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CHAPTER TWO
Systems of the Body
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The body’s physiological response so that it maintains a stable internal state is
called
a. coping
b. adaptation
c. homeostasis
d. synaptic transmission
e. equilibrium
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 29
Skill: recall
2. The nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord is called the
a. peripheral nervous system
b. central nervous system
c. afferent nervous system
d. efferent nervous system
e. somatic nervous system
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 30
Skill: recall
3. After exercising for twenty minutes, Mary notices that her heart rate has increased
and she is sweating slightly. In this example, the homeostatic response of
sweating occurs because
a. Mary’s core temperature is elevated and she needs to cool down
b. Mary is exercising and she needs to maintain an above normal body
temperature to get the most benefit
c. Mary is psychologically aroused
d. Mary is breathing too rapidly and she needs to slow down
e. Mary’s psychological experience has activated the circulatory system
Answer: a
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 29
Skill: applied
16
4. Adjustments required by the body to maintain homeostasis are
a. Short-term only
b. Long-term only
c. Short-term and rapid only
d. Long-term and rapid only
e. Short-term and rapid, or long-term
Answer: e
Difficulty: easy
Page: 29
Skill: recall
5. James has been demonstrating high levels of anger in response to situations that
are really very minor irritants. If this pattern continues, James’ blood pressure
may become elevated and his homeostatic system would
a. be antagonized by the psychological state of anger
b. become overactive
c. become irrelevant to the psychological response
d. fail to operate
e. activate the flight or fight response
Answer: a
Difficulty: difficult
Page: 29
Skill: applied
6. It is important to remember that synaptic transmission and psychological state
a. are unrelated in most cases
b. have a reciprocal relationship, each influencing the other
c. are only related in cases of multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis
d. are positively correlated
e. are negatively correlated
Answer: b
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 29
Skill: applied
7. The autonomic nervous system consists of the
a. peripheral and central nervous system
b. somatic and peripheral nervous system
c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
d. somatic and sympathetic nervous system
e. peripheral and parasympathetic nervous system
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 35
Skill: recall
17
8. Meningitis is best described as
a. an inflammation of the brain
b. a bacterial infection of the brain and spinal cord
c. an infection of the fluid protecting the brain and spinal cord
d. a viral infection of the meninges
e. an infection of the brain resulting in irreversible brain damage
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 31
Skill: recall
9. Which of the following is not a function of glial cells in the central nervous
system?
a. Provide the support system for neurons
b. Provide nourishment to the neurons
c. Help maintain neurons in proper physical orientation
d. Act as sentinels for materials that enter the brain via the bloodstream
e. Make up 90 percent of the cells in the central nervous system
Answer: d
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 31
Skill: recall
10. Viral and bacterial meningitis differ in that
a. bacterial meningitis (but not viral) can result in death
b. viral meningitis (but not bacterial) can result in brain damage
c. viral meningitis (but not bacterial) can result in hearing loss
d. viral meningitis (but not bacterial) can result in learning disabilities
e. bacterial (but not viral) often resolves itself without treatment
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 32
Skill: recall
11. The part of the brain responsible for controlling basic functions such as breathing
is called the
a. cerebellum
b. brain stem
c. thalamus
d. hypothalamus
e. cerebral cortex
Answer: b
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 32
Skill: recall
18
12. Pierre was recently admitted to the hospital with a high fever, headache and stiff
neck. To confirm a diagnosis of meningitis, the attending physician took a
sample of spinal fluid. The test is called a
a. Lumbar puncture
b. Stress test
c. Immunosuppression test
d. Hepatitis B test
e. Blood-brain barrier test
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 32
Skill: applied
13. Joshua, a first year university student, was diagnosed with viral meningitis. His
worried parents can expect that
a. Joshua may have brain damage as a result
b. Joshua may have a resulting learning disability
c. Joshua may not recover from the infection
d. Joshua will never contract meningitis again
e. Joshua will recover fully
Answer: e
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 32
Skill: applied
14. The portion of the brain that initiates the stress response in both the nervous
system and the endocrine system is the
a. brain stem
b. cerebellum
c. thalamus
d. hypothalamus
e. cerebral cortex
Answer: d
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 32
Skill: recall
15. Eleanor was in a car accident and suffered damage to her frontal lobes. Since that
time she has had difficulty
a. processing sensory information except for hearing and vision
b. processing visual information
c. processing auditory information
d. processing language
e. processing all sensory information
Answer: d
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 33
Skill: applied
19
16. Mei-Lein recently suffered a stroke (cardiovascular accident) and is paralyzed on
the left side of her body. The damage to the brain most likely occurred
a. in the motor cortex in the left hemisphere
b. in the motor cortex in the right hemisphere
c. in the sensory cortex in the left hemisphere
d. in the sensory cortex in the right hemisphere
e. in the cerebellum
Answer: b
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 34
Skill: applied
17. Alice was diagnosed as having a cerebral vascular accident or stroke and is no
longer able to talk, although she seems to understand when others speak to her.
She most likely suffered damage to
a. the motor cortex
b. the sensory cortex
c. hypothalamus
d. Broca’s area
e. Wernicke’s area
Answer: d
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 33
Skill: applied
18. Rajeev was injured in a diving accident where he damaged the vertebrae in his
neck as well as his spinal cord. A psychologist is helping Rajeev cope with some
of the problems related to his
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
difficulty in moving the right side of his body
difficulty in moving the left side of his body
difficulty in moving all four limbs
difficulty in moving his legs
difficulty speaking
Answer: c
Difficulty: challenging
Pages: 35
Skill: applied
19. Sensory afferents carry sensory information
a. directly to the brain
b. to the spinal cord
c. directly to the brain and via the spinal cord
d. from the brain to the spinal cord
e. directly to the spinal cord and then to the brain
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 34
Skill: recall
20
20. The part of the brain that functions as the central control mechanism for
homeostasis is the
a. cerebellum
b. brain stem
c. hypothalamus
d. thalamus
e. sensory cortex
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 32
Skill: recall
21. Ischemic stroke describes a specific form of cardiovascular disease in which
a. blood flow to the brain is blocked
b. a blood vessel in the brain ruptures
c. a blood vessel in the heart ruptures
d. blood flow to the heart is blocked
e. blood flow to the contralateral side of the body is blocked
Answer: a
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 34
Skill: recall
22. Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke are both examples of
a. coronary heart disease
b. spinal cord injuries
c. cerebrovascular accidents
d. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
e. autonomic nervous system dysfunction
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 34
Skill: recall
23. The efferent pathways of the peripheral nervous system that operate voluntarily
are the responsibility of the
a. central nervous system
b. autonomic nervous system
c. somatic nervous system
d. parasympathetic nervous system
e. sympathetic nervous system
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 34
Skill: recall
21
24. Zara is very anxious about her history midterm. On the day of the midterm, she
feels queasy, has butterflies in her stomach and doesn’t feel like eating breakfast.
Zara is experiencing
a. the sympathetic nervous system overriding the parasympathetic nervous
system
b. the parasympathetic nervous system overriding the sympathetic nervous
system
c. the autonomic nervous system overriding the central nervous system
d. the central nervous system overriding the autonomic nervous system
e. the peripheral nervous system overriding the central nervous system
Answer: a
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 35
Skill: applied
25. Alexei just competed in a 100 meter dash at his high school. As soon as the race
was over he could feel his heart rate and respiratory rate slowing down. Alexei is
experiencing the effects of the _______________ nervous system which is
calming the body down after the fight or flight response needed for the race.
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. central
d. somatic
e. peripheral
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 35
Skill: applied
26. The main distinction between the nervous system and the endocrine system
response is that
a. the nervous system exhibits slower responding than the endocrine system
b. the endocrine system specializes in long term control
c. the nervous system is under voluntary control
d. the endocrine system is under voluntary control
e. the nervous system but not the endocrine system helps to control growth
and metabolism
Answer: b
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 35
Skill: recall
27. The main control centres for the endocrine system are the
a. hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
b. thyroid and the adrenal gland
c. hypothalamus and the adrenal gland
d. pituitary and the thyroid gland
e. pancreas and the pituitary gland
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 35
Skill: recall
22
28. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the __________ to produce
_____________.
a. adrenal gland; growth hormone
b. pituitary gland; cortisol
c. adrenal gland; cortisol
d. hypothalamus; insulin
e. pancreas; insulin
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 35
Skill: recall
29. The first line of defence in the immune system’s fight against antigens is the
a. hypothalamus
b. blood brain barrier
c. skin and mucous membranes
d. production of antibodies
e. specific immune system
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 37
Skill: recall
30. The three aspects necessary for effective specific immune function are
a. memory, tolerance and specificity
b. memory, motility and inoculation
c. inoculation, memory, histamine
d. inoculation, memory, tolerance
e. acquisition, memory, tolerance
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 37
Skill: recall
31. Jack and Sylvia traveled to Cancun together. Sylvia had never been there before
although Jack had made several trips to the area. After drinking the water, Sylvia
became very ill while Jack did not. Sylvia likely became ill because she
a. is lacking non specific immunity
b. is lacking specific B lymphocytes
c. has specific antibodies to pathogens in the water
d. has an autoimmune disease
e. has over reactive natural-killer cells
Answer: b
Difficulty: moderate
Page 37
Skill: applied
23
32. The process whereby antibodies are produced by memory B cells when exposed
to a specific previously encountered antigen is called
a. immunosuppression
b. interleukin production
c. seroconversion
d. non-specific immunity
e. tolerance
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 38
Skill: recall
33. The cells that produce substances called interleukins that speed the division of B
lymphocyte cells are called
a. Memory B-cells
b. Helper T-cells
c. Suppressor T-cells
d. Natural killer cells
e. Non-specific B-cells
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 38
Skill: recall
34. Every time Joan goes to the doctor, he takes her blood pressure. She insists that,
although she is eighty, her blood pressure is fine. Joan probably does not realize
that high blood pressure is
a. asymptomatic
b. the same as hypotension
c. easy to cure
d. a symptom of autoimmune disease
e. caused from arrhythmia
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 41
Skill: applied
35. Cardiac arrhythmia can be brought on by all of the following except
a. anxiety
b. lack of sleep
c. caffeine
d. alcohol
e. excessive sleep
Answer: e
Difficulty: easy
Page: 41
Skill: recall
24
36. The left side of the heart muscle is thicker and stronger because
a. it is responsible for pulmonary circulation
b. it is pumping blood to the entire body
c. systole is higher
d. diastole is higher
e. there are more contractile cells
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 40
Skill: recall
37. The contractile cells which bring about the pumping action of the heart muscle are
themselves regulated by
a. the aorta
b. the pulmonary artery
c. autorhythmic cells
d. the ventricles
e. the pulmonary capillaries
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 40
Skill: recall
38. Hypertension is generally considered to be blood pressure in excess of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
160 systolic/100 diastolic mm Hg
175 diastolic/90 systolic mm Hg
140 systolic /90 diastolic mm Hg
100 systolic /50 diastolic mm Hg
90 diastolic/ 50 systolic mm Hg
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 41
Skill: recall
39. External respiration involves all of the following except
a. Cells using oxygen (O2) and producing carbon dioxide (CO2)
b. breathing
c. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the
blood
d. the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
e. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue
Answer: a
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 42
Skill: recall
25
40. The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
largely takes place via the
a. bronchi
b. internal respiration
c. alveoli
d. lungs
e. trachea
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 42
Skill: recall
41. Smoking is the main cause of a respiratory illness which results from damaged
lung tissue causing large air pockets to be trapped in the lungs making breathing
difficult. The respiratory illness in this case is
a. upper respiratory infection
b. emphysema
c. lung cancer
d. asthma
e. pneumonia
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 43
Skill: recall
42. Laszlo was recently hospitalized with lobar pneumonia. This particular illness
causes an inflammation of the
a. bronchioles
b. pulmonary capillaries
c. upper respiratory tract
d. alveoli
e. airways
Answer: d
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 43
Skill: applied
43. The digestive tract consists of all of the following parts except the
a. salivary glands
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. large intestine
e. small intestine
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 44
Skill: recall
26
44. The accessory digestive organs include all of the following except the
a. salivary glands
b. exocrine pancreas
c. liver
d. gall bladder
e. lumen
Answer: e
Difficulty: easy
Page: 44
Skill: recall
45. The four basic processes of the digestive system are
a. motility, emesis, secretion, absorption
b. mobility, secretion, digestion, excretion
c. motility, secretion, digestion, absorption
d. absorption, digestion, secretion, excretion
e. absorption, digestion, secretion, defecation
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 44
Skill: recall
46. Vomiting (emesis) may be caused by all of the following except
a. rotation of the head
b. stimulation of the back of the throat
c. psychological factors
d. irritation of the small intestine
a. intracranial pressure
Answer: d
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 45-46 Skill: recall
47. Carmen has been suffering from bulimia nervosa. She engages in bouts of binge
eating followed by purging where she deliberately empties the stomach contents.
Carmen can produce this reflexive response by
a. thinking about all the food she just ate
b. accessing the connection between the throat stimulation and the vomit
c. centre in the brain
d. simulating intracranial pressure
e. rotation or acceleration of the head
f. remembering what it feels like to have motion sickness
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page: 46
Skill: applied
27
48. Psychological factors can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers by
a. increasing the amount of H. pylori bacteria found in the stomach
b. increasing stomach motility
c. increasing the amount of pepsin
d. decreasing the amount of mucous lining the stomach
e. decreasing the amount of H. pylori bacteria found in the stomach
Answer: c
Difficulty: easy
Page: 46
Skill: recall
49. Matt went to see his physician concerning recurrent stomach pain. The physician
prescribed antibiotics for a diagnosis of peptic ulcer. The prescribed treatment
should help because antibiotics have been shown to
a. decrease the amount of pepsin in the stomach
b. increase the amount of mucous lining the stomach
c. decrease the H. pylori bacteria
d. increase the amount of pepsin and thereby increase the speed of digestion
e. increase the H. pylori bacteria needed for digestion
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 46
Skill: applied
50. The soccer coach recommended that the team eat a meal of spaghetti one to four
hours before the game. The reason for the recommendation is that
a. motility will slow down considerably during the game
b. carbohydrates move through the digestive system more quickly
c. absorption will slow so that the energy source lasts for the entire game
d. eating protein and fats before a game could result in excessive sweating
e. eating protein and fats before a game could result in malabsorption
Answer: b
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 46-47
Skill: applied
51. The inability to efficiently absorb nutrients from the digestive system may be
caused by
a. gluten enteropathy
b. lactase intolerance
c. renal failure
d. monoglyceride formation
e. excessive tryglycerides
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page: 47
Skill: recall
28
52. The kidneys function in all of the following ways except
a. controlling extra-cellular fluids
b. controlling electrolyte balance
c. blood pressure regulation
d. elimination of toxic waste material
e. producing electrolytes
Answer: e
Difficulty: easy
Page: 48
Skill: recall
53. The part of the urinary system that stores urine until it can be excreted is the
a. urethra
b. urinary bladder
c. kidney
d. ureter
e. nephron
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page 48
Skill: recall
54. Yoko requires dialysis three times a week because of kidney failure. A health
psychologist visits her weekly during the treatment because
a. Yoko may need help coping with the challenges of kidney disease
b. Yoko is also suffering from a mental illness related to kidney disease
c. Yoko is waiting for a transplant and the health psychologist keeps her up
to date as to where she stands on the recipient list
d. Yoko is likely to refuse treatment due to its painful nature
e. Yoko needs to be advised regarding her diet when on dialysis
Answer: a
Difficulty: easy
Page 48
Skill: applied
55. A physician specializing in diseases of the kidneys is called a(n)
a. oncologist
b. nephrologists
c. kidneyologist
d. immunologist
e. internist
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page 48
Skill: recall
29
56. The one system of the body that is least concerned about homeostasis is the
a. cardiovascular system
b. renal system
c. urinary system
d. respiratory system
e. reproductive system
Answer: e
Difficulty: easy
Page: 49
Skill: applied
57. Health Canada estimates that 90 % of deaths from ____________ cancer can be
prevented by a screening test.
a. prostate
b. breast
c. cervical
d. uterine
e. ovarian
Answer: c
Difficulty: moderate
Page 51
Skill: recall
58. The part of the male reproductive system which aids in the production of sex
hormones and secretions that allow for the transport of sperm is the
a. urethra
b. prostate
c. vas deferens
d. epididymis
e. testis
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
Page 49
Skill: recall
30
Short Answer/ Essay Questions
1. Describe what is meant by homeostasis and explain why this response is
important to psychologists.
Difficulty: easy
Page: 29
Skill: recall
2. Describe the location and function of the four lobes of the brain.
Difficulty: easy
Page: 33
Skill: recall
3. Compare the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous system.
Difficulty: easy
Page: 31-35
Skill: recall
4. Describe the divisions and function of the autonomic nervous system.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 35
Skill: recall
5. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis.
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 32-35
Skill: applied
6. Describe the pathway of the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems
beginning with blood entering the left atrium.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 39-40
Skill: recall
7. The circulatory system monitors and automatically adjusts blood pressure.
Describe the elements of the system that influence blood pressure levels.
Difficulty: challenging
Page: 41
Skill: recall
8. Describe the parts of the respiratory system from the throat to the small air sacs
Difficulty: easy
Page: 41-43
Skill: recall
31
9. For each of the eight systems discussed in Chapter Two, describe why it would be
important for a psychologist to understand the function of that particular system.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 29-51
Skill: recall
10. For each of the eight systems discussed in Chapter Two, provide an example of a
disease or malfunction which results in illness.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 29-51
Skill: recall
11. Describe the four basic functions of the digestive system.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 44-47
Skill: recall
12. The renal system plays an important role in homeostasis. Describe the functions
of the kidneys and explain the importance of these functions to homeostasis.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 47-48
Skill: applied
13. Describe how urine is excreted from the urinary system.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 48
Skill: recall
14. Compare the male and female reproductive system.
Difficulty: moderate
Page: 49-50
Skill: recall
15. Describe the processes of specific immunity. How is it acquired?
Difficulty: moderate
Page 37
Skill: applied
16. What is the difference between an ischemic stroke and a hemorrhagic stroke?
Difficulty: easy
Page 34
Skill: recall
32