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Prehistoric Britain Britain – the part of the European land mass until the last Ice Age 6000 BC The earliest inhabitants lived in limestone caves 3000 BC many parts were inhabited by the Iberians They used stone axes and made antlers and bones into leather-working tools. We can learn from their skeletons, weapons, tools and the remains of dwellings. Stonehenge – 3000 BC; the sun and the passing of the seasons The ruins consist of two stone circles and two stone horseshoes. The Bronze Age 2100-1650 The Technique of smelting iron 700 BC, By Celts Britain was invaded in two waves- the Gaels 600 BC, Cymri or Britons 300 BC The Celts lived in villages, built forts on hilltops and protected them with ditches and ramparts. Large-scale artwork Family life was the clan Croup of peoples loosely tied by similar language, religion and cultural expressions. Celtic languages are : Welsh, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Breton, Gaelic. Roman Britain The Romans were the most powerful people in the world. Slave society Gallia conquered with Rome Julius Caesar reached the Cannel in 55 BC Made two raids The Romans defeated the Celts Rebellion in Gaul forced withdraw his soldiers from Britan Britain was still ruled as a colony Free Celts The Iceni joined with Romans but the turned on and tortured Queen Boudicca Queen Boudicca - led revolt against Roman rule Romans built – network of towns, forts and camps connected by paved roads. Hadrian’s wall – to keep out the raiding Picts and Scots Main towns and cities were established by the Romans – York, St Albans, Bath, London -caster, -chester reveal the places of Roman military camps Aquae Sulis R. soldiers and traders brought Christianity, 4th century the Christian Church was established. Anglo – Saxon Kingdoms The Roman legions left Britain in 410 and the Celts remained independent but not for long. Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Northern Germany had started to raid the eastern shores. The new settlers destroyed Roman villas. Towns ending in “ham” ( Birmingham, Nottingham) The Celts were driven away to Cornwall, Wales and the Scottish Highlands and Islands Welsh and Cymri has survived best The Angles gave England the name and the Saxons language Anglo – Saxons o Agricultural people o Self-sufficient villages o Arable-farming, cattle-breeding o Trading King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. The Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons – 6th century, St Augustine Important changes o Big landed estates o Spread of Roman culture ( monks) o They brought books to Britain o The First libraries and schools o The Venerable Bede “Ecclesiastical History of the English People” “Beowulf” King Elbert became the first king of England Viking loanwords are – eye, leg, sky, skin, take etc. They came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Viking age in European history was AD 700 to 1100. Many Vikings left Scandinavia and travelled other countries. The Vikings still lived in tribes and were pagans, bold and skilful seamen. 871 the Danes invaded Wessex The first British Navy was built and many places fortified King Alfred o Could read and write o Translated Ecclesiastical History of the English People o The Anglo- Saxon Chronicle was written in Anglo-Saxon 11th century England was conquered by the Danish king Canute who became king of Denmark, Norway and England. He divided England into lordships, providing a unified system of government, ended the practise of paying Danegeld. The Norman Invasion 1042 Edward Confessor became king After Edward’s death Godwin’s (father-in-law) oldest son Harold was recognised as a king Real ruler of England Harold and William of Normandy argued about the throne Three man claimed to the throne of England o Harold Godwin ; the Earl of Wessex o William ; the Duke of Normandy o Harald Hardraada ; the King of Norway 1st challenge to king Harold came from the north 1066, Harald landed in north-eastern England Godwin defeated Harald Duke William had landed on the south coast The Battle of Hastings o Last successful invasion of Britain o It is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry William the Conqueror was acclaimed king in Westminster Abbey, 1066 The Normans operated a feudal system 1086 The Domesday Book – s survey of every manor in England French – language of the arictocracy English – language of peasants The most prominent surviving remains from Norman England o Stone castles o The White Tower in London, Durham The Early Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon rebellion against the Normans until 1070 William I o State system o Strong monarchy o Language “Domesday” Book – complete economic survey William controlled Normandy and England 1087 he left Normandy to his son Robert and England to his second son William William died in a hunting accident and Henry unfairly took charge of the king’s treasury and was crowned king 1106 Hendry invaded Normandy Henry + Matilda The consequences were serious The throne was seized by Stephen of Blois Matilda’s fight with S of B led a civil war 1153 – the latter could keep the throne if Matilda’s son Henry could succeed him. Henry II became the 1st unquestioned ruler of the English throne. The Reign Of Henry II, Richard I, John I Magna Carta and the Decline of Feudalism Henry II o Inherited English Kingdom and Normandy from his Mother Matilda o Anjou, Maine and Touraine from his father Geoffrey o Acquired vast areas of central and south-western France through his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine o Though, athletic, immense energy- travel ceaselessly o Most able king – generous, pillar of justice o Sons Richard and John Struggle between the Church and the state 1162 Henry II appointed Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury Henry was followed by Richard Spent hardly any time in England R. was killed; 1199 John I inherited the throne Unpopular- had taxed heavily his nobles, had taken their money but had not protected their land in France Pope closed every church John was forced to sign Magna Carta Defining the rights and responsibilities of the crown and its subjects Limited king’s power Important landmarks o 1st stone bridge across the Thames o It concluded a drawbridge, a double row of houses and some 140 shops. England under the Reign of Henry III and Edward I 100 years’ war John’s son Henry o Reigned for a long time o Middling head of state o Was not able to get back his father’s lands in France o Patronized arts and inspired the improvements of Westminster Abbey and construction of Salisbury Cathedral o First parliament was summoned in 1265 His son Edward I o Brought together 1st real parliament o Annexed Wales to England o Brought Scotland under English control o Tried to have good relations with Philip IV o They married their children (Isabella + Edward II) o Consequences were disastrous and Isabella forced Edward to abdicate in favour of his 14-year-old son Edward III o One of the most successful English monarchs o The most efficient military power in Europe o His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government 100 year’s war (1337-1453) o The struggle began with Edward’s claim to the French throne o War began well for England o Mysterious peasant Joan of Arc o French went on winning o England had lost all its French possessions except Calais English literature was born with G. Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” Bible was translated into English 1st school Winchester College was established in 1382 “Canterbury Tales” A native architectural style (Cambridge) Oxford University The Age of Chivalry, the Poor in Revolt Edward III and the Black Prince were greatly admired. Symbols of the “code of chivalry” Order of the Garter Gave England a new patron saint, St. George “Honi soit qui mal y pense” The Black Death (1348-1349) Edward was followed by Richard II He became king at the age of 11, so others governed for him His advisers introduced a tax payment The third time in 1381, caused a revolt in East Anglia, Kent The Peasants Revolt Lasted 4 weeks Leader Wat Tyler was killed Richard II managed to calm down the angry crowd His officers killed the other leading rebels 1st sign of growing discontent with the state. The Crisis of Kingship, the Wars of the Roses After 100 Year’s War many of soldiers became unemployed Lancastrians and Yorkist fought for the control of the throne 1377 Richard II became king Young king was placed under control of his uncle John, Duke of Lancaster He prepared the throne for his son Henry IV Other successor – the son of his uncle Edmund, Duke of York Henry was stronger Established his royal authority Nobility were divided between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists The house of York – white rose; Henry had no right to be king; better right, because they were descended from and older son of Edward III Lancaster – red rose War 1455 with the battle of Saint Albans Edward York became king as Edward IV Edward V and his brother was killed in the Tower of London Richard III o Last king of the House of York o “A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!” The Tudors European royal house 1485 – 1603 1st monarch Henry Tudor o Built foundations of a wealthy nation state and a powerful country o His son Henry VIII make church truly English o Elizabeth defeated the powerful navy of Spain o Less glorious view: Henry VIII wasted a lot of the wealth saved by his father o Elizabeth weakened the quality of government by selling official posts The early Tudors Henry VII o Was born in Wales o Edmund Tudor, Lady Margaret Beaufort o Established new monarchy o Based royal power on good business o Avoided quarrels with Scotland in the north or France in the south o Important alliances o His son Arthur + Catherine of Aragon o Marriage between his daughter Margaret and James IV of Scotland o He kept England out of European wars Henry VIII o Catherine of Aragon – divorced o Anne Boleyn – beheaded o Jane Seymour – died o Anne of Cleves – divorced o Catherine Howard – beheaded o Catherine Parr – survived Parliament passed two acts The pope had no authority in England The act of Supremacy – made the Church of England a separate institution, established king as its supreme head The reformation in England Reformation-the background Henry VIII spent so much on wars and court The church was a huge landowner The monks lived in wealth and comfort Henry disliked the power of church in England He wanted control the Church Believed in catholic faith Once E. had accepted the separation from Rome, H. took the English reformation a step further Thomas Cromwell Careful survey of Church property Closed monasteries and religious houses The Later Tudors. The Protestant – Catholic struggle Edward VI became king after Henry VIII death The county was ruled by a council Edward died at the age of 16 Jane Gray was his successor The Nine Days’ Queen The privy council change sides and Lady Jane was executed Mary + king Philip of Spain Enacted a policy a persecution against Protestants Nickname “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth became queen Led E. back to Protestantism and made herself head of the Church The struggle between Catholics and Protestants Spain and French kings wanted to marry Elizabeth Danger from the Catholic nobles in England Mary Stuart Queen of Scots Closest living relative Elizabeth never married and had no children The Elizabethan Age Spain as main trade rival and enemy The defeat of the Spanish Armada Prosperous period o Greatest dramatists o Seamen continued to seek alternative routes to India o A number of companies were established The early Stuarts Mary Queen of Scots – fascinating and controversial monarchs She claimed the crowns of four nations – Scotland, France, England and Ireland Mary + Francois; short marriage, no children Mary + Lord Darnley; instead of marrying Lord Dudley; unpopular When she got tired of him, she allowed herself to agree to his murder and married the man believed to have been the murderer; less popular Her third marriage ended in forced abdication in favour of her one-year-old-son Tried and executed for treason for her alleged involvement in three plots to assassinate Elizabeth James started to rule at the age of 12 When E. died, she left James with a huge debt Raise taxes Mistake- appointing one Elizabeth’s minister as Chief Justice Limited kings power The Gunpowder plot of November 5, 1605. Guy Fawkes and others were caught to blow up the House of Lords on a open session day. Authorised King James’ Version of the Bible James; Charles; The Civil War; Execution of King; Cromwell James Stuart’s reign o Scottish Catholic who believed in the “Divine right” to rule as he pleased o Conflict with parliament Charles I, 1600 1625 became king Married Henrietta Maria of France Tension with parliament over money Dissolved parliament in three times He dismissed parliament, resolved to rule alone The Civil War at Edgehill, 1642 Supporters on monarchy-Cavaliers Supporters on parliament-Roundheads 1645, the Royalist army was finally defeated New “model” army that Oliver Cromwell The new king Charles II The 1st political parties in Britain Whigs Tories The Plague in 1665 The Great Fie of London in 1666 His brother James II succeeded him The king was unable to raise taxes or keep an army without the agreement of parliament The political events was called the Glorious Revolution Prince William was not liked, but his wife was very popular Queen Anne 1st monarch to rule over the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliamentary elections had a decisive effect on the life of the country The Commonwealth (1649-1660). Oliver Cromwell The term is loosely used to describe the whole period of 1649-1660 Cromwell’s government divided the country into 11 districts Most of entertainment was banned Oliver Cromwell o Most controversial figures o A radical dictator o Nobody can deny the importance of the new “model-army” that he had created o On the side of the “Roundheads” and became a key military leaders o A Puritan o Enjoyed music, hunting and playing bowls o Was buried in Westminster Abbey The eighteenth century Growth of industries Britain had the strongest navy King’s minister was a decision-maker The invention of machinery destroyed the “cottage industries” and created factories Sudden growth of cities George became king; didn’t speak English, didn’t seem very interested in his country Government power was increased Walpole came to power as a result of his financial ability Idea – government ministers should work together in a small group The limits to monarchy o Could not be a catholic o Could not move or change laws o Was dependent on Parliament for his financial income and for his army o Was supposed to choose his ministers W. put taxes on luxury goods: tea, coffee, chocolate New king, George III Didn’t want ton continue expensive war Made peace with France Britain’s international trade increased rapidly Britain from George III to Victoria The Georgian Age Age of Enlightenment George III o Hanoverian king o Could speak without accent o Defeated France o Becoming the dominant European power in North-America, India o American colonies lost o A series of wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France Loss of American colonies o Conflict between B. and American colonies triggered by the financial cost of the Anglo-French wars o 1764 – serious quarrel over taxation o American colonist decided that it was not lawful to tax them without their agreement o 1773, Boston tea party o Rebellion o The American War Of Independence (1775-1783) o Declaration of Independence o The war in America gave strength to the new ideas of democracy and independence. Napoleonic wars o Brought changes to Europe and America o 1804 Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor o Nelson, Trafalgar in 1805 o Wellington, with the help of the Prussian army, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 The Danger at home, 1815 -1832 o No need for factory-made goods o Price increases in almost everything o Many looked for a better life in towns o The Tories collapsed over the Question of Catholic Emancipation o Led by Earl Grey, the Whigs were still aristocratic party In 1830 George IV died and William came to the throne o Last monarch to appoint a Prime Minister contrary to the will of Parliament o William was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria Victorian England Inherited throne from William IV Britain was the most powerful country “The Empire on which the Sun never set” 1854, war in Crimea Florence Nightingale with nurses 1857 a munity in India Victoria became Empress of India and the country was put under the direct rule of Britain Industrial Revolution The use of steam-machines led to a huge increase in the number of factories Child labouring Education Important inventions and discoveries o Joseph Lister – the antiseptic surgery o Steamships o Railways o The first book of evolution Christianity had a very important influence on Victorian society o Hard work o Thrift and respect Famous Writers o Charles Dickens o Oscar Wilde o R. Kipling The Edwardian Age, World War I and the Post-War Years Edward VII The Edwardian era was a period during which the British class system was very rigid Emmeline Pankhurst founded union that fought for women’s suffrage The Edwardian period corresponds to the French Belle Epoque period The church no longer played as vital a role in the daily lives Many things had been invented o Telephones, typewriters, sewing machines, motorcars, aeroplanes, wireless 1910 Edward died and was succeeded by George V He proved to be a capable and dedicated leader Changed family name to Windsor because of the strong anti-German feeling of the British during the World War I Pre-war events o Two alliances: Britain, France and Russia vs Germany and Austria-Hungary o The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Treaty of Versailles o Britain got several German and Turkish colonies o British Empire increased in size o Britain could no longer afford to keep an empire 1931 – the dominions’ complete independence from Britain The Irish Problem Problems o The Irish are descended fro the Celtic people o Protestants occupied Ireland and made it a colony 1689, James II landed an army in Ireland 1801 the Act of Union stated that Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1914, a bill was passed giving Dublin government full control and it was due to become law Easter Rising; 1916 The controversy was lost in the tragedy of World War I With the end of war the Irish question rose again Irish question rose again 1921 – the B. government agreed to the independence of southern Ireland 1937 Prime minister declared Ireland a republic