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Name ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period________ Semester 2 Final Exam 2010-11 Science 6 1. The following data table shows the number of deaths caused by influenza and pneumonia from 1917-1918, during the time of the 1918 influenza pandemic. U.S. Deaths per 100,000 Attributed to Influenza and Pneumonia, 1917-1918 Age 1917 1918 <1 2,944.5 4,540.9 1-4 422.7 1,436.2 5-14 47.9 352.7 15-24 78 1,175.7 25-34 117.7 1,998.0 35-44 193.2 1,097.6 45-54 292.3 686.8 Adapted from Age-specific death rates (per 100,000), Influenza & Pneumonia, USA (Noymer, 2007) According to the data table, which age group shows the GREATEST INCREASE in death rates caused by influenza and pneumonia from 1917 to 1918? 15-24 year olds 2. Lists bacteria, virus, protist from smallest to largest. virus, bacteria, protist 3. What types of organisms are multicellular? plants and animals 4. What generally causes an infectious disease? microbes 5. What makes up all living organisms cells 6. List some examples of NON-infectious diseases. cancer, diabetes, heart disease 7. What are the rules for handling a microscope correctly? Carry with 2 hands, do not let stage touch the objectives, do not use near water, turn off when done 8. What is a trade off of using quarantine for someone with an infectious disease? loss of freedom, loss of wages at work 9. What category(s) include microbes? bacteria, protists, virus 10. There are four species of insect eating birds on an island. Insect 1 Insect 2 Insect 3 Insect 4 Wildlife biologists have noticed that Yellow bird population has dramatically decreased. The biologist’s recorded the number of insects that the birds ate each day. Blue bird 23 50 4 30 Yellow bird 3 75 50 1 Red bird 23 67 24 50 52 6 What could be a probable explanation of why the Yellow bird’s Green bird 9 11 population is decreasing? Red, blue and/or green bird is competing with yellow bird for a type of insect and this is decreasing the amount of food yellow bird has available. 11. What is the function of the cell membrane and which cells have membrane. cell membrane allows substances to pass in and out of a cell. All cells except viruses have a membrane 12. How are different conclusions possible if all of the scientists are looking at the same experiments and data? Each scientist was able to fit the data together into a logical conclusion even though the resulting models were not identical. 13. Which types of cells have nucleus and which do not? With nucleus= animal (human), protist, plant No nucleus= bacteria , virus 14. Where is the genetic material of the cell found? nucleus 15. What does the word “cell” describe? The smallest unit of organization 16. What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of disease? wash hands often 17. When reporting the results of an experiment that collected large quantities of numerical data on the effects of colored light on the growth rate of plants, what would be the BEST way to graph the information? line graph for each color of light used 18. What is a trade-off for someone who decides not to take the full course of antibiotics? not all the microbes will be killed and you might get sicker 19. Single celled organisms include which type of organisms? Bacteria, protists, yeast 20. How are bacteria and protists alike and different? Alike: 1-celled, living, cell membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm Different: bacteria does not have a nucleus, they have a cell wall and they are much smaller Questions 21 and 22 refer to the following graph, which shows the spread of an infectious disease through a population time 21. Describe what usually happens to the number of infected people at the start of the spread of the disease. The number infected increases. 22. Over time, what usually happens to the number of infected people? It will begin to decrease as people get better or die. 23. What size population of bacteria would produce a disease in the shortest amount of time? The largest size population or the fastest growing 24. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope? eyepiece x objective = magnification 25. What do scientists use to classify an unknown organism? structure, size, shape 26. What body system protects you from invading microbes? immune system 27. Define and describe sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Be able to give examples. Sexual Reproduction= 1) two parents give equal amounts of genetic material to produce similar but not identical offspring 2) sex cells (egg and sperm) combine 3) examples: crossing 2 different flowers fish, black cat crossed with a white cat. Asexual Reproduction= 1) identical offspring reproduced from 1 parent, except when there is a mutation 2) one-celled and multicelled organisms use this 3) examples: worm spitting, budding runners 28. What can determine an organism’s traits? One gene, many genes, or the environment 29. During which type of reproduction do sex cells unite? Sexual reproduction 30. What types of organisms use sexual reproduction? Animals (including humans) and plants 31. Where is genetic information stored? Nucleus 32. What are examples of asexual reproduction? budding (Hydra, strawberries) , fragmentation (worms), mitosis (cells), binary fission (bacteria) cuttings (plants) 33. What kinds of organisms are best for studying genetics? Give examples. Quickly reproducing organisms like pea plants, fruit flies, mice 34. When is the offspring of asexual reproduction different from its parent? A mutation of genetic information 35. What type(s) of organisms reproduce sexually and which use asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction= multicellular organisms only Asexual reproduction= one-celled and some multicellular organisms 36. Where do the offspring of asexual reproduction receive its genetic information from? One parent 37. How does a sperm or egg cell differ from all the other cells in your body? Sperm and egg cells contain only half the number of genes as the other cells. 38. What is mitosis? Dividing of nuclear material making 2 identical copies 39. How does your body grow as you get older? Your cells divide, producing new cells. 40. Mitosis begins in which cell organelle? nucleus 41. How does the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell compare to the number of chromosomes in a parent cell? The daughter cell has the exact same number of chromosomes. 42. What causes inherited diseases? Genes 43. List these structures from largest to smallest: DNA, body, gene, chromosome, organ systems, tissue, cells, organs, Body, organ systems, organs, tissue, cells, chromosomes, genes, DNA 44. List the stages of mitosis in the correct order. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 45. What happens at the end of mitosis? The cell membrane splits. 46. What is a clone? An artificial form of asexual reproduction producing a genetically identical organism. 47. Give examples of sexual reproduction. An orange cat is mated with a black cat in hopes of producing a tiger striped cat. Flowers from two different plants re mated to produce a seed 48. Cuttings are examples of which type of reproduction? asexual 49. Fragmentation is an example of which type of reproduction? asexual 50. Use the letter “A” to represent a genetic trait. Write what you would use to represent the homozygous dominant condition and homozygous recessive condition. What would you use to show a heterozygous condition? Homozygous dominant= AA Heterozygous= Aa Homozygous recessive= aa Questions 51-54 refer to the table R r R r RR Rr Rr 51. In the table shown above, the empty square should be filled in as: rr 52. How would the dominant condition be written? RR, Rr 53. Among the offspring, what is the ratio of dominant to recessive for this trait? 3:1 54. This table is used to determine the probability of traits in offspring as a result of which type of reproduction? sexual reproduction 55. What are some trade-offs of being tested for a genetic disorder? Stress, it might be hard to get insurance or a job, you might have to make life-style changes 56. Who was Gregor Mendel? One of the 1st to study patterns of heredity scientifically 57. How many copies of each chromosome do most human cells have? 2 58. If both parents are carriers for a genetic trait that is based on only one gene, what is the likelihood that their offspring will inherit this trait? ¼ or 25% 59. What are some good ways to deal with an unwanted pet? Give it to friends or family Take it back to the store or where you got it Take it to a shelter 60. What are consumers? List examples. consumer- organisms that get their energy from eating other organisms examples are animals like bears, fish, rabbits and insects 61. What is the role of producers in an ecosystem? To use the sun’s energy to make energy stored as food 62. Feeding relationships in an ecosystem are best represented by what? webs Questions 63-65 refer to the following diagram: owl humans rabbit sun grass 63. In this diagram, which of the following are consumers? rabbit, owl, humans 64. The original source of energy is the: sun 65. What is missing from the diagram? 66. What uses photosynthesis? Producers a decomposer 67. What is a decomposer? Give examples. decomposer- organisms that eat dead organisms and waste from living organisms Ex- bacteria, fungi, worms, some beetles Questions 68-72 refer to the following table: Table 1: Population Over Time Year 1 2 3 4 5 Populations 2 5 10 17 30 68. If you were to graph the data in Table 1, the best type of graph to create would be a: line graph 69. How does the data in Table 1 change over time? It increases. 70. If this population were to reach carrying capacity in this area, what would happen to the population size? stay the same over time 71. What factors can affect carrying capacity? The amount of food available, competition with other species, change in weather, natural disaster 72. How would the introduction of a competing species affect the carrying capacity of the native species? It is likely to decrease. Questions 73-75 refer to the following paragraph: A new species of fish has been introduced into Lake Hiawatha. This fish eats minnows, a smaller fish that already live in the lake. 73. What do you predict will happen to the population of minnows in Lake Hiawatha? it will decrease 74. What do you think will happen to the population of the new species of fish in Lake Hiawatha? it will increase 75. The introduction of this new species of fish into Lake Hiawatha provides an example of: competition 76. Why can some introduced species survive and overpopulated an area? They have no natural predators in the area. 77. What is a population? Give an example. population- group of the same kind of organisms living in a certain place Ex- all the rainbow trout in a specific lake All the garden snails in a specific garden 78. What is classification and why is it used? classification/classify- grouping things according to similarities It can be used to identify organisms, show relationships among different groups of organisms, and is based on a systematic method 79. List the types of symbiotic relationships. 1. predation is the feeding of one organism on another; ex lion hunting a zebra 2. mutualism is a relationship that benefits both organisms; ex ants protecting aphids who gather food 3. commensalism is a relationship that benefits one partner but does not help or harm the other; ex egret getting bugs from cows grazing 4. parasitism is a relationship that benefits one and harms the other; ex is tapeworms taking the nutrients from dogs 80. What are the steps of the water cycle? evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection 81. There are 30 toads in a pond that is 30 sq. meters. What is the population density of the toads in the pond? 1 toad per square meter 82. Why are there fewer carnivores at the top of the energy pyramid? because each one depends on large populations of other organisms for food. 83. Ants use aphids to collect food for them. In return, the ants provide protection for the aphids from their predators. What kind of relationship is this? mutualism 84. How might a lack of sunlight disrupt the food web? It would prevent producers from producing nutrients. 85. What abiotic things might you find in an ecosystem? Rocks, air light and soil 86. Remoras are fish that swim alongside sharks, eating scraps that the sharks leave behind. This is an example of which symbiotic relationship? Commensalism 87. Extinct organisms may be related to which of the following? Both living and extinct organisms 88. What could cause the extinction of a species? environmental change, loss of food source, disease 89. What is likely to be a fossil? a footprint, a piece of bone, a tooth 90. How are geologic time periods divided? the appearance and disappearance of life forms 91. Which organisms have existed on earth for the longest period of time? single-celled organisms Questions 92-94 refer to this diagram: 92. What does the diagram above show? the presence of fossils in layers of rock 93. Based on the evidence, which organism lived most recently? a plant 94. What is the relative age of the fish in the diagram? The fish are older than the plant, but more recent than the shelled organism. 95. Can mutations help a species? They are sometimes helpful, sometimes harmful. Questions 16-19 refer to a similar paragraph: A population of frogs eats the green flies that live on a pond. Every so often the green flies have a brown offspring. The brown flies are usually seen more quickly by the frogs and eaten sooner. 96. The fact that the brown flies are easier to see and are less likely to survive as a result is known as what? natural selection 97. What most likely caused the brown flies? the brown flies are probably a result of a mutation 98. Why do the green flies survive better on this pond? Their color makes them better adapted than brown flies. 99. Imagine that increased pollution caused the lily pads on the pond to be heavily covered with brown particles. What is most likely to happen? The brown flies would be less likely to be eaten by the frogs. Over time, the fly population would have more brown flies. 100. What does the fossil record show about life on earth? Living things have changed over time.