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SI A Ecl 365 Test Review
1. Name 4 characteristics of a chordate
a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post-anal tail.
2.
3 subphylums of chordata?
a. Subphylum Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata
3.
What is Paedomorphosis?
a. retention of larval characteristics into adulthood
4. Evolutionary features of vertebrates
a. Living internal skeleton
b. Tie between pharynx and respiration
c. Good nervous system
d. Paired limbs
5.
Systematics and taxonomy?
a. Systematics - the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms, and discovering their
evolutionary relationships
i. Describing, naming, and classifying organisms
ii. Includes several steps, including classifying organisms, providing names for organisms
and groups of organisms (and arranging them in some logical order)
b. Taxonomy: Providing names for the groups of organisms
6. Carolus Linnaeus provided the scientific world with:
a. Systema naturae
b. Binomial nomenclature
c. hierarchical classification
7. What was Aristotelian essentialism and how does it relate to this course?
a. It dominated before Darwin (1859)
b. Species were considered eternal, immutable, and discrete
c. A few convenient morphological characters (‘essential traits’) were used to classify species
(e.g. animals with blood vs animals without blood)
d. Observed variation among individuals treated as aberrations around a type (idealized) form for
the species
e.
8. Published Evolution by Natural Selection
a. Charles Darwin
9.
Components of natural selection.
a. More individuals are born each generation than can survive & reproduce
b. There is trait variation among individuals
c. At least some of this trait variation is heritable
d. Trait differences are tied to fitness (i.e. some individuals have a better chance of surviving and
reproducing due to their particular traits)
10. Is natural selection random?
a. No – selection of most fit mutations
b. Mutations are random, not selection
11. Difference between anology and homology.
a. Related species should have similar characteristics
b. Based on homology (similarities due to shared ancestry) not analogy (similarities not from
shared ancestry: convergent evolution)
12. Allopatric speciation?
a. Geographic separation
13. What is Vicariant speciation?
a. Original population becomes separated (e.g. river formation, mountain rise, glacial advance)
14. What is founder effect?
a. Few individuals move far out of normal range and found a new population (rare event)
15. Are founder representative of original population?
a. Founders might not be representative of original population
b. Different conditions in each area and small size of new population favors divergent evolution
c. Often associated with colonizing islands
16. What is sympatric speciation?
a. Speciation sometimes occurs without geographical isolation; new species forms within the
range of parent species
17. What are the two forms of sympatric speciation and how are they different?
a. Ecological segregation
i. Species live in the same area, but segregate relative to specific habitat types
b. Genetic (e.g., chromosome changes)
i. Involves polyploidy – offspring getting one or more extra full sets of chromosomes (by
mistake in meiosis)
ii. Most offspring die; some live allowing the instantaneous formation of a new species
iii. Very common in plants and insects
iv. Rare among vertebrates, seen in a few fish, amphibians, and reptiles
18. Earliest group of fish – jawless, no paired fins, no vertebral column, this superclass is not a true
taxonomic group.
a. Agnatha
19. What are the two extant classes of jawless fish.
a. Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi
20. This fish is eel-like, jawless, has slime glands, has no stomach, is a decomposer and deep marine
species.
a. Hagfish or Myxini
b. Follow up question!! Are these true vertebrates? NO
21. This fish is jawless, scaleless, has no paired fins, and filter feed as larvae; adults either do not feed or
feed via parasitic rasping into fish.
a. Cephalaspidomorphi or lampreys
22. There are many forms of this jawless fish, which are now extinct, but they are grouped under one name.
They have a covering of dermal bone forming armored carapace (sometimes with smaller plates or
scales). What is the group name?
a. Ostracoderms
23. This superclass evolved a hinged jaw and paired limbs.
a. Gnathostomata
24. This adds stability during locomotion and is the source of tetrapod limbs.
a. Paired Fins
25. This class includes animals with cartilaginous skeleton, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, and, sharks,
skates, and rays.
a. Chrondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
26. This class lived during the second half of the Paleozoic and includes characteristics such as toothed
jaws, heterocercal tails, a vertebral column, and multiple sets of paired fins.
a. Acanthodia
27. Half of the living vertebrates belong to this class.
a. Osteichthyes
28. This is a pouch from the esophagus with air volume regulated for buoyancy. It does not appear until
Class Osteichthyes.
a. Swim bladder
29. This subclass includes ray-finned fishes and the infraclasses: Chondrostei and Neopterygii.
a. Actinopterygii
30. This class is the oldest group of osteichthyes, are lobe finned, and a precursor to tetrapods.
a. Sarcopterygii
31. This order of Sarcopterygii were common during the Devonian and are termed a ‘living fossil’
a. Coelocanthiformes
32. Fish in this order are the closest living relatives of tetrapods and fall under the class Sarcopterygii.
a. Ceratodontomorpha
33. Ceratodontomorpha (lung fish) form a cocoon during dry periods and do this in mud.
a. Aestivate
34. List and describe the 3 types of fish scales:
Placoid-from mesoderm/composed dentine, ganoid-composed of bone. Cycloid/ctenoid- outer layer of
bone/thin layer connective tissue
35. What caused the predatory lifestyle to begin?
Hinged jaws….wider prey types
36. When was the age of the fishes?
a. Devonian
37. What are the three extant orders of Amphibians?
Gymnophiona-caecilians, caudate/salamanders, anura/frogs and toads
38. What does amphibian mean?
2 lives
39. What is a double breather?
a. had both gills and open air passageways: external nares
b. Internal nares (choanae) opening at back of nose connecting nasal passage to throat and lungs
c. Osteolopiforms: Transitional Fish
40. What are the 3 theories about why fish moved to land?
Predation hypothesis, Food hypothesis, competitive avoidance
41. What does Lissamphibia mean?
Modern ampibians
42. What is the Age of Amphibians?
carboniferous
43. Name the characteristics of amphibians:
Terrestrial, aquatic or both. Legless or gilled larval stage. Smooth/permeable skin.
Oviparous.
Egg w/o shell.
44. What order of amphibians do not metamorphasize?
Caudata/salamanders/Urodela
45. What is an example of a stem tetrapod?
Acanthostega and Ichthyostega
46. What is the amphibian missing link with both fish and tetrapod characteristics and has a fin with a wrist?
a. Tiktaalik
47. What was so interesting about Tiktaalik?
a. Scientists predicted location of it (transitional amphibian).
48. What are three problems associated with terrestrial life?
Gravity – skeleton must now support weight
Locomotion – propulsion must change (more use of limbs)
Breathing – Oxygen more concentrated in air than water, but gills function poorly in air and desiccate
quickly
Feeding – must use jaws, teeth, and tongue to secure food (suction feeding not sufficient)
Reproduction – eggs desiccate quickly
Outer covering – desiccation
Pumping blood (gravity constraints)
Sensory systems (air and water conduct differently)
49. This order of Amphibians is legless and tailless, burrow underground, and retain a few neck scales.
a. Gymnophiona
50. This order of Amphibians are legged and do not metamorphize.
a. Caudata
51. This order of Amphibians have large rear legs, metamorphize, and do not have a tail as adults.
a. Anura
52. When is the "Age of Reptiles?"
mesozioc
53. What is temporal fenestration? What purpose does it serve?
Openings in temporal bones. Greater jaw musculature, lighten skull w/o compromising strength,
improve alignment, muscle expansion during contraction
54. What are the names of the groups with different forms of temporal fenestrae? (three)
Anapsid-none, synapsid-1, diapsid-2
55. What is the major evolutionary difference between amphibians and reptiles?
a. Amniotic egg
56. What reptile is considered a living fossil and is found in New Zealand?
a. Order sphenodonta – tuataras
57. Name the orders of reptiles
a. Testudines – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Sphenodonta– tuatara, Crocodilia –
alligators and crocodiles
58. What is an example of an animal displaying anapsid skull fenestration? Turtles
a. What about synapsid and diapsid?
i. Mammals and most reptiles
59. Why is the amniotic egg significant?
Break tie to water, can be strictly terrestrial
60. What is the name for the top and bottom of the turtle shell?
Dorsal-carapace, bottom-plastron
61. What are the three traditional suborders of Order Squamata?
Lacertilia(lizards), serpents(snakes), amphisbaenia(worm lizards)
62. Today, this traditional group is recognized to be included in two phylogenetic groups: Iguania and
Scleroglossa.
63. What is a patagium?
Found in some lizards, mammals- skin for gliding
64. Name the characteristics of reptiles.
Amniotic egg, impermeable skin, ectothermic homeotherms, no larval stage, scales of keratin, breathe
via lungs, 3 chambered heart(birds n crocs have 4)
65. T/F Reptiles form a monophyletic group. False
66. T/F Birds form a monophyletic group. true
67. True / False Birds are second in diversity. True – 1st = osteichthyes
68. Why might feathers have developed?
a. Flight, thermoregulation, protection from solar radiation
69. Name 3 adaptations for flight.
a. One ovary/ reduced gonads in off season
b. Hollow bones, loss of teeth, rapid digestion
70. How many heart chambers do birds have? 4
71. What was the first true bird and revealed the link between dinosaurs and birds.
Archaeopteryx
72. What is special about a bird's respiratory system? flow-through
73. What was the first group of reptiles to have feathers? dromeosaurs
74. How else were they bird-like? Keeled sternum, arms capable of flapping, fused clavicle(furcula)
75. T/F Feathers were derived from scales? True
76. What are the three theories about flight evolution?
a. Arboreal- jump-glide-fly…increase distance, break fall. Cursorial I- ground up run jump
fly…wings propel forward-not ture. Cursorial II- refined, flap 2 subdue prey. Cursorial III –
run on water, lighten load – basilisk lizard
77. ___________: fused clavical furcula
78.
79. ___________: egg-laying oviparous
80. ___________: one temporal fenestre synapsid
81. ___________: flightless birds with Gonduana distribution, possibly the basal group of birds ratites
82. What are the characteristics of mammals?
Hair, mammary glands, endothermic homeotherms, 4 ch heart, single lower jaw bone, diphyodonty, 3
earossicles, heterodont dentition, viviparity
83. Therapsids have been found in both warm and cool environments. Why is this significant? Higher
metabolic rates, greater dispersal ability, endothermic
84. What is the most widely accepted mammalian characteristic?
a. Squamosal-dentary jaw articulation
85. Where is embryonic development completed in a eutherian?
a. Uterus – have true placenta that joins to the mother.
86. What are the three groups of mammals?
a. Monotremata, metatheria, eutheria
87. Which mammalian group lays eggs?
a. Monotremata
88. Mammals are derived from what group?
a. Synapsid reptiles
89. What is diphyodonty?
a. Having two sets of teeth (decidous and permanent)
90. What does the nasolacrimal duct suggest about stem mammmals?
Secreted oil for preening fur…suggests hair
91. What are the three most significant changes that occurred during the shift between reptiles and
mammals? Jaw articulation(squamosal dentary, 1 lower jaw bones), inner ear(greater hearing range),
locomotion(limbs under body, support, speed, breathing)
92. True / False Fish vertebrae do no interlock?
a. true
93. What happened to the original reptilian jaw hinge?
Became inner ear
94. How did squamosal-dentary jaw articulation help mammals?
Improved hearing, allowed other jaw bones to sense vibrations
95. T/F Monotreme eggs resemble bird eggs. F-reptilian
96. What is the name of the pouch of metatherians or marsupials? Marsupium
97. T/F Marsupials exhibit viviparity. True
98. What makes bones hard?
Ossification, calcium carbonate
99. Compare and contrast endochondral and membranous bones.
e-replace cartilage, ossified, most common. M-membrane precursor, facial, cranium
100. T/F Turtles have an exoskeleton. F pseudoexoskeleton
101. What is the name of a cartilage cell, which is surrounded by a gel-like material made of protein and
fiber?
a. Chondrocyte
102. What are two main innovations in the skeleton in terms of locomotion?
a. Swimming to walking – new niches
b. Sprawling limbs to limbs under the body
103. What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support, muscle attachment, protection
104. T/F bone is a living tissue. True
105. What are the components of the skeletal system? (2) axial, appendicular
106. What specializations of the appendicular skeleton were discussed in class?
Variation in length- longer length in runners, big stride. Shorter- lower center of gravity
107. What are 3 functions of the muscular system?
a. Locomotion, Eating and digestion, Circulation of blood, Breathing, Communication-talking,
touching, etc.
108. Name the three types of muscle.
a. Cardiac, smooth, skeletal.
109. T/F Adults can increase the number of skeletal muscle cells. F only size
110. What is hypertrophy? Increasing cell size
111. Why are intercalated disks important/helpful?
Coordinate for simultaneous contraction
112. True / False Muscles can both pull and push?
a. False – pull only
113. What connects muscles to bones?
a. Tendons
114. Put the following in order, (i.e. several blank make one blank).
a. MyofilamentMyofibrilFibersfascicles whole muscle
115. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers?
Sarcolemma
116. What is the functional unit of muscle?
a. Sarcomere – from z-line to z-line
117. What are the two types of muscle myofilaments and what protein do they possess?
Myosin-thick - myosin, actin-thin-actin
118. What is the name of the nerves that control skeletal muscle? Motor neurons
119. What is the name for fish muscle?
myomeres
120. What is the difference between fast and slow muscle?
Fast muscle fibers make up flight muscles – for rapid burst of flight
slow muscle fibers are important – for improved resistance
121. True / False Reptiles still use lateral undulations for locomotion, but the limbs are used more for
locomotion and reptiles exhibit more muscle specialization.
a. True: Lateral undulation of body still used, but much more limb use in locomotion More
muscle specialization (for better locomotion and respiration)
122. What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?
Transport(gases, nutrients, hormones), maintain internal environment (homeostasis), temperature
123. What is the name of gene responsible for development of the septum of the heart and in which classes
is its expression higher?
a. Gene Tbx5, higher in birds, mammals
124. Name the two components of the circulatory system
Blood vascular system, lymphatic system
125. True/False Only vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
a. False
126. Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria?
Ventricles pump into the arteries, have more muscle
127. How are arteries different from veins?
a. Arteries carry blood from heart; walls have connective tissue and thick smooth muscle for
pushing blood to tissues
b. carry blood back to heart, tend to be larger diameter than arteries, but have thinner walls
128. Starting from the heart and ending with the heart, name the types of blood vessels blood passes
through. ArteriesArteriolesCapillariesVenulesVeins
129. What type of blood cells have hemoglobin?
a. Erythrocytes or rbc
130. What components can be found in plasma, name 3?
Water, nutrients, salts, hormones, proteins wastes
131. What are the names for the 3 types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes:rbc, leucocytes:wbc, thrombocytes:not in mammals(we have platelets) blood clotters
132. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Filter waste and produce antibiotics
133. Vertebrates have an open or closed circulatory system? Closed
134. __________sac that collects blood before entering atrium in fish. Sinus venosus
135. Describe the heart of an amphibian. 2 atria and 1 ventricle.
136. What is a difference between the fish and amphibian circulatory system, specifically the heart – not the
number of chambers?
a. No O2 poor and rich blood mixing in fish circulatory system
137. After returning to the body, the blood flows into the _________ atrium (in species with more than one
atrium)? right
138. T/F All reptiles have 3 heart chambers. F crocs have 4
139. True / False lungs are only found in terrestrial vertebrates. False – lungfish
140. How do lungs assist with terrestrial life?
a. Prevent dessication by housing inside body and keeping moist
141. What role does hemoglobin play in respiration?
i. Protein found in red blood cells with affinity for oxygen,
142. Many lobe-finned fishes, olfactory sac leads to what?
a. internal nares
Tie Breakers:
What are the four flight hypotheses and describe each.
Hypothesis
Type
Ancestors
Arboreal
Trees-down
Tree climbing
dinosaurs
Cursorial I
Ground-up
Predators,
bipedal runners
Cursorial II
Ground-up
Predators,
bipedal runners
Cursorial III
Ground/water-up
Ran across water
Fill out phylogenetic tree
Development
Comments
Leapt between
trees, structures
that increased
distance, break
falls
Wings flapped
for speed, lighten
load
Flapped/grabbed
at prey with
arms, took
weight from feet
Increase lift and
lighten load;
forward
propulsion
Most Supported
Insufficient, would
need greater traction
for speed