Download Forces Revision Notes

Energy Revision Notes
Energy - You have to know:
1. The 8 TYPES of energy (remember MACHELPS):
Movement
Atomic
Chemical
Heat
Electrical
Light
Potential
Sound
2. Different renewable/non-renewable energy resources:
Renewable
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydroelectric
Wave
Non-Renewable
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
3. You should also know advantages and disadvantages of different
types of source (e.g. that wind is renewable (advantage) but not
able to be used everywhere (disadvantage).
4. The three fossil fuels are coal, oil and gas. They are called fossil
fuels as they are made from dead plants and animals that have
been fossilised over millions of years.
5. Energy is never created or destroyed – it is only changed from one
type into another.
States of Matter - You have to know:
1. Solid, liquid and gas are the three states of matter.
2. The arrangements of molecules in the three states of matter:
3. You should also know about the different states of water:
4. Chemicals (like water), will change state if they lose or gain heat
energy.
Heat – You have to know:
1. Heat passes through solids by CONDUCTION, like demonstrated in
the drawing pins and Vaseline experiment. The pins fell off one by
one as heat moved (through conduction) along the copper rod.
2. When particles in a solid are heated they vibrate. As they do so,
they pass these vibrations onto other particles, allowing the heat
to travel through the solid.
3. Conductors allow heat to transfer through them easily. Insulators
do not allow heat to transfer through them easily.
Conductors
Copper
Silver
Aluminium
Tin
Gold
Insulators
Rubber
Glass
Cork
Wood
Air
Plastic
4. Heat travels through liquids and gases by CONVECTION, like in
the dye crystals experiment. The dye from the crystals spread
through the water as heat rose (by convection).
5. A convection current is the rising of hot liquid/gas. It is best
demonstrated with the “Mining Shaft” experiment:
The hot air above the candle rises through the chimney. Cool air is
pulled down into the other chimney, allowing a regular flow of fresh
air inside the “mining shaft”.
6. A house owner can save a lot of money and the environment by
having a properly insulated house:
Electricity – You have to know:
1. Electricity is the flow of tiny charge particles called electrons.
2. There are two types of electric charge – positive and negative.
Electrons are NEGATIVELY charged.
3. The van de Graaff generator is a machine that creates static
electricity. It stores negative charges on its dome and these can
be passed onto people when it is touched, causing their hair to
stand up.
4. An electrical current is a flow of negative charges (electrons). This
always flows from the negative end of a battery to the positive
end.
5. These are the circuit symbols that you need to know:
6. An ammeter is used to measure current; a voltmeter is used to
measure voltage.
7. There are two types of circuit; series and parallel:
Series
There is only ONE path for the current to take in a series circuit. The
current is the same at all points.
In a series circuit with more than one bulb, if one bulb breaks all of
the bulbs will go OFF (like in Christmas lights).
Parallel
There is MORE THAN one path for the current to take in a parallel
circuit. The current is the same at all points.
In a parallel circuit with more than one bulb, if one bulb breaks the
other bulbs will still work (like the lights in your house).
8. A cell is a component that turns CHEMICAL energy in to
ELECTRICAL energy.
9. You can make a simple cell using the following experiment:
10. It is important to use magnesium and copper as these give the
highest voltages.
Climate Change – You have to know:
1. It is important that we do not waste energy. When we go about our
normal lives, things like cars and power stations release huge
quantities of CARBON DIOXIDE into the air.
2. When carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere, it creates a “blanket”
effect which stops heat escaping from the Earth. This is called the
Greenhouse effect.
3. Climate change can cause the ice caps to melt and droughts to take
place. It can also cause hugely increased rainfall in some countries,
leading to flooding.
Other – You have to know:
1. How do draw a bar graph (remember an even scale on both axis,
labels on each axis and accurately drawn points).
2. How to calculate the mean.
3. How to interpret pie charts.