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CHAPTER 14
Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848–
1860
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:
1.
Identify the issues that shaped public opinion during the early 1850s and analyze their impact on
the nation’s political party system.
2.
Explain the expectations for the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the reactions of various groups to the
legislation.
3.
Analyze the election of 1860 in terms of the deep division of opinion within the United States
over slavery and chart the course of events that led afterward to secession.
4.
Describe the choices available to Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis in March 1861.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I.
New Political Options
A. Disaffected Voices and Political Dissent
1. The presidential election in 1848 had celebrated American expansion and nationalism
but at the same time revealed a strong undercurrent of dissent.
2. Whig leaders could do little to address voters’ immediate concerns, and increasing
numbers left the party to form new state and local coalitions.
a) One of the most prominent of these locally oriented groups was the anti-Catholic,
anti-immigrant, Know-Nothings.
b) Know-Nothings from different regions disagreed about many things, but they all
agreed that the Whig and Democratic parties were corrupt and that the only hope
for the nation lay in scrapping traditional politics.
c) Some coalitions were interested in other more personal issues, such as female
equality.
d) While none of these movements alone was capable of overturning the ruling
political order, they were symptomatic of serious problems perceived by growing
numbers of citizens.
B. The Politics of Compromise
1. California’s application for statehood revived tensions between the North and South.
a) California wished to bar slavery.
b) What to do about slavery in the Utah and New Mexico territories divided the two
sides.
2. The Compromise of 1850 sought to resolve all issues as follows.
a) California to be a free state.
b) Popular sovereignty to determine whether or not the Utah and New Mexico
territories would have slavery.
c) Fugitive slave law to placate southerners.
d) Slave trade in Washington, D.C., to end.
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160
Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
3.
II.
The Whig Party fell apart during the election of 1852.
a) Conscience Whigs (antislavery) and Cotton Whigs (proslavery) divided.
b) Animosity between Catholics (immigrants) and Protestants (native-born
Americans) also hurt the party.
C. A Changing Political Economy
1. Industrialization increased during the 1850s.
a) Steam power, advanced interchangeable parts, assembly lines, and mass
production contributed to the expansion of factory industry.
2. The railroad moved to center place in the economy.
a) Railroad mileage more than tripled.
b) Agriculture, mining, and manufacturing expanded because of more rail transport.
c) Government at all levels helped finance railroad development.
3. The West’s economic and political power increased.
a) World grain prices rose during the 1850s.
b) New farming equipment made greater production possible.
4. The labor force expanded thanks to immigration.
a) Irish immigration climbed because of the potato blight.
b) German immigration increased because of crop failures and political chaos.
5. Regionally different economies contributed to sectional division.
a) Slavery seemed to loom behind every issue and debate.
D. Political Instability and the Election of 1852
1. Slavery seemed to loom behind every national debate, but most Americans had no
personal investment in the institution.
2. The Compromise of 1850 momentarily eased regional fears, but sectional tensions still
smoldered beneath the surface.
a) These embers flamed anew in 1852 with the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
3. The one-sided victory in the presidential election revealed more about the disarray in
the Whig Party than it did about Pierce’s popularity or Democratic strength.
E. Increasing Tension Under Pierce
1. Choice of a transcontinental railroad route inflamed sectional opinion.
a) Southerners wanted a southern route to encourage the development of more slave
states.
b) Northern Free-Soilers, evangelicals, and manufacturers wanted a northern route.
2. The Gadsden Purchase angered antislavery forces.
a) It facilitated development of a southern transcontinental railroad route.
3. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois maneuvered to obtain a northern route.
a) He sought a route based in Chicago.
b) His Kansas-Nebraska Act (to organize the territories through which a northern
route must pass) allowed for popular sovereignty on the slavery question.
Toward a House Divided
A. A Shattered Compromise
1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated northern opinion.
a) Northern coalitions to defeat it were unsuccessful but gradually coalesced to form
the Republican Party.
2. Northerners found even more evidence of a slave power conspiracy in:
a) Filibustering by southerners in the Caribbean and Central America.
b) The Ostend Manifesto.
B. Bleeding Kansas
1. Both sides began to send armed settlers to Kansas.
2. Kansas erupted in violence.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
a)
161
Proslavery forces entered Kansas from Missouri and voted illegally in elections
to organize the territory.
b) They attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence when antislavery forces
organized their own government.
c) John Brown then seized and murdered five proslavery men.
3. The Kansas issue also led to violence in Congress.
a) Southerners praised the assault on Senator Sumner by Representative Brooks.
4. The Republican Party did well in the presidential election of 1856.
a) Its relatively narrow defeat underscored the new party’s appeal in the North.
b) The American Party split apart over the issue of slavery; many northern members
joined the Republicans.
C. Bringing Slavery Home to the North
1. The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision further angered the North.
a) It decreed that Congress could not limit slavery in the territories.
2. In Kansas, the proslavery Lecompton constitution kept tensions high.
a) Congress did not approve it because nonresidents had participated in the
ratification vote.
b) In a second vote, it was defeated because, this time, Free-Soilers in Kansas voted.
3. In Illinois, Abraham Lincoln ran for the Senate against Douglas.
a) The two engaged in a series of debates about the expansion of slavery.
b) In the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas said that, despite the Dred Scott decision, a
territory could exclude slavery by making it uncomfortable for slave owners.
D. Radical Responses to Abolitionism and Slavery
1. Southerners defended slavery’s expansion as vital to their economic and political wellbeing.
2. They defended slavery itself.
a) They offered religious reasons and biblical examples.
b) They argued that it made whites in the South freer and more cultivated than in the
North.
c) They suggested that slave labor was more humane than the wage slavery of
northern laborers.
3. John Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
a) His goal was a mass slave insurrection.
b) The attack frightened the South, pushing many to consider secession.
4. Hinton Rowan Helpers’s The Impending Crisis of the South pushed more southerners
to consider secession.
a) Northerners distributed it widely for, though written by a southern racist, it
assailed slavery.
III. The Divided Nation
A. The Dominance of Regionalism
1. The Democratic Party split again over the issue of slavery in the territories in 1860.
a) Northern Democrats nominated Douglas for president on a platform of popular
sovereignty in the territories.
b) Southern Democrats nominated Breckenridge on a platform demanding federal
protection of slavery in the territories.
2. The Constitutional Union Party nominated Bell.
a) It hoped to force the election into the House of Representatives.
3. The Republicans nominated Lincoln.
a) Their platform opposed the extension of slavery and supported higher tariffs,
internal improvements, and land legislation for the West.
B. The Election of 1860
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
1.
The Republicans emphasized the slavery issue and also played on Democratic Party
corruption.
2. Douglas attempted to save the Union by uniting moderate Democrats and
Constitutional Unionists—but failed.
3. Southerners panicked at the prospect of a Republican victory.
a) Rumors of slave uprisings swept the South.
4. The Republican victory was the first time a president was elected by a single region.
a) Lincoln won in all northern states (plus California and Oregon).
C. The First Wave of Secession
1. Sentiment for secession mushroomed in the Deep South because of the Republican
victory.
2. Crittenden’s compromise proposal in the Senate went down to defeat.
a) Republicans refused to extend the Missouri Compromise line and agree to the
extension of slavery south of it.
3. The first wave of secession was in the Deep South.
a) South Carolina led the way in December 1860.
b) Five more states seceded in January 1861.
c) The six established the Confederacy, complete with a constitution.
d) Texas seceded and joined the Confederacy.
D. Responses to Disunion
1. Some in the South still favored compromise.
a) Their peace conference in February 1861 accomplished nothing.
2. The secessionists chose Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederacy.
3. Outgoing President Buchanan did nothing to calm the situation.
4. Lincoln included all the major figures in the Republican Party in his cabinet in order to
forge unity.
IV. The Nation Dissolved
A. Lincoln, Sumter, and War
1. In his inaugural speech, Lincoln rejected secession and slavery’s extension but
promised not to interfere with slavery in the South.
a) Secessionists characterized it as a declaration of war.
2. In South Carolina, all federal troops in Charleston were moved to Fort Sumter.
a) Confederate troops fired on the fort when Lincoln sent supply ships; it
surrendered.
3. The North coalesced behind the Union cause after the attack on Fort Sumter.
a) Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 militiamen to mobilize.
B. Choosing Sides in Virginia
1. Lincoln’s militia call-up provoked a second round of secession; Virginia led the way.
a) Unionists in western Virginia resisted secession, withdrew from the state, and
later applied for statehood.
b) Robert E. Lee resigned from the U.S. army and returned to Virginia to lead its
forces.
C. A Second Wave of Secession
1. Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee followed Virginia’s lead.
a) In eastern Tennessee, Unionists were prevented from copying what happened in
western Virginia.
D. Trouble in the Border States
1. The border slave states remained in the Union, though not without bloodshed (except
in Delaware).
a) In Maryland, Lincoln used the army to suppress secessionists.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
b)
c)
163
In Kentucky, the legislature voted to stay neutral, but fighting broke out between
secessionists and Unionists.
In Missouri, fighting and rioting occurred, but Unionists managed to hold the
line.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any
relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember
these items for your next exam.
1.
Harriet Tubman
2.
Deep South
3.
Zachary Taylor
4.
Whigs
5.
Know-Nothings
6.
nativist
7.
xenophobic
8.
Lucretia Mott
9.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
10. omnibus
11. popular sovereignty
12. fugitive slave law
13. Stephen A. Douglas
14. Compromise of 1850
15. Underground Railroad
16. grain elevator
17. John Deere
18. Cyrus McCormick
19. agrarian capitalism
20. Abraham Lincoln
21. Harriet Beecher Stowe
22. conscience Whigs
23. James Buchanan
24. Franklin Pierce
25. Gadsden Purchase
26. Jefferson Davis
27. Charles Sumner
28. Kansas-Nebraska Act
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164
Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
29. noncompliance
30. Ostend Manifesto
31. posse
32. John Brown
33. censure
34. Republican Party
35. plank
36. regionalism
37. Dred Scott
38. Lecompton Constitution
39. Freeport Doctrine
40. chattel slavery
41. wage slavery
42. Harpers Ferry
43. Robert E. Lee
44. martial law
45. Constitutional Union Party
46. secession
47. John J. Crittenden
48. Confederate States of America
49. Unionist
50. Fort Sumter
51. battery
52. Richmond
53. Frederick Douglass
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Select the correct answer.
1.
The Compromise of 1850 attempted to
a.
convince northerners to suppress the abolitionist movement.
b. resolve the controversy over the extension of slavery to all territories recently acquired in the
war with Mexico.
c.
establish a transcontinental railroad route through the South.
d. permit a constitutional amendment allowing for resumption of the slave trade.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
165
Among the most important outcomes of the election of 1852 was
a.
the beginning of a brilliant career for Millard Fillmore.
b. the death of popular sovereignty as a political issue.
c.
the end of the Whig Party.
d. new life for the Liberty Party.
To encourage the growth of railroads,
a.
English investors were given subsidies to buy their stocks and bonds.
b. government at all levels provided assistance.
c.
the United States threatened to go to war with Mexico again, in order to obtain land suitable
for laying tracks.
d. President Pierce recommended that Congress create a cabinet-level department of
transportation.
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s influence was of critical importance in
a.
the fight for equal rights for women.
b. stimulating opposition to slavery.
c.
formulating the Ostend Manifesto.
d. shaping Stephen Douglas’s political direction.
According to Stephen Douglas, the best way to handle the issue of slavery in the territories was
a.
with a constitutional amendment.
b. to prohibit debate in Congress about it through a gag rule.
c.
to return all controversial territories to Mexico.
d. through popular sovereignty.
The Know-Nothing movement was symptomatic of tensions during the 1850s arising from
a.
differences of opinion over the extension of slavery to the territories.
b. splits within the abolitionist movement between Garrisonians and moderates.
c.
the rapid growth of Catholic immigration.
d. economic shifts caused by increased reliance on new technology.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act inflamed opinion in the North because it
a.
made the development of a southern transcontinental route more likely than a northern one.
b. reversed the Compromise of 1850 by again permitting the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
c.
decreed that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional.
d. allowed for the possibility of slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
Bleeding Kansas refers to
a.
heated congressional debates over the Kansas-Nebraska bill.
b. the issue of Kansas in the presidential election of 1856.
c.
the way abolitionists referred to the future of slavery in Kansas.
d. actual violence between pro- and antislavery forces in Kansas in 1855-1856.
Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks
a.
were among the first senators to seek a moderate solution to the Kansas crisis.
b. were symbolic of just how emotional the political issue of slavery had become by 1856.
c.
were good examples of Conscience Whigs.
d. co-authored a famous indictment of slavery on economic grounds.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
10. The structure of American politics changed during the 1850s with
a.
the appearance of third parties for the first time in American history.
b. the disappearance of the Democratic Party in the North.
c.
the collapse of the Whig Party and the creation of the Republican Party.
d. a reduction in the time required for Catholic immigrants to become citizens.
11. The Republican Party in the 1850s arose in response to
a.
the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
b. John Brown’s attack at Harpers Ferry.
c.
increased immigration from Ireland.
d. the Compromise of 1850.
12. The most likely reason why southerners approved of the Dred Scott decision was
a.
its directive to northern states to permit southerners to bring their slaves into the North.
b. the implication that something like the Missouri Compromise could never again be enacted
by Congress.
c.
its decree that the fugitive slave law was constitutional.
d. its order permitting slaveowners to settle in Kansas.
13. The primary motivation behind the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was to
a.
facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad.
b. create a slaveholding state in the West.
c.
find a haven for Mormons moving west.
d. develop a place for free blacks to escape from discrimination in the South.
14. The effect of Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1860 was to
a.
lead Lincoln to immediately issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
b. provoke a first wave of secession from the Union.
c.
encourage slaves all over the South to rise up against their masters.
d. cause a devastating wave of attacks on northerners who happened to be in the South at the
time.
15. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln made it clear that he
a.
regarded the Union as sacred and inviolable.
b. would end slavery in the South soon.
c.
was willing to go to war to achieve abolitionist goals.
d. would seek to compromise on the issue of slavery in the territories.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.
What did the founders of the Republican Party mean when they said that they opposed “Rum,
Romanism, and Slavery”? To whom did they appeal?
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The Republican Party attracted many northerners who were
alarmed by the great influx of Irish and German immigrants in the late-1840s and 1850s into the
United States. “Rum” and “Romanism” referred to these newcomers, who were Catholic and who
supposedly used alcohol more than native-born Americans. Animosity to “Rum” also came from
evangelical Protestants and from temperance reformers.
You should note in your essay that, during the early 1850s, those who detested the country’s new
immigrants found a forum for their views in the American (or Know-Nothing) Party. By taking a
stand against “Rum” and “Romanism,” the Republicans were able to appeal to these KnowNothings.
The Republican Party arose in the first place, of course, because of the third element in the slogan,
“Slavery.” However, you should take care to explain that, to the majority of northerners who
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
167
joined the Republican Party, opposition to “Slavery” meant opposition to the EXTENSION of
slavery to the territories. Only a minority, the abolitionists, wished to interfere with slavery in the
South. Both groups shunned the Democratic Party because Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, had
sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Include in your essay an explanation of why the KansasNebraska Act so upset those who objected to the extension of slavery to the territories and thereby
explain how that law gave rise to the Republican Party.
2.
As the North and South pulled apart during the course of the 1850s, many northerners insisted that
the South was engaged in a great Slave Power conspiracy. What did those who believed in a
southern conspiracy mean, and what could they have possibly cited in evidence?
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: To such northerners, the Slave Power conspiracy was a plot
masterminded by elite southerners who were dedicated to achieving political power in all sections
of the country and to imposing southern ways everywhere.
To many northerners, the inflammatory Kansas-Nebraska Act provided evidence of the South’s
readiness to subvert existing laws. The act undid the Missouri Compromise: it permitted slavery
north of the 36” 30’ line in lands that were part of the Louisiana Purchase.
They could also point to examples of the South’s readiness to use illegality and violence; Kansas
provided the most evidence. Prosouthern “border ruffians” entered the state from Missouri to vote
illegally in elections. Worse, proslavery forces attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence,
inaugurating the hostilities known as Bleeding Kansas. Outside the United States, southerners
organized private expeditions to foreign lands in order to spread slavery. In Congress, a southern
representative physically attacked an abolitionist senator. The attack on Fort Sumter confirmed the
South’s readiness to resort to violence.
Efforts to exert power over the federal government supposedly reached into the White House.
Northerners who believed in the Slave Power conspiracy’s reach were convinced that Presidents
Pierce and Buchanan had fallen under the South’s sway. Pierce’s activism in the Gadsden
Purchase, his approval of the Ostend Manifesto, and Buchanan’s position on Bleeding Kansas, as
well as his inactivity after secessionist states established the Confederacy, provided all the proof
they required. Furthermore, the Slave Power conspirators, according to the Republicans,
employed corruption to influence the executive branch of the federal government.
The Dred Scott decision suggested that even the Supreme Court had fallen under southern
domination. By declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, the decision led many
northerners to suspect that ANY restrictions on slavery, including the prohibition of slavery in
northern states, would eventually be set aside by southern influence.
3.
Most Americans probably believe that the North went to war against the South in 1861 in order to
end slavery. In your opinion, is this an accurate explanation of why the war began?
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: In view of the fact that Abraham Lincoln himself explained
that he had no desire to interfere with the existence of slavery in the South, this is not an accurate
explanation. You should explain that, as far as slavery was concerned, the majority of northerners
wanted only to prevent its extension to the territories. Only the abolitionists, a relatively small
group, wanted to end slavery everywhere. Indeed, the Republican Party platform of 1860 opposed
extension, but not slavery where it already existed.
In almost every case, the critical events of the 1850s that led up to the Civil War focused on the
issue of slavery in the territories. To illustrate this, discuss the elements of the Compromise of
1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, as well as Bleeding Kansas (which
can be described as a dress rehearsal for the Civil War). You should also include the Freeport
Doctrine in your discussion and how it shaped the election of 1860.
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168
Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
If not to end slavery, why then did the North go to war? In his first inaugural address, Abraham
Lincoln explained why: to prevent secession and to save the Union.
MAP EXERCISES
1.
Why did southerners come to believe by the beginning of the 1850s that they faced overwhelming
odds in seeking to protect their way of life? To understand the southern point of view, examine
the Chapter 14 opening map.
2.
How might southerners have responded to northern allegations that they had behaved nefariously
by supporting the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Consult Map 14.1 in your textbook to ascertain the
effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on the ENTIRE Louisiana Purchase. (If necessary, review the
extent of the Louisiana Purchase by consulting Map 8.2.)
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES
Frederick Douglass
To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the
chapter.
1.
What did young Frederick Douglass tell his friends about the differences they would face when
they turned 21?
2.
Why did Douglass tell others that “I almost forgot my liberty”? How was that possible based on
his earlier awareness of freedom?
3.
Douglass claims that when his living and working conditions improved, his interest in freedom
only heightened. Why do you think that was so?
4.
Did you know that most revolutions occur not when a country is dealing with its worst problems
but when conditions are getting better. What accounts for these correlations between individuals
and groups in diverse situations? What does it tell us about human nature in general?
5.
Was Douglass “free” once he escaped slavery? Why or why not?
INDIVIDUAL VOICES
Examining a Primary Source: Frederick Douglass: What to the Slave
is the Fourth of July
To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.
1.
To whom is Douglass referring in this selection? Who did he consider his constituency to be?
2.
What is Douglass’ point in denying connection to the holiday about which he had been invited to
speak?
3.
What point is Douglass making in citing Psalm 137? Do you agree with his choice? Why or why
not?
4.
Cite examples of Douglass’s use of language to make his point? Do you agree with how he
phrases his most important points or do you think he is overstating his case. Justify your answer.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
169
RUBRIC: Do further research on other former slaves—both escaped and freed—and document their
achievements in the following rubric.
FORMER
SLAVES
BACKGROUND
ACTIVITIES
IMPACT ON THE
INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY
IN THE U.S.
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.
b.
It prescribed that California would enter as a free state and that settlers in the other lands
would determine on the basis of popular sovereignty whether their territories would permit slavery
or not. See pages 378-379.
a.
It included something to appease northern abolitionists: prohibition of the slave trade in
Washington, D.C. See pages 378-379.
c.
The Compromise of 1850 did not deal with the issue of a transcontinental railroad route. See
pages 378-379.
d.
2.
No such amendment was even proposed. See pages 378-379.
c.
The party could not withstand the struggle between its southern and northern members;
many northern Whigs deserted the party because of its inability to address the issues of
immigration and industrialization. See pages 399-400.
a.
Vice President Fillmore became president in 1850 and was not nominated for the presidency
in 1852. See pages 399-401.
b. Popular sovereignty resurfaced as an issue in 1854 in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. See page
401.
d.
3.
The Liberty Party did not reappear in 1852. See pages 399-400 for the contending parties.
b.
State and local governments assisted with loans, stock purchases, and tax breaks. The
federal government assisted with land grants. See pages 396-397.
a.
There is no evidence for this. See pages 396-397.
c.
No such threats of war were ever made. See pages 396-397.
d. Federal assistance took the form of land grants and a survey of possible transcontinental
routes. See pages 396-397.
4.
b.
a.
With publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. See page 399.
See page 399.
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170
5.
Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
c.
See page 399.
d.
See page 399.
d.
He included popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. See pages 402-404.
a.
Douglas advocated popular sovereignty as the proper way to resolve the question. See pages
402-404.
6.
b.
Douglas never made any such proposal. See pages 402-404.
c.
He made no such proposal. See pages 402-404.
c.
The Know-Nothings proposed that it take 21 years to become a citizen, that naturalized
citizens not hold office, and the use of the Protestant Bible in public schools. See pages 394-395.
a.
The movement concentrated on opposing Catholic immigration. See pages 394-395.
b. The purpose of the Know-Nothings was to oppose Catholic immigration. See pages 394395.
d.
7.
They did not address such issues. See pages 394-395.
d.
It undid the Missouri Compromise by permitting slavery north of the Missouri Compromise
line in those territories. See pages 403-404.
a.
In fact, Douglas had proposed it in order to secure development of a northern route. See
page 403.
b. It did not affect the Compromise of 1850; it affected only the Missouri Compromise. See
page 398.
c.
Although it undid the Missouri Compromise, it did not comment on its constitutionality. The
Dred Scott decision three years later did. See pages 403-404.
8.
d.
The sack of Lawrence, the Pottawatomie Massacre, and the ensuing violence were referred
to by this term. See pages 405-406.
a.
The bloodshed in Kansas occurred after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. See pages
405-406.
b. It refers to the civil strife that broke out in Kansas between pro- and antislavery forces. See
pages 405-406.
c.
It refers to the conflict in Kansas between pro- and antislavery forces after the KansasNebraska Act was passed. See pages 405-406.
9.
b.
Brooks beat Sumner after the latter had insulted Brooks’ uncle, a senator from South
Carolina. See page 406.
a.
They were on opposite sides of the issue; Sumner was a senator, while Brooks was a
congressman. See page 406.
c.
The Whig Party had already collapsed by the time Brooks beat Sumner in 1856. In any case,
Brooks was from the South, and Conscience Whigs were northerners. See page 406.
d.
Brooks took violent exception to northerner Sumner. They agreed on nothing. See page 406.
10. c.
The Whig Party collapsed after the presidential election of 1852; the Republican Party took
shape between 1854 and 1856. See pages 401 and 405-406.
a.
The Liberty and Free-Soil parties existed during the 1840s. See page 387.
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Chapter 14: Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union, 1848-1860
171
b. The Democratic Party remained a powerful force in the North throughout the 1850s, electing
northerners to the presidency: Franklin Pierce in 1852 and James Buchanan in 1856. See pages
402 and 406.
d. The time required to become a citizen, five years, was not altered, although the KnowNothings tried to change it to 21 years. See page 394.
11. a.
See pages 403-404.
b.
The party began to arise in 1854. Brown’s raid occurred five years later. See pages 405-406.
c.
The American Party was a response to this. See pages 393-394.
d.
It arose four years later after the Kansas-Nebraska Act. See page 398.
12. b.
The Dred Scott decision declared that the Missouri Compromise had all along been
unconstitutional. See page 405.
a.
The decision imposed no such requirement. See page 405.
c.
The Dred Scott case did not involve the Fugitive Slave Law; Scott had not entered the North
as a runaway slave. See page 405.
d.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act had already permitted this. See page 405.
13. a.
The terrain of the Gadsden Purchase was necessary for any southern route. See pages
4000401.
b. Although this was a possibility in the long run, there was no such thinking at the time. See
pages 400-401.
c.
The Mormons had settled in Utah; the Gadsden Purchase was far to the south. See pages
400-401.
d.
14. b.
No such consideration ever existed.
South Carolina was the first southern state to secede. See page 410.
a.
The Republicans promised not to touch slavery where it existed. (And, the Emancipation
Proclamation was issued during the Civil War.) See page 409.
c.
Lincoln’s election had no immediate effect on the South’s slaves. See pages 409-415.
d.
No such violence was directed against northerners. See pages 409-415.
15. a.
Lincoln made clear that the Union was perpetual and that no state could withdraw from it.
See page 413.
b.
Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in the South. See page 413.
c.
Lincoln indicated that war would come only if the South interfered with national authority.
See page 413.
d. Lincoln explicitly ruled out any compromise on the issue of slavery in the territories. See
page 413.
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