?
a. Water moves past lamellae, gas exchange occurs
117.
What type of flow do gills utilize to get twice the amount of oxygen?
a. Counter-current flow
118. True / False lungs are only found in terrestrial vertebrates. False – lungfish
119. How do lungs assist with terrestrial life?
a. Prevent dessication by housing inside body and keeping moist
120.
Why/how does gas exchange occur in lungs? (or the gills?)
a. High diffusion gradient due to high O2 in air (or water for gills)
121. What role does hemoglobin play in respiration?
i. Protein found in red blood cells with affinity for oxygen,
b. How is oxygen uptake affected by exercise?
i. CO2 in blood: more CO2 in blood (exercise), creates lower pH, lowers affinity for O2
by blood, allowing cells to take up O2
122. Many lobe-finned fishes, olfactory sac leads to what?
a. internal nares
123. Most reptiles respire using the lungs, but also three other types.
a. Cutaneous, pharyngeal, cloacal
124. Mammalian respiration works by what type of pressure system.
a. Negative pressure
125. How are diving mammals able to dive for extended periods of time?
a. Myoglobin is Oxygen storing protein muscles and can store lots of O2 in blood and muscles.
Can store/take-in twice the amount of oxygen/kg of body weight (compared to humans), they
swim using minimum muscle effort and use buoyancy, can cut off blood supply to muscles,
and Derive ATP from fermentation rather than respiration
126. How do locomotion and respiration work together/against each other in mammals and reptiles?
a. Lizard running: sprawling locomotion with axial bending and Dog running: Front limbs, back
limbs more coordinated
b. Lizard: respiration effectively stops during running: air passed from left – right lung and Dog:
Can still respire during running