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Energy Revision Notes Energy - You have to know: 1. The 8 TYPES of energy (remember MACHELPS): Movement Atomic Chemical Heat Electrical Light Potential Sound 2. Different renewable/non-renewable energy resources: Renewable Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass Hydroelectric Wave Non-Renewable Coal Oil Gas Nuclear 3. You should also know advantages and disadvantages of different types of source (e.g. that wind is renewable (advantage) but not able to be used everywhere (disadvantage). 4. The three fossil fuels are coal, oil and gas. They are called fossil fuels as they are made from dead plants and animals that have been fossilised over millions of years. 5. Energy is never created or destroyed – it is only changed from one type into another. States of Matter - You have to know: 1. Solid, liquid and gas are the three states of matter. 2. The arrangements of molecules in the three states of matter: 3. You should also know about the different states of water: 4. Chemicals (like water), will change state if they lose or gain heat energy. Heat – You have to know: 1. Heat passes through solids by CONDUCTION, like demonstrated in the drawing pins and Vaseline experiment. The pins fell off one by one as heat moved (through conduction) along the copper rod. 2. When particles in a solid are heated they vibrate. As they do so, they pass these vibrations onto other particles, allowing the heat to travel through the solid. 3. Conductors allow heat to transfer through them easily. Insulators do not allow heat to transfer through them easily. Conductors Copper Silver Aluminium Tin Gold Insulators Rubber Glass Cork Wood Air Plastic 4. Heat travels through liquids and gases by CONVECTION, like in the dye crystals experiment. The dye from the crystals spread through the water as heat rose (by convection). 5. A convection current is the rising of hot liquid/gas. It is best demonstrated with the “Mining Shaft” experiment: The hot air above the candle rises through the chimney. Cool air is pulled down into the other chimney, allowing a regular flow of fresh air inside the “mining shaft”. 6. A house owner can save a lot of money and the environment by having a properly insulated house: Electricity – You have to know: 1. Electricity is the flow of tiny charge particles called electrons. 2. There are two types of electric charge – positive and negative. Electrons are NEGATIVELY charged. 3. The van de Graaff generator is a machine that creates static electricity. It stores negative charges on its dome and these can be passed onto people when it is touched, causing their hair to stand up. 4. An electrical current is a flow of negative charges (electrons). This always flows from the negative end of a battery to the positive end. 5. These are the circuit symbols that you need to know: 6. An ammeter is used to measure current; a voltmeter is used to measure voltage. 7. There are two types of circuit; series and parallel: Series There is only ONE path for the current to take in a series circuit. The current is the same at all points. In a series circuit with more than one bulb, if one bulb breaks all of the bulbs will go OFF (like in Christmas lights). Parallel There is MORE THAN one path for the current to take in a parallel circuit. The current is the same at all points. In a parallel circuit with more than one bulb, if one bulb breaks the other bulbs will still work (like the lights in your house). 8. A cell is a component that turns CHEMICAL energy in to ELECTRICAL energy. 9. You can make a simple cell using the following experiment: 10. It is important to use magnesium and copper as these give the highest voltages. Climate Change – You have to know: 1. It is important that we do not waste energy. When we go about our normal lives, things like cars and power stations release huge quantities of CARBON DIOXIDE into the air. 2. When carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere, it creates a “blanket” effect which stops heat escaping from the Earth. This is called the Greenhouse effect. 3. Climate change can cause the ice caps to melt and droughts to take place. It can also cause hugely increased rainfall in some countries, leading to flooding. Other – You have to know: 1. How do draw a bar graph (remember an even scale on both axis, labels on each axis and accurately drawn points). 2. How to calculate the mean. 3. How to interpret pie charts.