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Name: _______________________________________________ P1 topic 3 Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. The diagram shows a spiral galaxy and an observer, O. The spiral galaxy is rotating as well as moving away from O. The diagram is not drawn to scale. (i) Light from three stars, X, Y and Z, reaches O. The light from star Y shows red shift. Explain why the light received from star Y shows red shift. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The light received from each of the three stars, X, Y and Z, shows different amounts of red shift. Explain these differences. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q2. The Earth’s atmosphere absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The diagram shows how the amount absorbed changes with wavelength. (i) How much of the visible light from space is absorbed as it passes through our atmosphere? Put a cross ( ) in a box to show your answer. (1) A 0% B 10% C 90% D 100% (ii) Large telescopes which collect visible light to explore the Universe are usually placed near the tops of mountains. Suggest why radio telescopes do not have to be placed high up a mountain. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) One theory of the origin of the Universe predicted that there should be cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of about 1 mm. Explain why scientists had to wait until the development of space flight before they could study this radiation in detail. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) The electromagnetic radiation from most galaxies has a red-shift. Suggest why, when a galaxy has a very large red-shift, some of its visible light is not detected through the Earth’s atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q3. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. Bode, a scientist, found a rule predicting the distance of objects from the Sun. The chart shows the mean distances from the Sun predicted by Bode's rule. [Me – Mercury; V – Venus; E – Earth; Ma – Mars; A – Asteroid Belt; J – Jupiter; S – Saturn; U – Uranus; N – Neptune; P – Pluto] (i) Read, from the chart, the predicted values for the distance from the Sun to Neptune and from the Sun to Pluto. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Bode's rule works well for all objects between Mercury and Uranus. From scientific measurements, however, the actual mean distance from the Sun to Neptune is 30 A.U. Some scientists think that Neptune was not part of the original Solar System. Explain how the predicted value for Neptune supports the view of these scientists. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q4. *b While the origin of stars is well understood, there is still much debate about the origin of the Universe. Two major theories about the origin of the Universe are the Big Bang and the Steady State theories. Some evidence supports both theories. Other evidence supports only one theory. By considering the evidence, discuss why one of these theories is preferred by most scientists. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q5. A long time ago scientists thought that the Universe never changed. Now there is evidence to show that stars progress through various stages and that the Universe is expanding. (a) Our Sun is in its main sequence stage. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A star of much greater mass than the Sun will eventually become (1) A a black hole B a protostar C a red dwarf D a white dwarf (ii) Describe how the Sun reached its main sequence stage. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Scientists can estimate the age of a star. They want to find the age of the oldest star. Suggest why knowing the age of the oldest star is not enough to tell scientists the age of the Universe. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe was expanding. He did this by using observations of red-shift. Explain what red-shift is and how it provides evidence that the Universe is expanding. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Q6. This simplified diagram compares spectra of light from the Sun and two galaxies. The light from galaxy 1 and galaxy 2 both show redshift. Explain what these redshifts predict about the position and movement of the two galaxies. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q7. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. (i) Name one type of radiation that can reach the surface of the Earth from stars. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Name one type of radiation from stars that cannot be detected at the Earth's surface but can be detected using satellites. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q8. * For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe. Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q9. * Scientists believe that the Universe is expanding. Describe how careful observation of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies as well as from the whole of space gave evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q10. These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order. (2) The first stage has been done for you. . . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . . .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q11. Scientists have studied stars to discover how stars evolve. They know that stars form in a nebula when clouds of dust and gas are pulled together by gravity. Describe how this process continues for stars much more massive than the Sun. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q12. Exploring space (a) The photograph shows an Apollo 12 astronaut walking on the Moon. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Manned space crafts have landed on the Moon but have not yet landed on Mars. One of the reasons is because (1) A the Moon is closer to Earth than Mars B the Moon is closer to the Sun than Mars C Mars is closer to the Earth than the Moon D Mars is closer to the Sun than the Moon (b) A scientist compares the sizes of some objects in space. Which of these is the smallest? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Jupiter B the Milky Way galaxy C the Moon D the Sun (c) Some scientists look for signs of water on other planets. Suggest why they do this. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (d) The Earth is 150 000 000 km from the Sun. It takes light 500 s to reach the Earth from the Sun. Calculate the speed of light in km/s. (3) speed = ................................. km/s (e) The photograph was taken using a powerful telescope on Earth. It shows a nebula and many stars. (i) Explain why photographs from telescopes in space show the nebula more clearly. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust where stars are formed. A hot object forms when gas and dust in a nebula come together. Explain why the gas and dust come together and form a hot object. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q13. Stars and the Universe The photograph shows a nebula and many stars. (i) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust from which stars are formed. Describe the energy changes involved when a main sequence star forms from gas and dust. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how the mass of a main sequence star will affect what the star finally becomes. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q14. The photograph was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Some of the objects in the photograph are galaxies. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( A galaxy is a collection of ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A stars B moons C asteroids D planets (ii) The photograph was taken using visible light. Describe a benefit of using a telescope in space. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q15. Galileo’s telescope This picture shows the telescope that Galileo designed. (a) Galileo used his telescope to look at stars, planets and moons. (i) Complete the table by putting ticks ( ) in the correct boxes to show your answers. (1) statement right wrong stars are further away from the Earth than the planets the Sun and the Moon are the same size (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Galileo used his telescope to discover moons orbiting Jupiter. This helped to disprove the old theory that (1) A the Earth is at the centre of the Solar System B the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System C the Moon is at the centre of the Solar System D Jupiter is at the centre of the Solar System (b) There are two theories for the origin of the Universe: • the Big Bang Theory • the Steady State Theory. (i) Describe the evidence which supports the Big Bang Theory. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The Steady State Theory is not as widely accepted as the Big Bang Theory. Suggest a reason for this. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) When Galileo used his telescope, he observed the stars from his home in Italy. Now astronomers can study the stars using a telescope fixed to a satellite in space. (i) Describe an advantage of using a telescope that is in space rather than a telescope on the Earth. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Galileo’s telescope used a small lens to focus the light. Modern telescopes often use a large mirror instead. Explain how using a modern telescope helps astronomers to understand the Universe better. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q16. * A long time ago, astronomers thought that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. This was called the geocentric model. The evidence for this model came from observations of the sky using the naked eye. After the telescope was invented, astronomers quickly gathered evidence which showed that the geocentric model is not correct. Describe the evidence both for the geocentric model and against the geocentric model. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q17. Our Sun emits different amounts of radiation at different wavelengths. The graphs show how much radiation is measured for a given wavelength just outside the Earth's atmosphere at the Earth's surface. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The minimum wavelength of radiation received from our Sun at the Earth's surface is about (1) A 0 nm B 250 nm C 310 nm D 520 nm (ii) Name the type of radiation that has a wavelength of 800 nm. (1) ........................................................... (iii) Suggest why there is a difference in the two graphs at a wavelength of 1850 nm. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 4 marks) Q18. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Which of these is the biggest? (1) A the Solar System B a galaxy C a nebula D the Universe (b) These are four stages in the evolution of a star similar to the Sun. They are not in the correct order. 1. main sequence star 2. white dwarf 3. red giant 4. nebula Write down the stages in the correct order. (2) The first stage has been done for you. . . . . . . . . . nebula . . . . . . . . .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled. radio P Q visible light R S gamma rays State the name of part Q. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart. gamma P Q S radio visible light R rays Jodrell Hubble Compton Bank Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 12 marks) Q19. The diagram shows four moons which orbit Jupiter. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Jupiter is ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a comet B a galaxy C a planet D a universe (ii) Galileo used a new invention to observe these moons. .............................................................................................................................................. (1) Q20. Not all electromagnetic radiation coming from space reaches the Earth's surface. The diagram shows how far radiation from each part of the electromagnetic spectrum travels down through the atmosphere. * Scientists are using a variety of methods to search for life beyond Earth. Discuss the problems involved in using these methods. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q21. The table gives information about the diameters and distances of the four planets closest to the Sun. (i) Put the information about the diameter of the planets on to the bar chart. The diameter for Earth has been done for you. (2) (ii) The distance of the planets from the Sun has been given in Astronomical Units (AU). 1 AU is 150 000 000 km. Calculate the distance of Mars from the Sun in kilometres. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. Q22. This picture shows the telescope that Galileo designed. When Galileo used his telescope, he observed the stars from his home in Italy. Now astronomers can study the stars using a telescope fixed to a satellite in space. (i) Describe an advantage of using a telescope that is in space rather than a telescope on the Earth. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Galileo’s telescope used a small lens to focus the light. Modern telescopes often use a large mirror instead. Explain how using a modern telescope helps astronomers to understand the Universe better. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q23. The Sun is at the centre of our Solar System. (i) Complete the following sentence. (1) Our Solar System is near the edge of a galaxy called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When the Sun nears the end of its life it will become a (1) A black hole B neutron star C supernova D white dwarf Q24. The graph shows the amounts of radiation from the Sun, at different wavelengths, falling on the Moon and the Earth. (i) State the value of the shortest wavelength of radiation falling on the Moon's surface. (1) shortest wavelength of radiation = ........................................................... nm (ii) Name the type of radiation which has a wavelength of 800 nm. (1) ........................................................... (iii) The amount of radiation of wavelength 500 nm falling on the Earth on an area of 1 m 2 in 1 second is about 1250 J. Estimate the amount of radiation of wavelength 500 nm falling on the Earth on an area of 10 m2 in 60 s. (2) total amount of radiation = ........................................................... J (iv) Explain why the radiation from the Sun reaching the Earth's surface is different from the radiation reaching the Moon's surface. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 6 marks) Q25. Observing the Universe (a) The Earth’s atmosphere absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The diagram shows how the amount absorbed changes with wavelength. (i) How much of the visible light from space is absorbed as it passes through our atmosphere? Put a cross ( ) in a box to show your answer. (1) A 0% B 10% C 90% D 100% (ii) Large telescopes which collect visible light to explore the Universe are usually placed near the tops of mountains. Suggest why radio telescopes do not have to be placed high up a mountain. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) One theory of the origin of the Universe predicted that there should be cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of about 1 mm. Explain why scientists had to wait until the development of space flight before they could study this radiation in detail. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) The electromagnetic radiation from most galaxies has a red-shift. Suggest why, when a galaxy has a very large red-shift, some of its visible light is not detected through the Earth’s atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Scientists believe that the Universe is expanding. Describe how careful observation of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies as well as from the whole of space gave evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q26. Observing our Universe (a) The photograph was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Some of the objects in the photograph are galaxies. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( A galaxy is a collection of ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A stars B moons C asteroids D planets (ii) The photograph was taken using visible light. Describe a benefit of using a telescope in space. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) This photograph shows a line of radio telescopes. (i) Name one type of electromagnetic radiation that they can detect. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Radio telescopes are one type of modern telescope. Describe how the use of modern telescopes like these has helped our understanding of the Universe. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) The Hubble telescope has recently detected a nebula like the one in this picture. (i) State what a nebula is. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A nebula eventually becomes a star. Describe how a nebula becomes a star. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q27. The Hubble telescope has recently detected a nebula like the one in this picture. (i) State what a nebula is. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A nebula eventually becomes a star. Describe how a nebula becomes a star. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q28. In a main sequence star, fusion in the core generates thermal energy. As a result, the hydrogen and helium ions are pushed outwards. Explain why these ions do not just quickly move outwards. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 2 marks) Q29. * Describe how modern telescopes have contributed to our understanding of the Universe. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q30. The diagram shows some lines in the spectrum of light from a nearby galaxy. One of the lines is marked X. (i) Line X will be in a different position in the spectrum of light from a much more distant galaxy. Draw a line on the diagram to show a possible new position for line X in the spectrum of light from a much more distant galaxy. Label this new line Y. (1) (ii) Explain why you have drawn line Y in this position on the diagram. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q31. Explain why some telescopes are sent into space instead of being used on the surface of the Earth. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 2 marks) Q32. This photograph shows a line of radio telescopes. (i) Name one type of electromagnetic radiation that they can detect. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Radio telescopes are one type of modern telescope. Describe how the use of modern telescopes like these has helped our understanding of the Universe. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q33. (i) The chart shows the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Some parts of the spectrum have been labelled. radio P Q visible light R S gamma rays State the name of part Q. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Three telescopes using different parts of the spectrum have been added to the chart. gamma P Q S radio visible light R rays Jodrell Hubble Compton Bank Jodrell Bank is located near Manchester, whereas Hubble and Compton are in space. Explain why some telescopes are located outside the Earth's atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q34. There are two theories for the origin of the Universe: • the Big Bang Theory • the Steady State Theory. (i) Describe the evidence which supports the Big Bang Theory. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The Steady State Theory is not as widely accepted as the Big Bang Theory. Suggest a reason for this. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q35. Herschel and Hubble were astronomers who have had telescopes named after them. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The telescope named after Herschel detects infrared radiation. Herschel is a suitable name for this infrared telescope because (1) A Herschel discovered Uranus using a telescope B Herschel constructed over 400 telescopes C Herschel discovered infrared radiation D Herschel constructed this telescope (b) Both the Hubble telescope and the Moon orbit the Earth. The table gives data about these (i) What is the closest distance between the Moon and the Hubble telescope? (1) ........................................................... km (ii) Explain why the distance between the Moon and the Hubble telescope changes. You may add to this diagram to help your answer. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q36. The photograph was taken using a powerful telescope on Earth. It shows a nebula and many stars. (i) Explain why photographs from telescopes in space show the nebula more clearly. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust where stars are formed. A hot object forms when gas and dust in a nebula come together. Explain why the gas and dust come together and form a hot object. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q37. Studying stars (a) The diagram shows a spiral galaxy and an observer, O. The spiral galaxy is rotating as well as moving away from O. The diagram is not drawn to scale. (i) Light from three stars, X, Y and Z, reaches O. The light from star Y shows red shift. Explain why the light received from star Y shows red shift. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The light received from each of the three stars, X, Y and Z, shows different amounts of red shift. Explain these differences. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Compare and contrast the future evolution of our Sun with that of a star with a much larger mass. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q38. Two theories about the Universe are the Steady State Theory and The Big Bang Theory. (i) The table shows some ideas about the Universe. Which row of the table applies to the Steady State Theory? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) (ii) State the name of the discovery that persuaded most scientists to prefer the Big Bang Theory to the Steady State Theory. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. Q39. Our Sun is a main sequence star. It will stay as a main sequence star for millions of years, continuing to radiate energy. (i) Our Sun was formed from a nebula. Describe the formation of our Sun from nebula to main sequence. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Our Sun will go through many stages. Which of these stages will our Sun go through? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a black hole B a neutron star C a supernova D a white dwarf Q40. Some light is emitted with a wavelength of 600.0 nm from our Sun. When measured in the spectrum of another star, the light has a wavelength of 598.8 nm. Explain what information this gives about the star. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 2 marks) Q41. Stars and the Universe (a) The photograph shows a nebula and many stars. (i) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust from which stars are formed. Describe the energy changes involved when a main sequence star forms from gas and dust. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how the mass of a main sequence star will affect what the star finally becomes. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *b While the origin of stars is well understood, there is still much debate about the origin of the Universe. Two major theories about the origin of the Universe are the Big Bang and the Steady State theories. Some evidence supports both theories. Other evidence supports only one theory. By considering the evidence, discuss why one of these theories is preferred by most scientists. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q42. (a) Our Sun is a star. (i) The life cycle of a star has several stages. The Sun is in its main sequence stage. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The next stage in the life cycle of the Sun will be (1) A a nebula B a red giant C a white dwarf D a black hole (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The galaxy which contains our Sun is called ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Andromeda B Orion C the Milky Way D the Solar System (iii) Which of these is furthest from the Sun? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Earth B The Moon C The planet Jupiter D The star Proxima Centauri (b) Scientists search for signs of life on the planet Mars. Describe one method they use to search for signs of life on the planet Mars. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) Scientists search for new planets orbiting distant stars. The photograph shows the Kepler space telescope. The Kepler space telescope records the brightness of light from distant stars. When a planet passes in front of a distant star, there is a tiny dip in the brightness of the light from the star. (i) Many telescopes are used on the Earth but the Kepler space telescope orbits above the Earth's atmosphere. Explain why telescopes that search for planets are not on the Earth's surface. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The Kepler space telescope was pointed towards one star. It detected the same dip in the brightness of the star every 150 days. Suggest what information this gives about the planet that orbits this star. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 8 marks) Q43. Another main sequence star has a mass much greater than the mass of our Sun. State the next stages in the evolution of this star, before it becomes a neutron star. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 2 marks) Q44. The diagram shows the stages in the evolution of a star like our Sun. The sizes of the star are not drawn to scale. The position of our Sun now is shown. (i) Label the two stages indicated. (2) (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The time it will take for our Sun to become a white dwarf from now is about (1) A 7.5 billions of years B 11 billions of years C 14 billions of years D 16 billions of years (Total for question = 3 marks) Q45. (a) Hubble measured the distance of many galaxies from Earth. He also measured the speed at which each galaxy moved away from Earth. Hubble plotted his data on a graph like this. (i) Plot the point: distance = 5 units, speed = 4 units (1) (ii) Draw the straight line of best fit. (1) (b) Hubble's work led to the theory of the Big Bang. Describe what is meant by the Big Bang theory. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q46. The Sun and the Moon (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The Sun is part of (1) A the Milky Way only B the Solar System only C the Solar System and the Milky Way only D the Milky Way, the Solar System and the Universe (ii) Which of these has been used for exploration of the Moon but not Mars? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a rover B a telescope C a manned mission D an orbiting satellite (Total for question = 2 marks) Q47. (a) The Sun is at the centre of our Solar System. (i) Complete the following sentence. (1) Our Solar System is near the edge of a galaxy called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When the Sun nears the end of its life it will become a (1) A black hole B neutron star C supernova D white dwarf (b) The table gives information about the diameters and distances of the four planets closest to the Sun. (i) Put the information about the diameter of the planets on to the bar chart. The diameter for Earth has been done for you. (2) (ii) The distance of the planets from the Sun has been given in Astronomical Units (AU). 1 AU is 150 000 000 km. Calculate the distance of Mars from the Sun in kilometres. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) For many years scientists have searched for evidence of intelligent life in our Solar System and in the rest of the Universe. Describe the methods scientists have used to help with this search in both our Solar System and the rest of the Universe. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Mark Scheme Q1. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark An explanation linking the following points • star moving away • so wavelength (appears) longer frequency (appears) lower Answer Acceptable answers An explanation linking the following points • idea of speed differences (1) • correct detail of speed differences (1) • relating (the amount of) red shift to (relative) speed (1) • correct detail of relationship e.g. greater speed means greater red shift (1) e.g. VX > VY VY > VZ Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark (2) Mark (4) Q2. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Question Number (iii) Question Number (iv) B Answer radio waves are not absorbed by the atmosphere Answer not affected by light pollution / clouds an explanation including two of the following • 1 mm waves are in the microwave region (1) • which is (completely) absorbed by atmosphere (1) • space flight enabled telescopes to be put above atmosphere /in space (1) Answer they are microwaves cannot be (easily) detected on Earth we needed to go above atmosphere / into space an explanation linking the following • light might be Acceptable answers Acceptable answers (1) Mark (2) Mark (2) shifted into infrared region (1) • (some) infrared is (strongly) absorbed by atmosphere (1) Q3. Answer (i) (ii) N = 39 (A.U.) P = 77 (A.U.) (1) (1) An explanation linking actual value for Neptune is different from / lower than predicted value (1) with one of these (so) the rule does not work (for Neptune) (1) the rule gives too high a value (1) (so) Neptune might have been captured / entered from outside the original Solar System (1) Acceptable answers range 38 – 39 inclusive range 76-78 inclusive actual value for Neptune put on to chart by cross or dot etc. (no need for label) (1) (Neptune) is an anomaly ignore references to age of Neptune Mark (2) (2) Q4. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A discussion linking some of the following points red shift • • linked to movement • both theories have expanding Universe • redshift support both CMB • linked to ageing Universe • Big Bang ageing , SS not • CMB supports Big Bang only • because only Big Bang has single (6) origin No rewardable material • a limited discussion stating both pieces of evidence or limited detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. change in wavelength /red shift shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 3 5-6 • a simple discussion including both pieces of evidence and simple detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion describing both pieces of evidence and drawing a conclusion e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away and CMB shows Universe has been changing with time and redshift supports both theories, CMB supports only Big Bang because Steady State has constant Universe • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q5. Q6. Answer An explanation linking any three of galaxies moving (1) away from Earth / Sun (1) galaxy 2 (moving away) faster (than galaxy 1) (1) galaxy 2 is (likely to be) most distant galaxy (1) Acceptable answers Mark galaxies are (moving) at different speeds / away from each other / universe is expanding (3) Q7. Answer (i) (ii) Any one of radio visible microwave Any one of X-ray gamma ray far infrared Acceptable answers infrared / IR ultraviolet / UV infrared / IR ultraviolet / UV Mark (1) (1) Q8. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 A description including some of the following points In Solar System Use of telescopes Search for evidence of conditions needed for life e.g. water/oxygen/bacteri a on other planets Manned missions (to the Moon) Unmanned missions/probes to other planets e.g. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury Landers / robots / rovers sample soil Information transmitted back to Earth Throughout the Universe Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) Use radio telescopes Search for (regular pattern of) radio signals Search for other planetary systems Discovery of other planetary systems (capable of supporting life) Broadcasting signals/ sending out messages (to extra terrestrial intelligences) No rewardable content Mark (6) A limited description giving a (named) way of searching for evidence e.g. SETI OR using telescopes OR send messages to space OR spacecraft The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of any TWO of the searches for evidence e.g space probes go to other planets and telescopes are used OR radio telescopes and looking for radio waves from space. The answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of searches for evidence within AND outside the solar system e.g. Unmanned space probes go to other planets and radio telescopes search for radio signals from space. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q9. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Level 1 0 1-2 Mark A description to include some of the following facts: • observation of visible light led to discovery of redshift. • galaxies are moving away from each other • CMBR detected in radio telescopes • space telescopes (such as COBE) gave more detail of CMBR • Big Bang and Steady State theories were proposed • distances to galaxies could be determined • Big Bang could explain red-shift • Steady State could explain red-shift The description gives some of the following details: • red-shift means lower frequency / longer wavelength • redshift was greatest for the most distant galaxies • red-shift means universe is expanding • Big Bang / Steady State can explain an expanding universe • only Big Bang could explain CMBR • CMBR is residual radiation from the Big Bang The description gives some of the following reasons for scientists beliefs • observation of increasing red-shift with distance is a reason to believe in (6) expanding universe No rewardable material • a limited description of either red-shift or 2 3-4 3 5 -6 CMBR, e.g. light from galaxies was redshifted OR Red-shift is evidence for Big bang. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a description giving full detail of either red-shift or CMBR OR some detail of both red-shift and CMBR, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of how both redshift and CMBR give supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other so the Universe must be expanding. This is evidence for the Big Bang theory. Cosmic Background Radiation coming from all directions provides further evidence for the Big Bang. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q10. Answer (nebula) main sequence (star) (1) AND red giant white dwarf (1) All three in correct order for 2 marks Acceptable answers Mark Red Giant White Dwarf (Main sequence) (1) (2) Q11. Answer A description including the following stages (up to 3 marks) Protostar (1) Main sequence star (1) (super) red giant (1) supernova (1) neutron star (1) (even more massive star can become) black hole (1) more massive stars have shorter life (1) Three stages in the correct sequence (1) Acceptable answers Mark (4) Q12. Question Number (a) Question Number (b) Question Number (c) Answer Question Number (d) Answer A Answer C Answer reference to the connection between water and life evaluation (1) 3 (00 000) evaluation consistent with unit (1) 300 000 (km/s) Question Number (e)(i) Question Number (e)(ii) Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark water is needed for life see if we could live there could sustain life water gives possibility of life a definite statement that water shows life scores ZERO e.g. prove that there is life there (1) shows signs of life Acceptable answers Mark Answer Ignore powers of ten e.g. bald 30 000 = 2 bald 0.3 = 2 give full marks for correct answer, no working 300 000 000 m/s (with some working) = 3 marks bald 300 000 000 m/s =2 Acceptable answers (3) Mark An explanation linking any two from • (telescope above / out of) atmosphere/air (1) • dust/clouds/obstru ctions etc (in atmosphere) (1) • no light pollution in space (1) Answer Acceptable answers (2) Mark An explanation linking the following • pulled together by gravity (1) • (converting) potential / kinetic energy to thermal/heat (1) collisions create friction (not bald friction) friction produces thermal/heat (very) high pressure produced (2) Q13. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer Acceptable answers A description including three of the following points • gravitational (potential) energy / GPE of gas and dust (1) • (GPE) changes to kinetic energy (1) • (ke) changes to thermal/heat/light (1) • (hot enough to release) nuclear energy (1) Answer Accept description of the process gas and dust / it / nebula pulled together by gravity (particles) move faster (hot enough for) nuclear fusion/reaction accept description shown as chain gpe → ke → thermal → nuclear A description including the following points • reference to stars of different sizes (1) • Sun/small/medium becoming white / black dwarf (1) • more massive becoming a neutron star / black hole (1) Sun and more massive/bigger star red giant / planetary nebula (red) supergiant / supernova Answer Acceptable answers Mark A Answer Acceptable answers (1) Mark Acceptable answers Mark (3) Mark (3) Q14. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) A description including any two of the following • above the/no atmosphere (1) • above the clouds / no clouds/no weather (1) • image is clearer/ more detailed/ not distorted/not blurred (1) • no light pollution (1) • no absorption (by atmosphere) of other named radiations e.g. Xrays (1) no air/dust/pollution can see further /wider field of view/can use anytime IGNORE it is closer (to the stars/planets) IGNORE references to improving understanding / knowledge of space (2) Q15. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (b)(i) Question Number (b)(ii) Question Number (c)(i) Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark first statement right second statement wrong both correct one mark Answer A Answer A description including the following points in a logical order EITHER• red shift (1) • detail of red shift (1) OR• cosmic microwave background (CMB) (1) • detail of CMB (1) Accept d• galaxies are moving away • correct wavelength / frequency change • echo of the Big Bang • uniform in all directions • correct reference to temperature of space Answer Acceptable answers more evidence for evidence for the the big bang theory big bang theory is / converse more reliable / repeatable / eq CMB does not support Steady State Answer Acceptable answers A description not in atmosphere / including the seen from space, following points the stars look • idea of an brighter seen from improved image space, the stars do using space not twinkle some of telescope (1) e.g. the starlight does can see the stars not reach the more clearly ground some of the • idea that the starlight is atmosphere scattered degrades image quality (1) e.g. air / atmosphere / dust (2) Mark (1) Mark (2) Question Number (c)(ii) absorbs light (from the stars) Answer An explanation to include the following points in a logical order EITHER• idea of more data / light (captured) (1) • so can see dimmer objects (1) • so can identify smaller / more distant objects (1) OR• idea of more magnification (1) • so can see more detail (1) • so can identify smaller objects(1) Acceptable answers image looks brighter image looks bigger more distant objects Mark (3) Q16. Q17. Q18. Answer (a) (b) (c)i (c)ii D the Universe (1) (nebula) main sequence (star) (1) AND red giant white dwarf (1) All three in correct order for 2 marks infrared (radiation)/(rays) (1) An explanation linking any two from above the clouds / no clouds/ no weather (1) image is clearer/more detailed/ not distorted/not blurred (1) no light pollution (1) (some) telescopes use gamma/ Xrays/ultraviolet /infrared/microwav es (1) no absorption (by atmosphere) of gamma/ Xrays/ ultraviolet /infrared/ microwaves (1) QWC *(d) Acceptable answers Mark (1) Red Giant White Dwarf (Main sequence) (1) (2) (1) Credit to be given for stating that all telescopes would be better in space, but size and weight may exclude e.g. Jodrell Bank from space. no air/dust/pollution wider field of view/ can use anytime IGNORE 'see further' IGNORE 'it is closer (to the stars/planets)' IGNORE: references to improving understanding / knowledge of space Indicative Content A description including some of the following points improved QUALITY eg higher or better magnification/ detail/resolution or clearer/brighter image (2) Mark (6) Exp Level 1 0 1-2 OR MORE INFORMATION (than with naked eye) of image/data eg new planets/stars/nebul ae/pulsars (This could be extra detail for greater magnification/resol ution only) detection of (non-visible) electromagnetic WAVES eg Xray / UV / IR/ radio TECHNOLOGY that enable collection of more data eg reflecting telescope/arrays and/or additions eg computer-aided /photographic connections or larger (objective) lens/mirror POSITION of telescopes – eg orbital/outside atmosphere/on top of mountains/away from atmosphere/rays not absorbed/obscured /scattered by atmosphere. Ignore 'Hubble' or 'Compton'. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. mention of any one example such as "magnifies stars/planets" OR "discovering new planets/stars" the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. mention of either two of the improvements OR extra detail about one of the improvements eg improvement plus example (ie Magnifies planets so that craters/mountains may be seen) the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. mention of three (or more) improvements OR two improvements plus extra detail about one of them (ie Telescopes in space can detect XRays that would be absorbed by the atmosphere) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors (Suitable extra detail shown in italics in examples above) Total for Question = 12 marks Q19. Answer (i) (ii) C telescope Acceptable answers (astronomical/refra cting/light) telescope IGNORE any other type of telescope Mark (1) (1) Q20. * Indicative Content A discussion including some of the following points Methods space probes soil experiments by landers SETI telescopes robotic machines Problems expense / international collaboration needed large distances involved if problem difficult to correct time to react to problem is long time to respond to any communication would be long complex technology for human visit for robot investigation fuel recognition of alternative lifeforms Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 pattern recognition for SETI communication if intelligent lifeform possibility of crosscontamination No rewardable content a limited discussion including EITHER two named problems, OR two named methods, OR a named problem + a named method e.g. It would be expensive and the distances are large OR Space probes and SETI can be used OR can listen for communications, life beyond Earth may not be water based. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy. 2 3-4 a simple discussion including EITHER a problem with its associated method + some other named problem OR a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. It is expensive to send a space probe to Mars; the distance to Mars very large OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, any message would be hard to decode. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy. 3 5-6 a detailed discussion including EITHER two problems with their associated method(s) + some other named problem OR two detailed problems + one other named problem OR a problem with its associated method + a detailed problem + one other named problem e.g. We can analyse radiowaves from space, but they take so long to arrive that the aliens that sent them could have already died out. It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. OR It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Radiowaves in space take a long time to arrive because the distances are so vast. It all costs a lot of money. OR It is very expensive to develop the technology needed to go to other planets. It is difficult to search through the data from space because there is a huge amount of it. Also, we might not recognise alien life-forms there. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately. spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors. Q21. Answer Acceptable answers (i) (ii) Mark (2) Mercury 4 900 km Venus 12 100 km Mars 6 800 km Three correct (2) One or two correct (1) + or – one square Judge by eye Correct information from table 1.52 (1) Conversion to kilometres (1.52) × 150 000 000 (1) Seen anywhere in the answer Incorrect information shown to be used correctly (1) Correct answer, no working scores full marks 228 000 000 / 2.28 × 108 (km) 228 to any power of 10, allow 1 mark if no other mark awarded. 225 000 000 / 2.25 x 108 (km), allow max 1 mark if no working shown. (2) Q22. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer A description including the following points • idea of an improved image using space telescope (1) e.g. can see the stars more clearly • idea that the atmosphere degrades image quality (1) e.g. air / atmosphere / dust absorbs light (from the stars) Answer An explanation to include the following points in a logical order EITHER• idea of more data / light (captured) (1) • so can see dimmer objects (1) • so can identify smaller / more distant objects (1) OR• idea of more magnification (1) • so can see more detail (1) • so can identify smaller objects(1) Acceptable Mark answers not in atmosphere / seen from space, the stars look brighter seen from space, the stars do not twinkle some of the starlight does not reach the ground some of the starlight is scattered Acceptable answers image looks brighter image looks bigger more distant objects (2) Mark (3) Q23. Answer (i) (ii) Q24. Milky Way D white dwarf Acceptable Mark answers Accept any spelling (1) (1) Q25. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (a)(iii) Question Number (a)(iv) Question Number QWC Answer B Answer radio waves are not absorbed by the atmosphere Answer Acceptable answers Acceptable answers not affected by light pollution / clouds Acceptable answers they are microwaves cannot be (easily) detected on Earth we needed to go above atmosphere / into space an explanation including two of the following • 1 mm waves are in the microwave region (1) • which is (completely) absorbed by atmosphere (1) • space flight enabled telescopes to be put above atmosphere /in space (1) Answer Acceptable answers an explanation linking the following • light might be shifted into infrared region (1) • (some) infrared is (strongly) absorbed by atmosphere (1) Indicative Content *(b) A description to include some of the following facts: • observation of visible light led to discovery of redshift. • galaxies are moving away from each other • CMBR detected in radio telescopes • space telescopes (such as COBE) gave Mark (1) Mark (1) Mark (2) Mark (2) Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 more detail of CMBR • Big Bang and Steady State theories were proposed • distances to galaxies could be determined • Big Bang could explain red-shift • Steady State could explain red-shift The description gives some of the following details: • red-shift means lower frequency / longer wavelength • red-shift was greatest for the most distant galaxies • redshift means universe is expanding • Big Bang / Steady State can explain an expanding universe • only Big Bang could explain CMBR • CMBR is residual radiation from the Big Bang The description gives some of the following reasons for scientists beliefs • observation of increasing red-shift with distance is a reason to believe in expanding universe No rewardable material • a limited description of either red-shift or CMBR, e.g. light from galaxies was red-shifted OR Red-shift is evidence for Big bang. • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 3 5 -6 • a description giving full detail of either red-shift or CMBR OR some detail of both red-shift and CMBR, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other. • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of how both redshift and CMBR give supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory, e.g. light was seen to be shifted towards a longer wavelength. This means that the galaxies are moving away from each other so the Universe must be expanding. This is evidence for the Big Bang theory. Cosmic Background Radiation coming from all directions provides further evidence for the Big Bang. • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q26. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (b)(i) Question Number (b)(ii) Answer A Answer Acceptable answers Acceptable answers A description no including any two air/dust/pollution of the following can see further • above the/no /wider field of atmosphere (1) view/can use • above the clouds anytime IGNORE it / no clouds/no is closer (to the weather (1) stars/planets) • image is clearer/ IGNORE more detailed/ not references to distorted/not improving blurred (1) • no understanding / light pollution (1) knowledge of • no absorption (by space atmosphere) of other named radiations e.g. Xrays (1) Answer Acceptable answers Either one of the following • radio (waves) (1) • microwaves (1) Answer Acceptable answers a description mention of including any two specific data e.g. of the following black holes/ red • collect more shift discover /new information / waves planets/stars/ /data (1) • greater galaxies etc (see) resolution /detail/ clearer/better magnification (1) images /closer • other regions of view (can) see the EM spectrum further (into are used (1) space)/ smaller objects accept idea that they are not restricted to light e.g. (can) detect radiation /radio waves (from Big Bang/stars)/CMB IGNORE any references to “hearing”. Mark (1) Mark (2) Mark (1) Mark (2) Question Number (c)(i) Question Number (c)(ii) Question Number (i) (cloud of) dust and/or gases (1) Answer A description linking three of the following • when nebula reaches a critical mass (1) • nebula collapses/contracts (1) • (due to) gravitational attraction (1) • (gets) hot/ (makes) heat (1) • forms a protostar (1) • emits/produces light /radiation(1) Answer (cloud of) dust and/or gases (1) Question Number (ii) Answer Answer A description linking three of the following • when nebula reaches a critical mass (1) • nebula collapses/contracts Acceptable answers Accept hydrogen/helium Accept idea that it is where stars/planets are formed Ignore rocks/smoke Acceptable answers correct sequence is not required when nebula or dust/gas cloud is big (enough) gases/dust/nebula come together/pulled together/spiral /move faster gravity/gravitational (potential) energy transformed into thermal energy ignore starts to burn/explodes/fricti on starts nuclear reaction/fusion/ hydrogen turns into helium/new elements Acceptable answers Accept hydrogen/helium Accept idea that it is where stars/planets are formed Ignore rocks/smoke Acceptable answers correct sequence is not required when nebula or dust/gas cloud is big (enough) gases/dust/nebula come Mark (1) Mark (3) Mark (1) Mark (3) (1) • (due to) gravitational attraction (1) • (gets) hot/ (makes) heat (1) • forms a protostar (1) • emits/produces light /radiation(1) together/pulled together/spiral /move faster gravity/gravitational (potential) energy transformed into thermal energy ignore starts to burn/explodes/fricti on starts nuclear reaction/fusion/ hydrogen turns into helium/new elements Indicative Content A description Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 including some of Exp the following points improved QUALITY eg higher or better magnification/ detail/resolution or clearer/brighter image OR MORE INFORMATION (than with naked eye) of image/data eg new planets/stars/nebul ae/pulsars (This could be extra detail for greater magnification/resol ution only) detection of (non-visible) electromagnetic WAVES eg Xray / UV / IR/ radio TECHNOLOGY that enable collection of more data eg reflecting telescope/arrays and/or additions eg computer-aided /photographic connections or larger (objective) lens/mirror POSITION of telescopes – eg orbital/outside atmosphere/on top of mountains/away from atmosphere/rays not absorbed/obscured /scattered by atmosphere. Ignore 'Hubble' or 'Compton'. No rewardable content a limited description e.g. mention of any one example such as "magnifies stars/planets" OR "discovering new planets/stars" the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description e.g. mention of either two of the improvements OR extra detail about one of the improvements eg improvement plus example (ie Magnifies planets so that craters/mountains may be seen) the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description e.g. mention of three (or more) improvements OR two improvements plus extra detail about one of them (ie Telescopes in space can detect XRays that would be absorbed by the atmosphere) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors (Suitable extra detail shown in italics in examples above) Question Number (i) Acceptable answers Either one of the following • radio (waves) (1) • microwaves (1) Question Number (ii) Answer Acceptable answers a description mention of including any two specific data e.g. of the following black holes/ red • collect more shift discover /new information / waves planets/stars/ /data (1) • greater galaxies etc (see) resolution /detail/ clearer/better magnification (1) images /closer Mark (1) Answer Mark (2) i ii • other regions of the EM spectrum are used (1) view (can) see further (into space)/ smaller objects accept idea that they are not restricted to light e.g. (can) detect radiation /radio waves (from Big Bang/stars)/CMB IGNORE any references to “hearing”. Answer Acceptable answers infrared (radiation)/(rays) (1) An explanation linking any two from above the clouds / no clouds/ no weather (1) image is clearer/more detailed/ not distorted/not blurred (1) no light pollution (1) (some) telescopes use gamma/ Xrays/ultraviolet /infrared/microwav es (1) no absorption (by atmosphere) of gamma/ Xrays/ ultraviolet /infrared/ microwaves (1) Question Number Answer Mark (1) Credit to be given for stating that all telescopes would be better in space, but size and weight may exclude e.g. Jodrell Bank from space. no air/dust/pollution wider field of view/ can use anytime IGNORE 'see further' IGNORE 'it is closer (to the stars/planets)' IGNORE: references to improving understanding / knowledge of space Acceptable answers (2) Mark (i) A description including the following points in a logical order EITHER• red shift (1) • detail of red shift (1) OR• cosmic microwave background (CMB) (1) • detail of CMB (1) Question Number (ii) Accept d• galaxies are moving away • correct wavelength / frequency change • echo of the Big Bang • uniform in all directions • correct reference to temperature of space Acceptable answers more evidence for evidence for the the big bang theory big bang theory is / converse more reliable / repeatable / eq CMB does not support Steady State (2) Answer Mark (1) Question Number (i) Answer An explanation linking any two Acceptable answers Mark (2) from • (telescope above / out of) atmosphere/air (1) • dust/clouds/obst ructions etc (in atmosphere) (1) • no light pollution in space (1) Question Number (ii) Answer An explanation linking the following • pulled together by gravity (1) • (converting) potential / kinetic energy to thermal/heat (1) Question Number (a)(i) Answer An explanation linking the following points • star moving away • so wavelength (appears) longer Question Number (a)(ii) QWC Answer An explanation linking the following points • idea of speed differences (1) • correct detail of speed differences (1) • relating (the amount of) red shift to (relative) speed (1) • correct detail of relationship e.g. greater speed means greater red shift (1) Question Number *(b) Acceptable answers collisions create friction (not bald friction) friction produces thermal/heat (very) high pressure produced Mark (2) Acceptable answers frequency (appears) lower Mark (2) Acceptable answers e.g. VX > VY VY > VZ Mark (4) Indicative content A comparison including some of Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 the following points Some relevant stages• main sequence • red giant • white dwarf • black dwarf • red supergiant • supernova • neutron star • black hole Detailed comments linked• larger mass star leads to red super giant • the Sun will not become a supernova • big stars end up as black holes • both stars become giants • the most massive stars turn into a black hole Accurate comparisons and contrasts• gravity affects larger mass stars more • smaller mass stars live longer • gravity causes collapse of stars of any mass • for a black hole the gravity is so big that no light escapes no rewardable material • some basic relevant stages mentioned, no comparisons or contrasts • no reasons for sequence • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • detailed comments linked • e.g. relevance of mass to different stages, either comparisons or contrasts • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific 3 5-6 terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • accurate comparisons and contrasts • e.g. including the relevance of mass and gravitation to the different sequences • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Question Number (a)(i) A description including three of the following points • gravitational (potential) energy / GPE of gas and dust (1) • (GPE) changes to kinetic energy (1) • (ke) changes to thermal/heat/light (1) • (hot enough to release) nuclear energy (1) Question Number (a)(ii) Answer Answer A description including the following points • reference to stars of different sizes (1) • Sun/small/mediu Acceptable answers Accept description of the process gas and dust / it / nebula pulled together by gravity (particles) move faster (hot enough for) nuclear fusion/reaction accept description shown as chain gpe → ke → thermal → nuclear Mark (3) Acceptable answers Sun and more massive/bigger star red giant / planetary nebula (red) supergiant / supernova Mark (3) m becoming white / black dwarf (1) • more massive becoming a neutron star / black hole (1) QWC Question Number *(b) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Indicative Content Mark A discussion linking some of the following points red shift • • linked to movement • both theories have expanding Universe • redshift support both CMB • linked to ageing Universe • Big Bang ageing , SS not • CMB supports Big Bang only • because only Big Bang has single origin (6) No rewardable material • a limited discussion stating both pieces of evidence or limited detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. change in wavelength /red shift shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple discussion including both pieces of evidence and simple detail about either red shift or CMB e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed discussion describing both pieces of evidence and drawing a conclusion e.g. a change in wavelength shows galaxies / stars moving away and CMB shows Universe has been changing with time and redshift supports both theories, CMB supports only Big Bang because Steady State has constant Universe • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) Milky Way D white dwarf (b)(i) (b)(ii) QWC Mercury 4 900 km Venus 12 100 km Mars 6 800 km Three correct (2) One or two correct (1) + or – one square Judge by eye Correct information from table 1.52 (1) Conversion to kilometres (1.52) × 150 000 000 (1) *(c) Acceptable Mark answers Accept any spelling (1) (1) (2) Seen anywhere in the answer Incorrect information shown to be used correctly (1) Correct answer, no working scores full marks 228 000 000 / 2.28 × 108 (km) 228 to any power of 10, allow 1 mark if no other mark awarded. 225 000 000 / 2.25 x 108 (km), allow max 1 mark if no working shown. (2) Indicative Content A description Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 including some of the following points In Solar System Use of telescopes Search for evidence of conditions needed for life e.g. water/oxygen/bact eria on other planets Manned missions (to the Moon) Unmanned missions/probes to other planets e.g. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury Landers / robots / rovers sample soil Information transmitted back to Earth Throughout the Universe Search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI) Use radio telescopes Search for (regular pattern of) radio signals Search for other planetary systems Discovery of other planetary systems (capable of supporting life) Broadcasting signals/ sending out messages (to extra terrestrial intelligences) No rewardable content A limited description giving a (named) way of searching for evidence e.g. SETI OR using telescopes OR send messages to space OR spacecraft The answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of any TWO of the searches for evidence e.g space probes go to other planets and telescopes are used OR radio telescopes and looking for radio waves from space. The answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of searches for evidence within AND outside the solar system e.g. Unmanned space probes go to other planets and radio telescopes search for radio signals from space. The answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately Spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors
