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Chapter 15 –1 369 AP US HISTORY AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT 8TH EDITION NAME___________________ BLOCK__________________ DATE____________________ CHAPTER 15: SESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR (P.419-20) After Lincoln’s election provoked ___________ ___________ and plunged the nation into the greatest __________ in its history, there was understandable skepticism about him in many quarters. Lincoln had _________ experience relevant to a wartime presidency than any previous or future chief executive. However, he identified with the cause and could others to make sacrifices for it. The Civil War put on trial the very principle of democracy. Interpret what was meant by this italicized phrase: I. The Storm Gathers (p. 421) 1. Why was Lincoln’s election considered sufficient reason for the breaking up of the Union in the view of seceded states? *Fort Sumter (1861), pgs. 424-25 Ch. 15–2 2. See the illustration on p. 422. Note the slave states which were loyal to the Union: What methods did Lincoln utilize to keep these states in the Union? Fill in your blank map with the correct responses. We will go over this completed map in class. II. Adjusting to Total War (p. 426) 3. Define “Total War” 4. Civil War Strategies North 5. South Explain the efforts of the North and the South to mobilize their home fronts for the war effort. D:\234825319.doc Ch. 15 –3 6. List the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederate presidents. (429-432). Take special note of what new executive powers Lincoln assumed: Lincoln Davis *Peace Democrat (1862), pgs. 429 NOTE: WE WILL COVER THE MILITARY HISTORY IN CLASS. YOU WILL WANT TO REFER TO THESE PAGES IN ORDER TO FILL OUT THE CORRECT INFORMATION FOR THE CIVIL WAR MAP. (PGS. 432-36) 7. Explain why “King Cotton Diplomacy” failed (pgs. 436-37) 8. Explain Lincoln’s gradual movement toward emancipation of the slaves? Do you agree or disagree with his logic? (pgs. 437-438) D:\234825319.doc Ch. 15 - 4 *Emancipation Proclamation (1863), pgs. 437-438 Note the role played by Afro-American troops in the Union armed forces during the Civil War. NOTE: MORE MILITARY HISTORY, PGS. 441-59. LOOK ON THESE PAGES FOR INFORMATION ON MILITARY SIGHTS. 9. 10. List and describe the principal social and economic changes that accompanied the Civil War (pgs. 444-46) What is your opinion of Emerson’s conclusion of how the war affected American thought and patterns of behavior? (pg. 446-447) D:\234825319.doc CHAPTER 15 ID’S 1861 Fort Sumter Pgs. 424-425 After seven of the southern states seceded, Lincoln said that he would defend U.S. forts that were not already taken over by the Confederacy. There were four such forts. Two were in the Florida keys. One was on an island outside Pensacola, Florida. One was Fort Pickens in northern Florida. The last fort was Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. Sumter got attention because the Confederacy was demanding the surrender of the garrison stationed there. Lincoln ordered Sumter to be reinforced with extra supplies. The Confederacy saw the reinforcement as an act of hostility and attacked the fort. No one was killed, but Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort to the Confederacy. 1862 Peace Democrats Pgs. 429 Peace Democrats were a group of people who called for restoration of the U.S. through the use of negotiations rather than force. They held many high political offices and openly criticized Lincoln. D:\234825319.doc -21863 Emancipation Proclamation Pgs. 437-438 Pressure had been building on Lincoln to free all the slaves since the beginning of the Civil War. On Sept. 22, 1862, Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. He said that the Confederacy had 100 days to free all its slaves. If they did, the war would end. The South didn’t respond to this at all. On Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the memorable proclamation saying that all slaves in the Confederacy were free. D:\234825319.doc Name ________________________ Block ________________________ CHAPTER 15 Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The secession movement was dominated by: a. hill country White supremacists who feared Black social competition. b. southern radical nationalists who hoped to establish a plantation “utopia.” c. southern moderates intent on securing slavery from northern political interference and federal control. d. moderates from the Upper South who gave up on the Union with the election of Lincoln in 1860 e. plantation owners who had the most to lose by the abolition of slavery. 2. The Republicans rejected the Crittenden plan for compromise because they: a. wanted to defeat the South militarily. b. hoped to demoralize southern moderates. c. feared driving southern extremists to war. d. insisted on resolving the crisis over the future of slavery. e. wished to create the conditions necessary for a civil war. 3. The firing on Fort Sumter: a. brought European aid for the South. b. demonstrated union naval power. c. unified northern opinion for defense of the Union. d. demonstrated the Union’s will to fight. e. occurred with the help of the Indian population. 4. Which was not an advantage enjoyed by the North at the beginning of the war? a. a better transportation system. b. greater industrial production. c. a larger population. d. better military leadership e. high numbers of Black men interested in military enlistment. 5. Which of the following best describes Lincoln’s strategy? a. the “anaconda” policy of starving the South into submission by cutting off its supplies of commodities and food. b. winning the war with a quick strike at the Confederate capital. c. an attempt to capture control of the Mississippi Valley. d. a two-front policy keeping the pressure on Richmond while also advancing in the Mississippi Valley. e. key diplomatic alliances designed to support the northern military. 6. During the Civil War, the South suffered shortages in all of the following except: a. cash and other liquid assets. b. transportation facilities. c. foodstuffs. d. munitions. e. soldiers. 7. The superior training and supply of Northern troops was offset by : a. the large number of seasoned troops in Confederate ranks. b. the superior fighting ability of Southern troops. c. the large number of fresh troops in the Confederate ranks. d. all of the above. e. none of the above. D:\234825319.doc 2 8. Which best describes Jefferson Davis’s major weaknesses as a war leader? a. lack of actual military experience. b. excessive tact in dealing with field commanders. c. abusive exercise of Confederate government power. d. obsession with popular political support. e. inability to deal with home-front problems. 9. Why did the North have so little success in its eastern military campaigns during the early part of the war? a. Lincoln’s constant meddling in the details of battle. b. the Union’s constant shortage of munitions and other essential supplies. c. Winfield Scott’s overly aggressive campaign to capture Richmond. d. George McClellan’s overly cautious approach in the campaign to capture Richmond. e. the fact that the South received large amounts of assistance from the Indian population. 10. “King Cotton Diplomacy” failed because: a. Britain started growing its own cotton. b. British mill workers willingly suffered to help destroy slavery. c. the textile industry no longer used much cotton. d. the British economy gained more than it lost from neutrality. e. the Industrial Revolution had changed the British economy too much. 11. Why was Lincoln so reluctant to support immediate freedom for the slaves? a. He preferred gradual and compensated emancipation. b. He feared alienating border-state Unionists. c. He knew many northerners were racially prejudiced. d. all of the above. e. none of the above. 12. Which of the following best describes Ulysses S. Grant’s approach in his campaign against Robert E. Lee? a. forcing Lee to take the offensive so Grant could capitalize on his superior defensive talents. b. keeping the pressure on Lee with constant assault or siege. c. taking Richmond in a single overpowering strike against Lee. d. holding Lee in northern Virginia while William T. Sherman marched from Georgia to Richmond. e. using the terrain to force Lee into low percentage battles. 13. Which of the following Civil War battles and campaigns are in the correct chronological order? a. the siege of Petersburg, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Peninsula campaign. b. Vicksburg and Gettysburg, Peninsula campaign, siege of Petersburg. c. the siege of Petersburg, Vicksburg and Gettysburg, Peninsula campaign d. none of the above e. Peninsula campaign, Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the siege of Petersburg. 14. Civil War Republicans enacted all of the following policies except: a. a low tariff for free trade. b. free land with a homestead act. c. land grants for railroad construction. d. a national banking system with standardized currency. e. none of the above. 15. Which of the following was not an effect of the Civil War? a. broadening “the woman’s sphere” b. broadening the scope of federal power. c. improving the industrial workers’ standard of living. d. enacting government support for business and agriculture. e. all of the above. D:\234825319.doc AMERICAN STUDIES CIVIL WAR Name______________________________ Block______________________________ ANALYZING THE TWO SIDES CONSIDERATIONS 1. Social a. Population b. Education and Skill 2. Economic a. Amount of Capital 3. Political a. Leadership b. Government 4. Military a. Navy b. Arsenals FAVORED North SOUTH 22 million in 23 states 9,500,000 in 11 states (of these 3 ½ million) were slaves Public school accounted for better educated citizens, along with skilled labor and management; fewer in farming Less than half of the general population could read or write; most are involved in agriculture. 92% manufacturing 8% agricultural (most in beef or grain) 10% manufacturing (located in Richmond, VA) 90% agricultural (cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar) 76% of the nation’s wealth is located here 25% of the wealth located here – confederacy “dollars” replace union money; great deal of inflation results Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Established government with 80 Years of “proven” working ability. Inexperienced, unproven; had to establish itself – gain respectability. Superior sea power. Controlled the Atlantic Ocean No Navy – blockade runners only Majority are located in the north; products to supply the military manufactured here. Two are located here. North South D:\234825319.doc 2 CONSIDERATIONS FAVORED North SOUTH Inferior military leadership as evidenced by the fact that the north was led by a series of generals Superior leadership (in the WestPoint tradition) more able. d. Enlistment 1,556,000 (most are drafted) 1,082,000 (most are volunteers). e. Transportation Intense network of railroads. 75% of nation’s rails lie within the union states; various “hubs” distributed throughout the north. 25% of railway system located here. Main “hub” is in Atlanta. f. Forced to fight an offensive war. Defensive war – took place on their own soil. g. Philosophy Northern cause: Fighting to save the union. Southern cause: It was a moral cause – they’re fighting to preserve their way of life. Southerners see this as their “Revolutionary” War – their right to selfdetermination, selfgovernment, and the guarantee of their fundamental freedoms. h. Communication More difficult Easier i. Foreign Allies None England (to a limited degree) j. Objective Had to win the war Victory was not necessary, a draw would have been acceptable. North South c. Leadership Types of War See p. 430 of the text “Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861”. What conclusion can you draw about the chance of winning a war based on the data from this chart? D:\234825319.doc EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION EVOLUTION 1861 Congress votes – This war is being fought to preserve the Union, not to change the domestic institutions of any state. May, 1861 Slaves escape to the North, North declares them contraband of war. Early, 1862 Lincoln vetoes Congress’ authorization for the government to confiscate slaves of masters who supported the Confederacy (Lincoln doesn’t want to anger Unionist slave border states) July, 1862 Republicans argue that emancipation is becoming a military necessity (Reasons: weaken the Confederacy, strengthen the Union by siphoning off part of the Southern labor force and adding this manpower to the Northern side) Congress passes 2 laws. Confiscation Act: freed slaves of persons who had engaged in a rebellion against the U.S. Militia Act: empowered the president to use freed slaves in the army in any capacity he saw fit, even as soldiers. * Lincoln personally wrestles with these ideas gradually let rebellions states re-enter the Union by freeing slaves. he seeks places out of the U.S. which will accept Black slaves (concern about the level of racial prejudice) Sept., 1862 Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation issued - Lincoln gave Confederacy 100 days to give up their fighting without losing their slaves (No response from the South) Dec., 1862 Lincoln asked Congress to consider bills for gradual, compensated emancipation and subsidized colonization of slaves (Failed in Congress) Jan., 1863 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION issued: All slaves in those areas under Confederate control were free. Effect = 25% of the slaves run to the North. 1865 13th AMENDMENT passed - outlaws involuntary servitude. D:\234825319.doc