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Science 9 Year End Review: Unit E – Space Exploration Name Date Key Concepts o o o o technologies for space exploration and observation reference frames for describing the position and motion of bodies in space distribution of matter through space composition and characteristics of bodies in space o o o o o o satellites and orbits life support technologies communication technologies triangulation and parallax space exploration risks and dangers ownership and use of resources in space THINGS TO STUDY Section 1.0 Human Understanding of Both Earth and Space has Changed Over Time Section 2.0 Technological Developments make Space Exploration Possible and Offer Benefits on Earth Section 3.0 Space transport technology began with simple rockets, and today’s space craft are still launched using the same principles. To live outside of Earth’s atmosphere, the basic requirements for life must be met in space food, water, shelter, and air must be artificially produced. Satellites orbiting Earth transmit information to us about weather, agriculture, and natural resources can use space technology to locate our exact position on Earth. Many concepts designed for use in space have found applications on Earth include materials used for communication, medicine, entertainment, and transportation. Technologies Advance our Understanding of Space Section 4.0 Ancient cultures explained their observations of bodies in space with myths and legends. Technology used to study space has evolved throughout history each technological advance led to better explanations for what was observed. Earth orbits a star that is one of billions of stars in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. Years of accurate data collection and advances in telescope technology have improved our scientific understanding of the solar system. A star’s position when viewed from a particular point, can be determined given the compass direction (azimuth) and altitude. Optical telescopes include reflecting and refracting telescopes reflecting use mirrors and refracting use lenses to focus light. Visible light is only one part of the electromagnetic spectrum other technologies allow us to detect other forms of radiation coming from space. Spectral shifts can tell us if a star is moving away or towards Earth. Triangulation and parallax are two techniques for measuring distances in space. Society and Environment are Affected by Space Exploration There are many dangers associate with both manned and unmanned space exploration debris and cosmic radiation. Canada has had a long and proud history of participation in space research and exploration. Many issues concerning ownership of space and its resources are yet to be resolved (political, ethical, and environmental issues). Unit E: Section 1.0 1. What myths and legends were explained space by ancient cultures? Fill in the following table. Ancient Culture Description of Myth or Legend The width of a mitt was used at arm’s length to gauge the height of the Sun above the horizon. When it was 1 mitt-width, seal pups would be born in two lunar cycles. First Nations of the Pacific Northwest The megaliths built at Stonehenge were arranged in concentric circles to mark the summer and winter solstices. Mayans The pyramids were built to align with the seasonal positions of certain stars. Greeks Key rocks in medicine circles aligned with the bright star that rose in the dawn, such as Aldebaran, Rigel, and Sirus. 2. Illustrate the two early models of planetary motion and name the astronomer who developed each model below your diagram: Geocentric Model of Planetary Motion Astronomer: Heliocentric Model of Planetary Motion Astronomer: 3. What did Johannes Kepler contribute to the original heliocentric model? 4. Identify the astronomer’s tools used to make observations of the sky: 5. Explain the difference between astronomical units and light-years. 6. What did Hertzsprung and Russell compare when they studied stars? 7. Illustrate the life cycles of massive and sun-like stars. 8. What is a black hole and how is it formed? 9. What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism? 10. What are the three types of galaxies? 11. What are the three stages in the formation of a solar system (“protoplanet hypothesis”)? 12. What protects the Earth fro the Sun’s solar wind? 13. Fill in the table to describe the other celestial bodies in our solar system. Celestial Body Asteroids Comets Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites Description 14. Explain what each of the following mean in describing position from a frame of reference on the Earth. a) altitude ___________________________________________________________________ b) azimuth ___________________________________________________________________ c) zenith ___________________________________________________________________ 15. What are the sky coordinates for the Moon in the illustration below: Azimuth ___________ Altitude ___________ 16. What is the celestial sphere? 17. What is the ecliptic? Unit E: Section 2.0 1. What fundamental law of physics does the science of rocketry rely on? 2. Identify the three main parts of a rocket. Part 3. What is gravitational escape velocity? Function 4. Explain how an ion drive works. 5. Explain how a solar sail works. 6. Identify the three main types of spacecraft and describe what they are used for. Type of Spacecraft Use 7. Give examples for each type of hazard of living in space. Hazard Example(s) Environmental Hazards Psychological Challenges Microgravity 8. Briefly describe the purpose of a space suit and how it has improved over the years. 9. What are the life-support systems on board the International Space Station? 10. How is oxygen produced on the International Space Station? 11. What are satellites? What is the difference between natural and artificial satellites? 12. What are the main categories for which satellites are used? Briefly describe each satellite’s purpose and give an example for each category. Type of Satellite Purpose Example 13. How many GPS satellites are orbiting the Earth and how many are needed to pinpoint a specific location on the Earth? Unit E: Section 3.0 1. What are two examples of optical telescopes? How do these telescopes differ from one another? 2. What is interferometry? 3. Describe the advantages of the Hubble Space Telescope over Earth-based telescopes. 4. Identify the different forms of energy present in the electromagnetic spectrum and put arrows at the end of the frequencies and wavelengths lines and indicate where they increase and decrease. 5. Describe how an array is useful to astronomers. 6. How is it possible to see planets in other solar systems when their Sun (the bright star) interferes with our observations? 7. What is the purpose behind sending space probes out into space? 8. Measure the “unknown distance” in the illustration using the triangulation method. Show your work! 9. What is parallax? How do scientists determine how far a particular star is away from the Earth using parallax? 10. Explain how spectral lines can be formed and what device is used to achieve this effect. 11. How do astronomers use a spectrometer to determine a star’s composition? 12. What do astronomers use spectral analysis to determine? 13. What is the Doppler effect? 14. Explain the difference between a red-shift and a blue-shift star. Unit E: Section 4.0 1. What factors affect the launch and flight of a spacecraft from the surface of the Earth, in space, and during re-entry? 2. Identify the tragedy and danger involved in space travel. Danger Year Tragedy Training exercise prior to launch 1986 Columbia Space Shuttle 3. How can space junk be dangerous? 4. Summarize the following table of Canadian space moments. Year Canadian Moment 1839 1962 1972 1984 Roberta Bondar First Canadian to walk in space 5. Identify the questions as political, environmental, or ethical and pose a question in each of these categories. Issue Political Environmental Ethical Who has the authority in space? Should we explore an alien home? What should be done with waste in space?