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BRITISH HISTORY I / A. VELICH
ANGLO-NORMAN ENGLAND
Edward the Confessor, Harold Godwin(son) vs. Harold Hardrada
William the Bastard
the Battle of Hastings /14 Oct,1066/, William the Conqureror crowned as William I /1066-87/
Anti-Norman rebellions
1086: the Domesday Book
William I dies /1087/ : his domain split: Normandy for Robert
England for William II /1087-1100/
third son, Henry crowned as Henry I /1100-35/
--- by 1106 Tenchebrai
--- compromise with Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury
--- ''Lion of Justice'',
Roger of Salisbury & the Exchequer
Norman Castles for defence /motte & bailey/
Norman style churches & cathedrals, new monastic fervor /eg. Fountain Abbey/
12th century Renaissance /John of Salisbury/
Henry I' s problems with the succession, son drowned, Matilda to succeed, but
Stephen /1135-54/ seized the thrown & crowned
civil war : Stephen vs. Matilda & Geoffrey of Anjou, succession settled by 1153
Henry II /1154-89/ -- m. Eleanor of Aquitaine --- the Angevin/Plantagenet/ Empire
--- end of civil war
--- effective royal administration /Glanville/, Common Law, itinerant assizes /Grand &
Petty Assize/ and the jury
--- debate with the church, with Thomas Becket /the Constitution of Clarendon of 1164/, after
Becket's murder had to compromise
Richard I /1189-1199/ -- brave & successful crusader, '' Lion Hearted'', but ransomed
-- attacked by Philip II/Augustus/
John /Sans Terre, 1199--1216/ -- swore fealty to Philip II, but alienated the Norman barons by
killing Arthur of Britanny, so lost their support & Normandy /1204/
Further Reading: M.T. Clanchy. England and its Rulers 1066-1272. /Fontana,
Compulsory Reading for the End of Term Test: Roberts & Roberts. A History of England
Frank-Magyarics. Handouts /jegyzet/
BRITISH HISTORY I / A. VELICH / 1996/ 1.
ANGLO-NORMAN ENGLAND
Dubious succession of Edward the Confessor, Harold Godwin vs. Harold Hardrada
William the Bastard
the Battle of Hastings /14 Oct,1066/, London capitulated --- William the Conqureror crowned as
William I /1066-87/
Anti-Norman rebellions --- cc. 200 Norman barons replace Anglo-Saxon nobility
--- systematic feudalisation /subinfeudation, aids & incidents,
relief, wardship, primogeniture/
--- the Domesday Book
Norman abbots appointed & introduce continental church reforms
-- elaboration of the territorial structure of the church: diocese, parish, chapter
-- bishop-nomination debated
William I dies /1087/ : his domain split: Normandy for Robert
England for William II /1087-1100/
third son, Henry played both sides in brothers' struggle, after William II' s hunting accident
crowned as Henry I /1100-35/
--- by 1106 /Tenchebrai/ reunites England and Normandy
--- compromise with Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury over conferring spiritual offices
--- ''Lion of Justice'', ie. the government's judicial & administrative
power expands, Roger of Salisbury & the Exchequer
Norman Castles for defence /motte & bailey/
Norman style churches & cathedrals, new monastic fervor /eg. Fountain Abbey/
12th century Renaissance /John of Salisbury/
Henry I' s problems with the succession, son drowned, Matilda to succeed, but
Stephen /1135-54/ seized the thrown & crowned
civil war : Stephen vs. Matilda & Geoffrey of Anjou, succession settled by 1153
Henry II /1154-89/ -- m. Eleanor of Aquitaine --- the Angevin/Plantagenet/ Empire
--- end of civil war
--- effective royal administration /Glanville/, Common Law, itinerant assizes /Grand &
Petty Assize/ and the jury
--- debate with the church, with Thomas Becket /the Constitution of Clarendon of 1164/, after
Becket's murder had to compromise
Richard I /1189-1199/ -- brave & successful crusader, '' Lion Heart'', but ransomed
-- attacked by Philip II/Augustus/
John /Sans Terre, 1199--1216/ -- swore fealty to Philip II, but alienated the Norman barons by
killing Arthur of Britanny, so lost their support & Normandy /1204/
Further Reading: M.T. Clanchy. England and its Rulers 1066-1272. /Fontana, 1983/BRITISH
HISTORY I / Velich / 2.
HIGH MEDIEVAL ENGLAND
Under John /Sans Terre, the Lackland/ the loss of Normandy & its consequences; first royal
fleet organised
Steven Langton' s efforts for reconciliation, but after the battle of Bouvines --- rebellion result
in Magna Carta, 1215 /Runnymede/
the significance of Magna Carta as the forerunner of future constitutional /though not
uninterrupted!/ progress, reissued several times
John succeeded by minor HENRY III /1216--1272/, regency of earl of Pembroke
of Hubert de Burgh
growing foreign interference by the Pope
foreigners flood high offices
Henry III' s unrealistic foreign policy
Simon de Montfort to lead opposition
1258 Mad Parliament at Oxford
the Provisions of Oxford
still civil war -- Montfort summons burgesses to Parliament /would be House of
Commons/ but defeated & killed at Evesham /1265/
EDWARD I /1272--1307/ -- in Sicily when succeeds to the throne !
--- codifying feudal laws
--- to levy export duty on wool
--- subdued Wales: the Statute of Wales; his son' s the first Prince of Wales
--- war against France, the Scottish alliance with France under Baliol --- Scotland defeated &
subdued
by 1295 Edward I had to agree to summoning the Model Parliament
& to the separate convocations to tax the clergy
EDWARD II /1307--1327/
foreign favourites like Piers Gaveston, the Despensers
problems of Scotland & Gascony
defeated at Bannockburn by Robert Bruce
his wife Isabella & Roger Mortimer make him abdicate by 1327, his son crowned as
EDWARD III /1327--1377/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------from the 12th century intellectual revival, renaissance by Moslem intermediaries, St Thomas
Aquinas to ''baptize'' Aristotle
--universities at Oxford & Cambridge, Oxford as first centre of scientific study: Robert
Grosseteste, Roger Bacon & John Duns Scotus
--Pope Innocent III --- Franciscan & Dominican friars recognised
--the Romanesque /Norman/ architecture vs. the Gothic /pointed arch, fan vaulting/
--during the 13th century economic growth, the 3-field system
--chartered boroughs as trade centres; the wards of the boroughs & their aldermen
guild merchant & craft guilds, guildhalls
BRITISH HISTORY I. /Velich / 3.
LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND /cc. 1327--1485/
EDWARD III /1327-- 1377/
-- started the Hundred Years' War /1337--1453/
the Salic Law & Philip VI of Valois, his determination to subordinate Edward' s ducal authority in
Acquitaine; victory at Sluys, Grecy & Poitiers; the longbow
after 1377 military gains evaporate, Bertrand de Guesclin, Joan d' Arc; by 1453 only Calais left on
English hands
-- no rebellion against him, principles of chivalry, the Order of the Garter,
-- Parliament' s increasing role because of taxation /House of Commons; their Speaker vs House of
Lords/
-- the Black Death of 1348-49 & its impact on the population; the Statute of Labourers of 1351
-- John of Gaunt vs the Black Prince
the Good Parliament of 1376 /impeachment as a precedent/
RICHARD II /1377--1399/
-- John Wycliffe & the Lollards /Statute Heretico Comburendo/
-- Chaucer, Langland & the revival of English letters
-- the Peasants' Rising of 1381, Wat Tyler
-- centralizing efforts /JPs/ vs the Lords Appellant of the Merciless Parliament
John of Gaunt's son, Henry Bolinbroke in exile, his Lancastrian lands confiscated
seized the crown, made Richard II abdicate, crowned as
HENRY IV /1399--1413/
-- used parliamentary support to keep his crown & to tax people for the war
/excluding the Clarence line/
-- lost battles in France though feud of Orleanists & Burgundians
his son to make use of the feud for an offensive, grabbed power
HENRY V /1413--1422/
-- victory at Agincourt in 1415
-- allied to Burgundy, the Treaty of Troyes, but dies before the French king
HENRY VI /1422--1461/
-- long minority & illness: weak king & anarchy
-- Burgundy changing side, losses in France, only Calais left by 1453
-- economic depression
-- Clarence & York union vs Lancaster -- the Wars of the Roses /1455--1487/
/St Albans, Mortimer Cross, Towton,Tewkesbury,Bosworth, Stroke/
EDWARD IV /1461--1483/ -- Yorkist victory
-- intends to restore law & order, no foreign wars (except for the short French campaign in 1475,
Treaty of Picquigny)
-- Parliament summoned less frequently, no need for tax (royal lands, new estate management, tradeboom)
-- land policy fails, in 1470-71 Warwick & Clarence remove Edward IV, but returns
RICHARD III /1483--85/
-- regent of Edward V but seized the crown, had Edward IV's sons murdered
 this prompted resistance & rebellions, deposed & killed by Henry Tudor at Bosworth
/1485/BRITISH
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 HISTORY 1. /Velich / 4.
THE EARLY TUDORS
HENRY VII /1485--1509/ -- a Welshman with a Welsh army
-- the Battle of Bosworth /though not the last one in the Wars of Roses!/, Henry Tudor's
legitimacy confirmed by ''divine judgement''
-- by marrying Elizabeth of York the fusion of the Yorkist & Lancastrian heritage, Arthur born
-- centralizing efforts hampered by the Pretenders /Lincoln, Simnel, Warbeck/
by the anarchy on the Marches /the Northern & Welsh borders/,
-- threefold intention: to pacify the country -- lands redistributed, legislation against recriting &
maintenance of retinues, vagabonds & enclosures; improved jurisdiction /the Star Chamber &
Court of Requests/
to boost trading -- a series of treaties signed, mercantilism,
growing textile export
-- peaceful diplomacy /except for the 1489-92
conflict with France, the 1493 embargo on the Netherlands/
--- the Scottish & the Spanish marriage contracts
--- encouriging discoveries /the Cabots/
to '' heap up treasure'' /historians differ on H VII's financial policy/
/Exchequer vs Chamber, Edmund & Dudley/
HENRY VIII /1509--1547/ & his contemporary rivals: Louis XII, Francis I & Charles V
--- the English Renaissance -- e.g. Erasmus, Linacre, Thomas More
--- the ambitious & chivalric young king & his French & Scottish wars -- heavy taxation --raised resistance: the Evil May Day of 1517 & the Amicable Grant of 1525
--- Wolsey, Thomas More & Thomas Cromwell -- the reform of bureaucracy /Prof. Elton's
research/
-- H VIII as the Defender of Faith against Luther vs the English Reformation, Cranmer declares
the king's marriage with Catherine of Aragon void because of Anne Boleyn /Fisher & More
refused the oath/
--- the Acts of Supremacy & Succession
--- H VIII crowned King of Ireland
--- the dissolution of the monasteries in 2 steps /the Pilgrimage of Grace by Robert Aske/, the
Tyndale Bible
--- the further wives: Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
--- trouble on the Scottish border in the 1540s, the third war against France
BRITISH HISTORY I./Velich/ 5.
THE LATER TUDORS /1547--1603/
EDWARD VI /1547--1553/
-- his minority; the councils & the protectors: Hereford /Duke of Somerset
Warwick /Duke of Northumberland
-- reformation completed, further ecclesiastical properties forfeited
-- the First & Second Prayer Books & Acts of Uniformity to enforce them
-- the succession issue: the protestant Lady Jane Grey vs the Catholic Mary Tudor
MARY I /1553--1558/
-- the inner council & the new chancellor, Stephen Gardiner
-- Parliament summoned to repeal the previous ecclesiastical laws, the religious turn
-- Cardinal Pole & Catholicism, heretics /incl. Cranmer, Latimer & Ridley/ burnt
-- the Spanish marriage, Philip II' s position in England
-- Wyatt's rising but London stands firm by the Queen
-- the consequences of the Anglo-Spanish war against France; Calais lost
ELIZABETH I /1558--1603/
--administation: the secretaries of state: William Cecil/Lord Burghley/, Walsingham & Robert
Cecil
--religion: the Queen as Supreme Governor of the church; the Court of High Commission; & the
archbishops: Matthew Parker, Edmund Grindal & John Whitgift, the Pope's 1570
excommunication; the reformers' split: the independents vs the presbyterians
--the Scottish issue: the Scottish reformation by John Knox vs Mary Stuart's Catholicism; the
Edinburgh Agreement fails
--the Queen's marriage & succession: Mary Stuart's claim, captivity, intrigues & conspiracies
/e.g.the Ridolfi plot/ & execution by 1586
--aiding the Neatherlands against Spain; Leicester's campaign is a failure
--the seafarers & the pirates /Hawkins, Raleigh,Gilbert & Drake/searching for new markets;
conflict /religious & economic/ with Spain; the raids on Cadiz & the defeat of the Armada
--the Irish issue: Hugh O' Neill's rebellion by seeking Spanish help; Essex fails but Mountjoy
succeeds in the pacification
--new enterprises/the Muscovy & the East India Company/& monopolies; the Queen's conflict
with Parliament
--the Elizabethan Renaissance & new national coherence
BRITISH HISTORY I. /Velich / 6.
THE EARLY STUARTS /1603--1642/
JAMES I /1603--1625/
--the most powerful protestant ruler in Europe
--the joint foreign policy of England & Scotland: peaceful but anti-Catholic; got involved in the
Thirty Years' War /1618--1648/
--the Hampton Court conference in 1604: '' no bishop, no kingdom''
--the Gunpowder Plot by Guy Fawkes in 1605
--the King James Bible of 1611
--Robert Cecil/Salisbury/; Robert Carr & George Villiers /Buckingham/
--Virginia founded by 1607; the Pilgrim Fathers & the Mayflower, New England founded by 1620
--- free worship, still no major drain on the British population
--James & his 4 Parliaments: conflicts over taxation, religion, monopolies & common law
/Edward Coke/
--after 1609 Amsterdam's growing financial & commercial dominance; rivalry with London;
--the colonization of Ulster; the London Council to run Londonderry
--instead of the Anglo-Spanish marriage, an Anglo-French one signed
CHARLES I /1625--1649/
--his belief in the divine right of kings & in the unlimited duty of obedience
--Buckingham still dominant & causes conflicts
--the wrestling with Parliament over taxation & the impeachment of Buckingham
--Charles I is forced to accept the Petition of Rights in return for subsidies, but then
unparliamentary rule for 11 years /1629--1640/
--Strafford' s & Laud' s role; ruling through the prerogative courts
--the Ship Money debate, Hampden' s resistance
--economic progress within Britain, In Ireland /the linen industry/ & in America; Laud' s
proposals to regulate divine services abroad /ie. in Scotland & in America/
--the debate with Scotland over religion & the ensuing war; taxation badly needed
Charles I had to summon Parliament by 1640
the Short & the Long Parliaments: agreed about personal & political issues
/e.g.to abolish absolutist institutions/, but disagreed about religion /Pym, the Presbyterians &
the Independents divided/ -- the road to the civil war /the Grand Remonstrance/BRITISH
HISTORY I. /Velich/ 7.
THE CIVIL WAR & THE COMMONWEALTH /1642--1660/
-- Europe locked up in the Thirty Years War, thus no interference
-- the opposing sides: Charles I /in Oxford/ vs Parliament /the Cavaliers vs the Roundheads/
-- the first civil war: 1642--46
-- Ireland takes the king's side, while Scotland supports the Roundheads
-- the battles of Marston Moor & Naseby; Ruppert vs Fairfax
--the New Model Army formed after 1645 with some 22000 soldiers, paid by Parliament &
officers selected according to merit
--Parliament's Self-Denying Ordinance
-- Charles I surrendered to the Scots, but still disagreed about episcopacy, so handed over to
Parliament
--new negotiations between the king & Parliament
--the split within Parliament: the Grandees vs the Levellers
--the second civil war: 1647--49
--Oliver Cromwell defeats the Scots near Preston
--the Rump
--the prosecution & execution of Charles I in 1649
--the Commonwealth /1649--1660/ & the executive role of the council of state
--first Ireland defeated /the Drogheda massacre/, pacified & further colonized
--in Scotland Charles II crowned & signed the Covenant, prepared to put the king on the
English throne, but defeated at Dunbar & at Worcester; the conquest of Scotland completed by
George Monck, Scotland incorporated
--the Navigation Acts lead to the Anglo-Dutch commercial war at sea /1652--1654/; Robert Blake
vs Admiral Tromp
--the purge of Parliament & Cromwell's protectorate /1653--58/
--the first written English constitution
--the war with Spain & the Treaty of the Pyrenees
--the military government; the 11 major-generals to run large districts
--the Humble Petition & Advice wanted Cromwell to be crowned, but he refused the crown,
--the succession of Cromwell's son, Richard /1658--59/
--Richard's inefficient governance
--Richard in a year dissolved Parliament, restored the Rump & resigned;
no alternative left but Charles II
BRITISH HISTORY I. /Velich / 8.
RESTORATION BRITAIN
CHARLES II /1660--1685/ restored
two major advantages: no foreign debt
Clarendon based the restoration settlement on respect of law
-- army & navy disbanded /only a 19000 strong standing force left/
-- lands reallocated; tax reform
-- bishops restored; some of the parish clergy forced to leave; church courts revived
-- the Savoy Hospital Conference of 1660
-- the 1662 Declaration of Indulgence
-- the Clarendon Code /1662--65/ against nonconformists
-- in Scotland & Ireland further repression & colonisation
-- further overseas ventures /A. Cooper/; advisory councils for trade & foreign plantations; the
conquest of Jamaica completed; the Royal Adventurers trading in Africa chartered;
--foreign policy: against Spain the French alliance /Dunkirk sold/
the Portugese /Catherine Braganza' s dowry/
-- the second Anglo-Dutch war /1665--67/
financial problems, the Plague, the Great Fire & Dutch intruders on the Thames
the Treaty of Breda signed in 1667 --- New York gained
Surinam & Indonesia abandoned
-- in 1670 the Anglo-French Treaty of Dover signed against the Dutch
----- the third Anglo-Dutch war /also overland campaigns/ does not succeed
& its secret clause for Catholicism
-- the second Declaration of Indulgence of 1672 fails --- reaction: the Test Act of 1673
-- the CABAL ministry /Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley & Lauderdale/
--in 1677 the marriage of Mary (daughter of the Duke of York, the future James II) to William III
of Orange
--the Titus Oates Plot & the anti-Catholic campaign
--the Habeas Corpus Act passed in 1679 /imprisonment now impossible without a trial/
--crown lawyers to undermine municipal liberties
--whigs vs tories
JAMES II /1685--1688/
--his smooth accession in spite of his Catholic leanings
--but Parliament refused to vote extra money, a standing force & tolerance for the Catholics;
the king's army at Hounslow Heath, high offices went to the Catholics
--in 1688 an heir born & a Declaration of Indulgence issued
the bishops refused to read it out;
William III & Mary invited to the throne, the Glorious Revolution