Download Name: Period: _____ Date

Name: __________________________________ Period: _____ Date: _____________________
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
RG
Reptiles (Ch. 41)
Reptilia_

Class _

Evolved about _

Four orders:
359_ to _229_ million years ago (earliest fossils)
o Chelonia (_
turtles_ and _tortoises_)
o Squamata (_
lizards__ and _snakes_)
o Rynchocepahalia (_
o Crocodilia (_
and _

tuataras_)
corcodiles_, _alligators_
caymans_)
Reptiles produce amniotic eggs. Explain what that is.
Encase embryo in aquatic environment

leathery_
Reptile eggs are different from bird eggs in that they have a _
hard_ one.
shell, as opposed to a _
water loss_.

Reptiles have thick, dry, leathery, scaly skin that prevents _

Reptiles have developed respiratory and excretion systems to help them
conserve_ _ water _. Describe how.
_
Gas exchange organs (lungs) inside body
where stay moist
Only small amounts of water lost in urine

The circulatory system is composed of _
2_ loops. Describe where each goes:
deoxygenated blood from heart to
lungs, pick up oxygen and back to heart
o Pulmonary loop
oxygenated blood from heart to
body, pick up deoxygenated blood and
back to heart
o Systemic loop

In lizards, snakes and turtles, the heart has _
4_ chambers in their heart.
have _
3_ chambers. Crocodiles
Does the oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood mix a lot?
Not at all in crocs
Not like amphib. for 3 chambers…septum
partially divides ventricle

The lungs of reptiles are large and often divided internally into several
chambers_ and may contain small sacs called _alveoli_. What do
_
they do?
increase surface area for gas exchange

How does the brain of a reptile compare to that of an amphibian of similar size?
Same size, but cerebrum (controls movement)
much larger and optic lobes (sight) much larger

How do reptiles hear? (specific structures…not just “with ears!”) 
Tympanum (ear drum) transferrs to 1 bone
(columella)

What is Jacobson’s organ and what does it do?
Roof of mouth, sensitive to odors (smell),
particles from tongue transferred here

Control of body temperature is called _
thermoregulation_. There
are two ways vertebrates do this:
o Ectotherms _
absorb_ heat from surroundings. This means their
temperatures are _
close_ to that of their surroundings.
Examples of
ectotherms include:
Reptiles, fish, amphibians
Used to be called “cold blooded”
o Endotherms have rapid _
metabolisms_, which generates
heat for the body and includes these examples:
birds and mammals
o Why/how can ectothermy be good or bad?
Good: lower energy means needing less food
(about 1/10 as much)
Bad: can only sustain short bursts of
activity, can’t live in cold environments

There are three patterns of reproduction in reptiles. Explain each and give
examples of creatures that use that strategy.
lay eggs…birds, reptiles and 3
mammals
o Oviparity:
lay eggs close to time of birth,
stay in mother and develop…some reptiles
(including snakes)
o Ovoviviparity:
young born in body, born alive,
nutrients supplies by placenta…most
mammals
o Viviparity:
Birds (Ch. 42)
Aves_

Class _

Evolved about _

Share these major characteristics:
150_ million years ago
feathers_ for a body covering.
o _
wings_ as modified forelimbs.
o _
light-weight_, rigid skeleton. The bones are thin walled and/or
o _
hollow.
endothermic_ metabolism, with a body temp of _104_ -
o _
106_ oF.
_
o the lungs are connected to several sets of _
o jaws covered by a tough sheath called a _
air sacs_.
beak_.
oviparity_: all birds lay eggs with a hard shell
o _
dinosaurs_.

Birds are thought to have evolved from small, fast-running _

Feathers are modified scales that serve two functions: providing lift for
flight_ and conserving _body heat_. There are three different
_
kinds:
down_ feathers on young birds
o _
contour_ feathers for shape and insulation
o _
flight_ feathers, on the wings and tail
o _

Birds have a few special digestive organs. Describe what they do:
o Crop:
stores/moistens food
o Proventriculus:
stomach #1, acid/enzymes to
break down food
o Gizzard:
stomach #2 muscle grinds food,
often has small stones

For respiration, about 75% of air that birds breathe goes into
_
air sacs_ before the lungs. They help keep fresh air in the lungs even
when exhaling.

For circulation, birds a have a heart with _
4_ chambers, so
deoxygenated blood is always kept away from oxygenated blood.
large_ brains.

Relative to their size, birds have _

For birds, is fertilization inside the body (internal) of outside the body
(external)? Explain. (read carefully for this one…)
Internal, but no external genitilia…male
deposits sperm in female

What’s different about the ways birds young are born?
Precocial young: lay many eggs, incubate for
long time, fend for selves when born. e.g.
ducks, quail, chicken
Altricial young: few eggs, hatch quickly,
relatively helpless e.g. woodpeckers, hawks,
pigeons, parrots and warblers

Name the members of these orders:
o Order Anseriformes: _
o Order Strigiformes: _
swans, geeses, ducks_
owls_
o Order Apodiformes: _
hummingbirds, swifts_
parrots,akeets, macaws,
o Order Psittaciformes: _
cockatiels, cockatoos_
wood peckers, toucans_
o Order Piciformes: _
most familiar birds: robins,
o Order Passeriformes: _
blue jays, wrens_
o Order Columbiformes: _
pigeons, doves_
herons, storks, ibises,
o Order Ciconiiformes: _
egrets, raptors, penguiuns_
turkeys, pheasants, chicken,
o Order Galliformes: _
grouse, quail_
ostrich, emu, rheas_
o Order Struthioniformes: _

Plus 13 other orders based on shapes of beaks, feet, plumage (feathers), bone
and muscular structures.
Mammals (Ch. 43)
Mammalia_

Class _

Evolved about _

Share these major characteristics:
300_ million years ago (first ancestors)
endothermy_ for regulating body heat
o _
hair_ for a body covering (well, except me  )
o _
4_ chambered, completely divided heart
o _
o Females produce _
milk_ for their offspring
o Lower jaw is made of _
o Specialized _

a single_ bone(s)
teeth_ for different jobs (cutting, grinding, etc.)
Modern mammals are divided into three groups:
Moonotremes_ are oviparous (lay eggs). Give 2 examples:
o _
o
Platypus and echidna
_Marsupials_ are viviparous (have live young that
develop inside the mother for some time after birth (in a pouch).
Give 2 examples:
Opossum, Kangaroo
Placental_ mammals (young develop inside the
o _
mother for a longer time than other mammals, and are fed by a
blood-rich structure known as the placenta).

Like reptiles, mammals breathe using lungs that have many small
alveoli__. They also use a muscle below the ribcage called the
__
diaphragm_.
_

Digestion: Mammals have different shaped _
teeth_ for different
functions. Digesting meat is easy, but mammals can’t digest
cellulose_, a polymer of glucose (many glucose molecules put
_
together). What adaptation do herbivores have to deal with this?
4 chambered stomach. 1 called rumen
has bacteria to digest.

A mammal’s brain is about _
15_ times heavier than the brain of a
similarly sized fish, amphibian or reptile. This is due mostly to the size of
cerebrum_, which evaluates senses, controls movement and
the _
behavior, and functions in memory and learning.

There are three different “kinds” of mammals. Define each of these and give
examples:
o Monotremes:
o Marsupials:
lay eggs, platypus
bear young in pouches, alive but
undeveloped; opossum
o Placental (just define…see below for examples):
inside until developed
mother keeps

Name some members of these orders of placental mammals:
o Order Xenarthra: _
anteaters, armadillos, sloths_
o Order Lagomorpha: _
o Order Rodentia: _
rabbits, hares, pika__
squirrels, gophers, chipmunks,
rats, mice__
o Order Primates: _
monkeys, goibbons, apes,
lemurs, tasriers, lorises_
o Order Chiroptera: _
bats_
shrews, hedgehogs, moles_
o Order Insectivora: _
o Order Carnivora: _
dogs, cats, raccoons, bear,
hyena, otter, seal, sea lion_
deer, cattle, camel, giraffe_
o Order Artiodactyla: _
o Order Perissodactyla: _
horse, rhino, zebra_
o Order Cetacea: _
whale, dolphin, porpoise_
o Order Sirenia: _
manatee, duogong _
o Order Proboscidea: _

African and Asian elephant_
To which order do modern humans belong?
Primates