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SKELETAL SYSTEM (pp. 809-812) I. Function of the Skeletal System A. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body B. Protection – Protects many _organs___ from mechanical injury C. Movement – Movement occurs when muscles attached to bones contract. D. Blood Cell Formation E. Storage - Storage site for _calcium___ and _phosphorus__. II. Human Skeleton A. The human skeleton has two divisions: 1. Axial – Forms the main _axis__ and includes the _cranium, mandible, vertebrae, costas, sternum, sacrum, coccyx__________________________________ 2. Appendicular – Contains the bones that form the _arms___ & _legs__ and includes the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton including the _clavicle, scapula, pelvis_______ B. Joints - Point where two bones meet. Bones are held together by _ligaments________. Joint are classified according to the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones involved. 1. Immovable or _Fixed___ Joints - _No__ movement. Example: _bones of cranium_________. 2. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer of _cartilage___ to _cushion the ends of bone________. The space between the two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint called _synovial ____ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are: a. Ball & Socket – Greatest range of movement. Examples: _hip, shoulder__________ b. Hinge – Back and forth movement. Examples: _knee____ c. Pivot – Bones twist against each other. Examples: _vertebrae of neck___________ III. Bone Structure A. Embryonic Development – Embryo skeleton is composed entirely of _cartilage________. The process of converting cartilage to bone requires the addition of _calcium____. This process is not completed until after birth. The adult skeleton is completely composed of bone, except for _nose, ears, discs between vertebrae_________. B. Bone Structure - Bone is an _organ___ composed of living tissue. It is surrounded by a tough, protective layer called the __periosteum_________. Nerves and _blood vessels________ run through the periosteum to the bone itself. There are two types of bone tissue: 1. Compact Bone – Outer bone; dense, almost solid tissue that provides _support______. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous tissue provides _lightweight support_________________. The spaces are filled with soft tissue called _marrow___. There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of _blood___ cell production b. Yellow Marrow – Site of _fat____ storage. IV. Skeletal System Damage A. Osteoporosis – Associated with _older women___. Characterized by loss of _bone mass______ which results in increased risk of fracture B. Scoliosis - _Lateral______ curvature of the spine C. Arthritis - Inflammation of the _joints____. Caused by wear and tear on _cartilage_____ cushioning the joints. carpals clavicle coccyx costas cranium femur fibula humerus mandible metacarpals metatarsals patella pelvis phalanges radius sacrum scapula sternum tarsals tibia ulna vertebrae
