Download Comp 4d-1

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Comp 4d-1
Cell Cycle/Mitosis
4. Investigate, compare, and contrast cell structures,
functions, and methods of reproduction.
d. Compare and contrast the processes and results of mitosis
and meiosis. (DOK 2)
DaBook - Section 9
Objectives:
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29.
Discuss the two main parts of cell cycle.
Which part is the longest? What % of the cycle?
Discuss the events of the three parts of interphase.
Define replication.
Why is it necessary for chromosomes to duplicate before mitosis begins?
What are the two parts of M stage?
What is the purpose for mitosis?
What might occur if a mistake is made during mitosis?
What occurs during cytokinesis?
What are the four phases of mitosis (from first to last)?
What does each phase of mitosis look like?
What happens during each of the phases?
What is responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis?
List & explain 2 differences how plant & animal cytokinesis are different.
Differentiate chromatin, chromatid, & chromosomes.
What is the function of the centromere?
What is a cell plate?
What are the functions of the cytoplasm & centrioles?
How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?
What are chromosomes made of? Where are they found?
What is a centromere? Draw & label.
What are centrioles? What types of cells have them?
What is the spindle?
What two things limit the size of cells?
Why is surface area and volume important for cell sizes?
What limits cell division?
What is cyclin?
Define Cancer. What causes cancer?
What are stem cells and where do they come from?
30. Place the following in the correct order and label each phase.
31. Label the following.
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32. Label each.
33. Label each.
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Cell Cycle & Division
Cell Division:
34. All cells are derived from ___ (Cell Theory)
35. Cell division is ___
36. Cell division differs in ___ (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, & animals)
37. Some tissues must be repaired often such as the lining of gut, white blood cells, skin cells
with a short lifespan
38. Other cells do not divide at all after birth such as ___ & ___
39. Controlled by proteins called ___ & enzymes that attach to them
Reasons for Cell Division:
40.
41.
42.
Copying DNA:
43. Since the instructions for making ___ are encoded in the DNA,
each new cell must get a complete set of the DNA molecules
44. This requires that the DNA be ___ (replicated, duplicated) before
cell division
Chromosomes & Their Structure:
45. The plans for making cells are coded in ___
46. DNA, ___, is a long thin molecule that stores genetic information
47. DNA in a human cell is estimated to consist of six billion pairs of ___
48. DNA is organized into giant molecules called ___
49. Chromosomes are made of ___ & visible only when ___
50. When a cell is not dividing the DNA is less visible & is called ___
51. DNA in eukaryotic cells wraps tightly around ___ to help pack the DNA during cell division
52. ___ help control the activity of specific DNA genes
53. Proteins bind to ___ and attach chromosome to the ___ in mitosis
54. ___ hold duplicated chromosomes together before they are separated in mitosis
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55. When DNA makes copies of itself before cell division, each
half of the chromosome is ___
56. DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) is ___ &
is called the ___
Chromosome Numbers:
Organism
Human
Fruit fly
Lettuce
Goldfish
Chromosome
Number (2n)
46
8
14
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57. Humans somatic or ___ cells have
23 pairs of chromosomes or 46
chromosomes (___ or 2n number)
58. The 2 chromatids of a chromosome
pair are called ___ (have genes for the same trait at the
same location)
59. Human reproductive cells or ___ (sperms & eggs) have
one set or 23 chromosomes (___ or n number)
60. Every organism has a specific chromosome number
Cell Cycle:
61. Cells go through phases or a ___ during their life
before they divide to form new cells
62. The cell cycle includes 2 main parts --63. Cell division includes ___ (nuclear division) and ___
(division of the cytoplasm)
64. ___ is the longest part of a cell's life cycle and is
called the "resting stage" because the cell isn't
dividing
65. During this phase, cells ___, ___, & ___
66. Interphase consists of 3 parts ---
Interphase:
67. ___ or 1st Growth Phase occurs after a cell has undergone cell division
68. Cells mature & increase in size by making more ___ & ___ while carrying
normal metabolic activities during this part of interphase
69. ___ or Synthesis Phase follows G1 and the genetic material of the cell
(___) is copied or replicated
70. ___ or 2nd Growth Phase occurs after S Phase and the cell makes all the
structures needed to divide
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Cell Division in Prokaryotes:
71. Prokaryotes such as bacteria do not have a ___
72. Prokaryotes divide into two identical new cells by the process
of ___, an ___ method of reproduction
73. First, the ___, attached to cell membrane, makes a copy of itself
and the cell grows to about twice its normal size
74. Next, a ___ forms between the chromosomes & the parent
cell ___ (clones)
Cell Division in Eukaryotes:
75. Eukaryotes have a ___ & ___ which must be copied exactly so the
___ new cells formed from division will be exactly alike
76. The original ___ cell & 2 new ___ cells must have identical chromosomes
77. DNA is copied in the ___ phase of the cell cycle & organelles, found in the cytoplasm, are
copied in the ___ phases
78. Both the ___ (mitosis) and the ___ (cytokinesis) must be divided during cell division in
eukaryotes
Stages of Mitosis:
79.
80. Mitosis is an ___ method of reproduction
81. Mitosis consists of 4 stages --- ___, ___, ___, & ___
Prophase:
82. Chromosomes become ___ when they condense
into ___
83. ___ attach to each other by the ___
84. ___ in animal cells move to opposite ends of
cell
85. ___ forms from centriole (animals) or microtubules (plants)
86. ___ dissolves
87. ___ disintegrates
Metaphase:
88. ___ line up in center or equator of the cell attached to ___
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Anaphase:
89. Spindle fibers attached to the ___ pull the ___ apart
90. Chromosomes move ___ of cell
Telophase:
91. ___ forms at each end of the cell around the chromosomes
92. ___ reform
93. Chromosomes become less tightly coiled & appear as ___ again
94. ___ begins
Cytokinesis:
95.
96. In animals, a groove called the ___ forms pinching the parent cell
in two
97. In plants, a ___ forms down the middle of the cell where the new
cell wall will be
Cancer is Uncontrolled Mitosis:
98. Mitosis must be controlled, otherwise ___
99. Control is by special ___ produced by specialized genes
100. ___ in control proteins can cause cancer
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Summary of Mitosis:
Interphase
1.
2.
Early Prophase
1.
2.
3.
Late Prophase
Metaphase
1.
2.
3.
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
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101. Which cell is in metaphase?
102. Cells A and F show an early and a late stage of the same phase of mitosis. What phase is it?
103. In cell A, what structure is labeled X?
104. In cell F, what structure is labeled Y?
105. Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis?
106. What two main changes are taking place in cell B?
107. Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last.
108. Label each phase.
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LAB: Mitosis Time
Problem
How long do onion cells spend in each phase of the cell cycle?
Objectives
To identify the phases of the cell cycle
To determine the length of time cells spend in each phase of cell cycle
Materials
Picture of onion cell mitosis
Protractor
Calculator
Procedure
1. Using the diagram of onion cell mitosis, identify a single cell in each of the 5
phases of the cell cycle & draw a picture of it in the appropriate space in the
table.
2. Count the total number of cells in each phase of the cell cycle & record that
number in the table.
3. Calculate the fraction of cells in each phase by dividing the number of cells in
that phase by the total number of cells you have counted for all phases.
Express your answer as a decimal & then as a percentage.
4. Calculate the number of degrees in a circle graph for each phase by multiplying
the fraction of time the cell spends in each phase by 360o. (part/whole x 360)
5. Make a circle graph showing the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase
of the cell cycle. Label each portion of the circle with the phase it represents.
Data
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Appearance
Total # of cells
in this phase
Fraction of
cells in this
phase
Percent of
time cells
spend in this
phase
Number of
degrees in a
circle graph
for this phase
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Results
Analysis
1. In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?
2. In which phase does the cell seem to spend the least time?
3. How does plant cell mitosis differ from animal cell mitosis?
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Mitosis Foldable
Directions for making a four-tab book:
1. Fold a sheet of paper in half like a hot dog.
2. Fold this long rectangle in half like a hamburger.
3. Fold both ends back to touch the mountain
top or fold it like an accordion.
4. On the side with two valleys and one
mountain top, make vertical cuts through one
thickness of paper, forming four tabs.
Information on foldable:
Tab 1 (outside) - Prophase
Tab 1 (inside left) - List steps of prophase
Tab 1 (inside right) - Draw, color and label prophase
Tab 2 (outside) - Metaphase
Tab 2 (inside left) - List steps of metaphase
Tab 2 (inside right) - Draw, color and label metaphase
Tab 3 (outside) - Anaphase
Tab 3 (inside left) - List steps of anaphase
Tab 3 (inside right) - Draw, color, and label anaphase
Tab 4 (outside) - Telophase and Cytokinesis
Tab 4 (inside left) - List steps of telophase and cytokinesis (animal and plant).
Tab 4 (inside right) - Draw, color and label telophase and cytokinesis
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