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ASL History and ASL basics ASL is not a written language ASL is not a universal language ASL is a mix of English home signs and formal French Sign Language ASL stands for American Sign Language Sign language was developed by Spanish monks after a vow of silence. The father of ASL is William Stoke (he is a hearing man) Thomas Gallaudet (hearing American) and Laurent Clerc (Deaf Frenchman) created ASL. Gallaudet University is in Washington DC. It is the only University specifically for Deaf people. It was founded by Thomas Gallaudet’s grandson. Changing English into ASL is called glossing. The sentence order of ASL is Time-Topic-Comment-Question or Subject-ObjectVerb There is no “ONE CORRECT SIGN”. How words are signed change depending on the age of the person signing, where they are from, and how they learned. Signs are different not wrong. The sign for a word depends on the meaning behind that word in context. Fingerspelling When fingerspelling in sign language you should NOT twist or throw your letters. When signing you should NOT switch hands. There is NO sign for a space, YOU JUST PAUSE. You should fingerspell proper nouns, titles, name brands, words that don’t have a sign, words you don’t know the sign for, names of cities and states. You can shorten a state’s name by using the postal abbreviation, but be prepared to spell it out if people don’t understand what you mean. If you sign a word and people don’t understand that sign then you can fingerspell. If you are trying to emphasis a word you can fingerspell it AFTER you sign it. When fingerspelling double letters you can slide, bounce or pop the letters. You will see all of them. What you do can and will change depending on the word you are spelling. The expectations are zz and jj. When fingerspelling you should keep your hand at shoulder level just below your chin. There is no real way to show capitalized letters when fingerspelling. If you’re unsure then ask. When reading fingerspelling watch the word as a whole. Do NOT read each individual letter. Do not voice the letters when reading fingerspelling. SIGN NAMES Name signs can only be given by a DEAF person. You can NOT change your sign name. Two types of sign names are arbitrary and descriptive. Arbitrary is a common sign name that does not have a connection to the person. Descriptive sign names are connected to the person’s look, personality, or interest. Once you have a sign name you still need to fingerspell your name when meeting a new person, then show them your sign name. Sign names can be used to talk about people in the room or not in the room. There is NO ASL sign for Mr., Miss, Ms., or Mrs. It is not considered rude to only call people by their name. You are just expected to have a respectful face. Introductions Introduction in Deaf culture will include Your name Your age Where you live Where you go to school If you are deaf or hearing How you know sign language Who your teacher is Deaf Culture basics It is rude to not sign in front of a Deaf person if you know how. Deaf people ask a lot of questions. Deaf people are blunt. It’s their culture to ask personal questions because they are trying to find out information. 90% of Deaf people have hearing parents. Few parents of Deaf children are fluent in sign, most know very little sign language if any at all. Signing Need to Know Dominate hand – the hand you sign with (usually the hand you write with). This will be the hand that moves during two handed signs. Non Dominate hand – the hand you DO NOT sign with (usually the hand you DO NOT write with). This will be the hand that stays still when signing two handed signs. Non Manual Marker – (NMM, or NMS) commonly called facial expression. It shows meaning, and is a specific facial expression made when signing a specific word. Eyebrows down means you want an answer (usually an explanation). It means you are asking a question about who, what, where, when, why, or how. Eyebrows up means you are asking a yes or no question, and want a yes or no answer. A straight face means you are making a statement, and want no answer in return. Pointing back to yourself or the person you are talking to is called a closing signal and it shows that you are finished talking and it is the other person’s turn. An agent marker is the “person” sign. When added to a verb it means a person who does the verb. Your sign space is the space where most of your signs are made. It is from your head to below your chest, and shoulder to shoulder. Nouns are signed with a double motion- meaning they are signed twice. Nouns also do not “travel”. Verbs are signed one time. Verbs also “travel” across the sign space. Iconic Signs are signs that look like the word that the sign represents. Usually verbs and a few nouns. Ex: Ice cream, basketball Non Iconic Signs are signs that DO NOT look like the word that the sign represents. Ex: locker, student, pretty Abbreviations FS – Fingerspelling DM – double motion DH – Dominate hand NDH – Non Dominate hand WH – who, what, where, when, why, how questions Y/N – Yes, No question Famous Deaf People Thomas Gallaudet – Taught English to Deaf students. - Traveled to France to find someone to help teach and communicate with Deaf students. - His mother and wife were Deaf. - He helped Establish the first school for the Deaf in America - The only college for the Deaf is named after him. - He is hearing. Laurent Clerc – French Deaf man Has a scar on his cheek from an accidental burn as a child. Helped to teach Deaf children in ASL With Thomas Gallaudet founded the first school for the Deaf in America. - Is the first Deaf teacher of the Deaf in America. - Charles-Michel de L’Eppe – Father of French Sign Language. - Taught Sign Language to Laurent Clerc - 1760 Opened the world’s first free school for the Deaf - His system is called Methodical Signs or Old French Signs - He was taught to sign by a Deaf “sister” in his parish (church) William Stoke - Proved that Sign Language was a real language with a different grammar and structure than English. - He was an English professor at Gallaudet University - He is considered the “Father of ASL” - He is hearing. - He finished his research on ASL in 1960. Ann Sullivan -Born April 1866 -Taught Helen Keller language by using Sign Language alphabet -Ann had issues with her vision -Was poor as a child -Started teaching Helen at the age of 20. -Stayed with Helen as her teacher until she died at age 86. Juliette Gordon-Low -Founder of Girl Scouts -She became deaf in one ear at age 25 when her mother used silver nitrate to fix an ear infection -At age 26 during her wedding a grain of rice lodged in her ear and when it was removed is damaged her ear drum and causing her to be completely deaf. She then began to learn sign language. -The first meeting and founding of the Girl Scouts America happened March 12, 1912 Abraham Lincoln University -Signed the charter to establish the Gallaudet -He signed the charter in 1864 after an act of Congress - He has be greatly appreciated by the Deaf community - His statue seems to have his hands in the shape of an A and L. - The man who carved the statue of Abraham Lincoln had a Deaf daughter George Veditz -1907 Elected President of the National Association for the Deaf (NAD) - He was one of the first to film sign language - He was in strong support of preserving sign language - He fought for the Deaf to have their own culture - After 1997 the United States honored him with a George Veditz ASL Festival that celebrates deaf culture Marlee Matlin - Famous Deaf Actress - Won an Oscar for her Role in the movie "Children of a Lesser God" - At age 21 she was the youngest Actress to receive the honor of Best Actress at the Oscars. - She has written three children books about her childhood and one autobiography of the joys and struggles of her life. - She is a philanthropist Important Events in Deaf Culture Deaf President Now - Happened at Gallaudet University in Washington D.C. in 1988 - Students at the school protested because a hearing woman, who did not know sign language and refused to learn it, was elected as president of the school. - She was chosen by an all hearing school board, they chose her over an equally qualified Deaf man. - The protest lasted 4 days - At the end of the protest Gallaudet University elected it’s first Deaf President - The protest got world wide news coverage. Hearing / The Ear • • • • There are tiny hairs inside your ear called cillia. When sound waves touch them they send signals to your brain telling your brain what kind of sound it is. You can damage your cillia causing them not to work, they can not grow back. The cochlea is the hard bone behind your ear. It is shaped like a snail. Your auditory nerve is inside the cochlea. The auditory nerve is what sends messages about sound to your brain. A hearing aid makes sounds louder. You can take them on and off without problems. A cochlear implant is a device they put in your head with surgery. It takes over the job of the auditory nerve. When you take the implant off you are completely deaf. Numbers in ASL Cardinal numbers are used to describe quantities. EX: (1 dog, three cats, 4lbs of dog food) #1-5: palm orientation facing toward signer. #6-9: palm orientation facing outward. #11 & 12: palm orientation facing toward, in/out #13-15: palm orientation facing toward signer (waving numbers) #16-19 : begin with 10 handshape and end with the hand twisting outward to form the number. #20- 29 (except # 22) Handshape L & the number Multiples of 11: the number handshape is repeated and bounced twice. Ordinal numbers explain the position of something in an ordered set or group. In ASL ordinal numbers show placement, rank, or order. Rocking Numbers - ( 68, 76, 97) The signs have a twisting movement to emphasize clarify the position of the thumb as it shifts from one fingertip to the other, creating the number combination. The numbers 100-109 are handled so the 0 is clearly shown: 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, etc. For most of the incorporating numbers, the rule in ASL is known as the RULE of NINE. That is where any number from 1-9 is incorporated into the sign for time, money, and etc. Example: Hour/Time: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, etc. BUT for 10 hours, sign “10” then “hour”. Money/Dollars: $1, $2, $3, etc. “10 dollars” Years/Time: 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, etc. Months/Time: 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, etc. ASL uses space to indicate a fraction by signing the numerator (upper number), and then dropping the hand and signing the denominator (lower number). Rule: When the numerator and denominator are single digits, the palm faces inward. Number Approximation - Sign the number and add “dash” representing unsure of monetary value. Example: “Nine dollars, something.” Show signs for Ages: “Around 30 years old” or “In her 50’s.” Another set of numbering in ASL showing quantity using number 1 to 5 telling “how many” and “how much” There are other numeric handshapes using fingertips in contact with palm of hand. Another way is to indicate the number of an athlete’s jersey: Number 15, Number 55, Number 25, etc. Number Representation - This part of numbering in ASL is extremely important part of ASL structure. The signs use a number handshape with incorporation with movement or location or a noun to express a meaning. Example: number of baby teeth (2 top, 1 bottom), five people approaching to me, 2 of us, four of us, five of us, six of us, etc., four couples dating together, one person approaching 2 people, etc. Identification numbering in ASL is stated differently than quantitative numbers. For example, street number would be signed as 2-3-0-2 rather than as two thousand three hundred two. OR can be signed 23-02. RULE TO REMEMBER: the numbers 1-5 palm facing outward, NOT inward! This numbering system applies for the following information: personal ID, social security, phone numbers, addresses, etc.