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9/25 SI A Ecl 365 Test Review 1. Name 4 characteristics of a chordate a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post-anal tail. 2. 3 subphylums of chordata? a. Subphylum Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata 3. What is Paedomorphosis? a. retention of larval characteristics into adulthood 4. Evolutionary features of vertebrates a. Living internal skeleton b. Tie between pharynx and respiration c. Good nervous system d. Paired limbs 5. Systematics and taxonomy? a. Systematics - the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms, and discovering their evolutionary relationships i. Describing, naming, and classifying organisms ii. Includes several steps, including classifying organisms, providing names for organisms and groups of organisms (and arranging them in some logical order) b. Taxonomy: Providing names for the groups of organisms 6. Carolus Linnaeus provided the scientific world with: a. Systema naturae b. Binomial nomenclature c. hierarchical classification 7. Published Evolution by Natural Selection a. Charles Darwin 8. Components of natural selection. a. More individuals are born each generation than can survive & reproduce b. There is trait variation among individuals c. At least some of this trait variation is heritable d. Trait differences are tied to fitness (i.e. some individuals have a better chance of surviving and reproducing due to their particular traits) 9. Difference between anology and homology. a. Related species should have similar characteristics b. Based on homology (similarities due to shared ancestry) not analogy (similarities not from shared ancestry: convergent evolution) 10. Allopatric speciation? a. Geographic separation 11. Earliest group of fish – jawless, no paired fins, no vertebral column, this superclass is not a true taxonomic group. a. Agnatha 12. What are the two extant classes of jawless fish. a. Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi 13. This fish is eel-like, jawless, has slime glands, has no stomach, is a decomposer and deep marine species. a. Hagfish or Myxini b. Follow up question!! Are these true vertebrates? NO 14. This fish is jawless, scaleless, has no paired fins, and filter feed as larvae; adults either do not feed or feed via parasitic rasping into fish. a. Cephalaspidomorphi or lampreys 15. There are many forms of this jawless fish, which are now extinct, but they are grouped under one name. They have a covering of dermal bone forming armored carapace (sometimes with smaller plates or scales). What is the group name? a. Ostracoderms 16. This superclass evolved a hinged jaw and paired limbs. a. Gnathostomata 17. Osctracoderms, which are now extinct, appeared in this era, 490 – 350 MYA. a. Ordovician – Devonian 18. This adds stability during locomotion and is the source of tetrapod limbs. a. Paired Fins 19. These are the two extinct classes of Gnathostomata. a. Acanthodia and Placodermi 20. This class includes animals with cartilaginous skeleton, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, and, sharks, skates, and rays. a. Chrondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) 21. This class lived during the second half of the Paleozoic and includes characteristics such as toothed jaws, heterocercal tails, a vertebral column, and multiple sets of paired fins. a. Acanthodia 22. Half of the living vertebrates belong to this class. a. Osteichthyes 23. This is a pouch from the esophagus with air volume regulated for buoyancy. It does not appear until Class Osteichthyes. a. Swim bladder 24. This subclass includes ray-finned fishes and the infraclasses: Chondrostei and Neopterygii. a. Actinopterygii 25. This class is the oldest group of osteichthyes, are lobe finned, and a precursor to tetrapods. a. Sarcopterygii 26. This order of Sarcopterygii were common during the Devonian and are termed a ‘living fossil’ a. Coelocanthiformes 27. Fish in this order are the closest living relatives of tetrapods and fall under the class Sarcopterygii. a. Ceratodontomorpha 28. Ceratodontomorpha (lung fish) form a cocoon during dry periods and do this in mud. a. Aestivate 29. List and describe the 3 types of fish scales: Placoid-from mesoderm/composed dentine, ganoid-composed of bone. Cycloid/ctenoid- outer layer of bone/thin layer connective tissue 30. What caused the predatory lifestyle to begin? Hinged jaws….wider prey types 31. What fish class was the precursor to tetrapods? a. Rhipidistians(order coelocanthiforms) 32. When was the age of the fishes? a. Devonian 33. What is special/unique about amphibian eggs? No shell 34. What are the three extant orders of Amphibians? Gymnophiona-caecilians, caudate/salamanders, anura/frogs and toads 35. What does amphibian mean? 2 lives 36. What are the 3 theories about why fish moved to land? Predation-avoid, Food-better quality, competitive advantage-less comp 37. What does Lissamphibia mean? Modern ampibians 38. What is the Age of Amphibians? carboniferous 39. Name the characteristics of amphibians: Terrestrial, aquatic or both. Legless or gilled larval stage. Smooth/permeable skin. Oviparous. Egg w/o shell. 40. What order of amphibians do not metamorphasize? Caudat a/salamanders 41. What is an example of a stem tetrapod? Acanthostega and Ichthyostega 42. What is the amphibian missing link with both fish and tetrapod characteristics and has a fin with a wrist? a. Tiktaalik 43. What are some problems associated with terrestrial life? Gravity – skeleton must now support weight Locomotion – propulsion must change (more use of limbs) Breathing – Oxygen more concentrated in air than water, but gills function poorly in air and desiccate quickly Feeding – must use jaws, teeth, and tongue to secure food (suction feeding not sufficient) Reproduction – eggs desiccate quickly Outer covering – desiccation Pumping blood (gravity constraints) Sensory systems (air and water conduct differently) 44. This order of Amphibians is legless and tailless, burrow underground, and retain a few neck scales. a. Gymnophiona 45. This order of Amphibians are legged and do not metamorphize. a. Caudata 46. This order of Amphibians have large rear legs, metamorphize, and do not have a tail as adults. a. Anura 47. When is the "Age of Reptiles?" mesozioc 48. What is temporal fenestration? What purpose does it serve? Openings in temporal bones. Greater jaw musculature, lighten skull w/o compromising strength, improve alignment, muscle expansion during contraction 49. What are the names of the groups with different forms of temporal fenestrae? (three) Anapsid-none, synapsid-1, diapsid-2 50. What is the major evolutionary difference between amphibians and reptiles? a. Amniotic egg 51. Name the orders of reptiles a. Testudines – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Sphenodonta– tuatara, Crocodilia – alligators and crocodiles 52. What is an example of an animal displaying anapsid skull fenestration? Turtles a. What about synapsid and diapsid? i. Mammals and most reptiles 53. Why is the amniotic egg significant? Break tie to water, can be strictly terrestrial 54. What is the name for the top and bottom of the turtle shell? Dorsal-carapace, bottom-plastron 55. What are the three traditional suborders of Order Squamata? Lacertilia(lizards), serpents(snakes), amphisbaenia(worm lizards) 56. Today, this traditional group is recognized to be included in two phylogenetic groups: Iguania and Scleroglossa. 57. What is a patagium? Found in some lizards- skin for gliding 58. Name the characteristics of reptiles. Amniotic egg, impermeable skin, ectothermic homeotherms, no larval stage, scales of keratin, breathe via lungs, 3 chambered heart(birds n crocs have 4) 59. T/F Reptiles form a monophyletic group. False 60. T/F Birds form a monophyletic group. true 61. How many heart chambers do birds have? 4 62. What was the first true bird and revealed the link between dinosaurs and birds. Archaeopteryx 63. What is special about a bird's respiratory system? flow-through 64. What was the first group of reptiles to have feathers? dromeosaurs 65. How else were they bird-like? Keeled sternum, arms capable of flapping, fused clavicle(furcula) 66. T/F Feathers were derived from the skin? Scales, true—don’t like that wording 67. What are the three theories about flight evolution? a. Arboreal- jump-glide-fly…increase distance, break fall. Cursorial I- ground up run jump fly…wings propel forward-not ture. Cursorial II- refined, flap 2 subdue prey 68. ___________: fused clavical furcula 69. 70. ___________: egg-laying oviparous 71. ___________: one ear ossicle synapsid 72. ___________: flightless birds with Gonduana distribution, possibly the basal group of birds ratites 73. What are the characteristics of mammals? Hair, mammary glands, endothermic homeotherms, 4 ch heart, single lower jaw bone, diphyodonty, 3 earossicles, heterodont dentition, viviparity 74. Therapsids have been found in both warm and cool environments. Why is this significant? Higher metabolic rates, greater dispersal ability, endothermic 75. What does the nasolacrimal duct suggest about stem mammmals? Secreyed oil for preening fur…suggests hair 76. What are the three most significant changes that occurred during the shift between reptiles and mammals? Jaw articulation(squamosal dentary, 1 lower jaw bones), inner ear(greater hearing range), locomotion(limbs under body, support, speed, breathing) 77. What happened to the original reptilian jaw hinge? Became inner ear 78. How did the new dentary hinge help mammals? Better hearing=better predator/escape 79. T/F Monotreme eggs resemble bird eggs. F-reptilian 80. What is the name of the pouch of metatherians or marsupials? Marsupium – 81. T/F Marsupials have viviparity. T 82. What makes bones hard? Ossification, calcium carbonate 83. Compare and contrast endochondral and membranous bones. e-replace cartilage, ossified, most common. M-no precursor, facial, cranium 84. T/F Turtles have an exoskeleton. F pseudoexoskeleton 85. What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support, muscle attachment, protection 86. T/F bone is a living tissue. True 87. What are the components of the skeletal system? (2) axial, appendicular 88. What specializations of the appendicular skeleton were discussed in class? Variation in length- longer length in runners, big stride. Shorter- lower center of gravity 89. T/F Adults can increase the number of skeletal muscle cells. F only size 90. Why are intercalated disks important/helpful? Coordinate for simultaneous pump 91. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers? sarcolemma 92. What are the two types of muscle myofilaments and what protein do they possess? Myosin-thick - myosin, actin-thin-actin 93. What is the name of the nerves that control skeletal muscle? Motor neurons 94. Where does energy for muscle contraction come from? Atp, can be made from adp + creatine phosphate 95. What is the name for fish muscle? myomeres 96. What is the difference between fast and slow muscle? Fast-can sustain long period w/o fatigue-flight, slow can sustain long contractions-posture 97. What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system? Transport(gases, nutrients, hormones), maintain internal _________, temperature 98. Name the two components of the circulatory system Blood vascular system, lymphatic system 99. Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria? Pumps out into the arteries more muscle 100. What components can be found in plasma? Water, nutrients, salts, hormones, proteins wastes 101. What are the names for the 3 types of blood cells? Erythrocytes:rbc, leucocytes:wbc, thrombocytes:not in mammals(we have platelets) blood clotters 102. What is the function of the lymphatic system? Filter waste and produce antibiotics 103. What is a portal vein? Carries from one organ to another – passes through 2 capillary beds 104. ____________takes blood to liver. Hepatic portal 105. Vertebrates have an open or closed circulatory system? Closed 106. __________takes blood to kidneys. Renal portal 107. __________sac that collects blood before entering atrium in fish. Sinus venosus 108. Describe the heart of an amphibian. 2 atria and 1 ventricle. 109. How is the amphibian (and reptile) circulatory system more advanced than the fish circulatory system? Little mixing of O2 rich and poor 110. ___________circuit taking oxygen-poor blood to lungs and back to heart. Pulmonary 111. ___________circuit taking oxygen-rich blood to body and back. Systemic pathway 112. After returning to the body, the blood flows into the _________ atrium? right 113. T/F All reptiles have 3 heart chambers. F crocs have 4 114. What is positive pressure breathing and what animals displays this? a. draw air in, force into lungs, frogs, toads 115. What are the 3 types of respiratory systems? a. Cutaneous, gills, lungs 116. How does gas exchange occur in the gills? a. Water moves past lamellae, gas exchange occurs 117. What type of flow do gills utilize to get twice the amount of oxygen? a. Counter-current flow 118. True / False lungs are only found in terrestrial vertebrates. False – lungfish 119. How do lungs assist with terrestrial life? a. Prevent dessication by housing inside body and keeping moist 120. Why/how does gas exchange occur in lungs? (or the gills?) a. High diffusion gradient due to high O2 in air (or water for gills) 121. What role does hemoglobin play in respiration? i. Protein found in red blood cells with affinity for oxygen, b. How is oxygen uptake affected by exercise? i. CO2 in blood: more CO2 in blood (exercise), creates lower pH, lowers affinity for O2 by blood, allowing cells to take up O2 122. Many lobe-finned fishes, olfactory sac leads to what? a. internal nares 123. Most reptiles respire using the lungs, but also three other types. a. Cutaneous, pharyngeal, cloacal 124. Mammalian respiration works by what type of pressure system. a. Negative pressure 125. How are diving mammals able to dive for extended periods of time? a. Myoglobin is Oxygen storing protein muscles and can store lots of O2 in blood and muscles. Can store/take-in twice the amount of oxygen/kg of body weight (compared to humans), they swim using minimum muscle effort and use buoyancy, can cut off blood supply to muscles, and Derive ATP from fermentation rather than respiration 126. How do locomotion and respiration work together/against each other in mammals and reptiles? a. Lizard running: sprawling locomotion with axial bending and Dog running: Front limbs, back limbs more coordinated b. Lizard: respiration effectively stops during running: air passed from left – right lung and Dog: Can still respire during running