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Anatomy and Physiology Fisher Directions: Complete the following Short Reads: Factors Affecting Synaptic Transmission p. 223, Drug Abuse p. 245, and Synesthesia p. 268 Answer the following questions regarding your reading. Please answer these questions in your science notebook. 1. During seizures, what happens to neurotransmitter supplies? Exhausted b/c nerve impulses reaching the synaptic knobs too quickly. 2. What is the effect of this? Conduction ceases until more neurotransmitters are synthesized. 3. What causes the seizure? Abnormal, too rapid impulses originating from certain brain cells are sent to muscle fibers stimulating violent contractions. These happen until the cell runs out of neurotransmitters. 4. What is the mechanism for the drug Dilantin? Blocks sodium channels, this means the axon won’t depolarize as frequently, so action potentials are limited. 5. What are some everyday drugs that can affect synaptic transmission? Caffeine, antidepressants. 6. Neurons under the influence of these everyday drugs are more easily excited. Describe this mechanism. Caffeine lowers the threshold at synapse, so neurons are more easily excited. Antidepressants keep the neurotransmitter (serotonin) at the synapse longer. 7. What makes drug use abuse? Chronic, self-administration of a drug in doses high enough to cause addiction. 8. How is addiction defined? Physical or psychological dependence in which the user is preoccupied w/locating and taking the drug. 9. What does it mean to have a drug tolerance? Physiological response to a particular dose becomes less intense over time. 10. What is the mechanism for drug tolerance? The body makes more liver enzymes that metabolize the drug, so the body can metabolize the drug more quickly— the addict needs a hit sooner. 11. CNS depressants include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, and cannabinoids. In a chart similar to the one below, describe the mechanism and effect of each of these drug types. Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opiates Cannabinoids Mechanism Inhibits secretion Depress activity Stimulate Depress of certain in the limbic opioid higher brain excitatory and system and the receptors in centers and inhibitory reticular the CNS. release lower neurotransmitters formation. brain centers Increase activity from normal or release of inhibitory inhibitory influence of neurotransmitter higher brain 1 modified6/24/2017 Anatomy and Physiology Effect Examples Calming, sleep, anesthesia, respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, death Fisher GABA. Also their metabolites may have depressing effects. Relieve anxiety, sedation, sleep, anesthesia diazepam centers. Sedation, analgesia (relieve pain), euphoria, respiratory distress, convulsions, coma, death Heroin, codeine, oxycodone, morphine, meperidine, methadone Euphoria, distorted perception of time/space, hallucinations, respiratory distress, vasomotor depression Marijuana, hashish 12. CNS stimulants are known for their great abuse potential. Why? They quickly produce psychological dependence (cocaine, crack, ecstasy) 13. What is the mechanism for cocaine? Rapid entry and metabolism in the brain— arrives at basal nuclei in 4-6 minutes. Inhibits transporter molecules that remove dopamine from synapses after it is released. 14. What effects do CNS stimulants have on the body? Euphoria, change personality, cause seizures, constrict blood vessels, sudden death from stroke or cardiac arrhythmia 15. Hallucinogens are different from both the uppers and the downers in what ways? They alter perceptions, causing illusions LSD acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter 16. What are the 2 most commonly abused hallucinogens? LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide), PCP (phencyclidine) 17. What affects do hallucinogens cause? (distortions of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell), synesthesia (hearing colors/feeling sounds), hallucinations, greatly overestimate physical capabilities (LSD), prolonged psychosis that can provoke assault, murder, suicide (PCP) 18. What are the primary dangers associated with the abuse of uppers, downers, and hallucinogens? Addiction, organ damage (liver, heart, brain), psychosis, pain of withdrawal, etc. 19. Why would I ask you to read the article Synesthesia in connection with those on drugs? (what is the connection between the two topics?) hallucinogens can cause synesthesia. It is also another example of nervous system conditions. 2 modified6/24/2017 Anatomy and Physiology Fisher 20. What is synesthesia? Joined sensation—sensation and perception mix so that the brain perceives a stimulus to one sense as coming from another sense 21. What is the hypothesized cause of synesthesia? Genetic, 4 different genes, when people grow up those that do not “prune” as many synapses as others as they age, may be synesthetes. 22. Who generally has synesthesia? Females, creative individuals, families 23. If you had to treat an individual who was under the influence, was unaware of the drug type, but was conscious, how could you determine the type of drug the person took? Symptoms: synesthesia? Hallucinations? Euphoria? Relaxation? Sedation? Pain? Metabolites in blood stream? Respiratory distress? Stroke? 3 modified6/24/2017