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Ginger Zingiber officinale Ginger is from the Ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Parts Used ;Root Rhizome Health Benefits of Ginger Cardiovascular System Ginger helps to prevent Atherosclerosis (by lowering serum Cholesterol levels, inhibiting abnormal Blood Clotting and improving Blood Circulation). Ginger improves Blood Circulation. Ginger prevents abnormal Blood Clotting by inhibiting Platelet Aggregation (due to the Gingerol content of Ginger) Ginger increases the contraction strength of the Heart and improves Energy production in the Heart (due to its ability to increase the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) by the Heart). Ginger helps to prevent Thrombosis. Digestive System Ginger improves the function of the Digestive System. Ginger stimulates the flow of Bile from the Gallbladder (i.e. it functions as a cholagogue). Ginger (tea) alleviates Colic. Ginger cleanses the ..:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoftcom:office:smarttags" />Colon. Ginger may be useful for the treatment of Crohn's Disease (due to its ability to inhibit the excessive production of (pro-inflammatory) Leukotriene B4 that occurs during Crohn's Disease). Ginger alleviates Diverticulosis. Ginger helps to prevent Gastric Ulcers. Ginger temporarily alleviates Gastritis. Ginger temporarily alleviates Flatulence. Ginger temporarily alleviates Indigestion. Ginger enhances gastrointestinal motility and alleviates Abdominal Cramps in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Ginger helps to protect the Stomach from the toxic effects of Alcohol (ethanol) and NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS). Ginger may be useful for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (due to its ability to inhibit the excessive production of (pro-inflammatory) Leukotriene B4 that occurs during Ulcerative Colitis). Ginger (1,000 mg per day) prevents Vomiting (due to the Shogaol content of Ginger). Excretory System Ginger induces Perspiration. Immune System Ginger (weakly) inhibits many types of Detrimental Bacteria. Ginger reduces Fevers. research Ginger inhibits Inflammation (by suppressing the production of inflammatory Eicosanoids such as Prostaglandin E2 and Leukotriene B4). Ginger stimulates the death (apoptosis) of Leukemia cells (due to the Gingerol content of Ginger). research Metabolism Ginger possesses Antioxidant properties (primarily due to the Shogaol and Zingerone components of Ginger). research Ginger scavenges Hydroxyl Free Radicals. Ginger inhibits some types of Oxidation (e.g. Lipid Peroxidation). Ginger scavenges Superoxide Free Radicals. Ginger increases the body's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Ginger helps to lower serum Cholesterol levels: research Ginger lowers LDL Cholesterol levels and inhibits the oxidation of LDL Cholesterol. Ginger lowers VLDL Cholesterol levels. Ginger stimulates the body's production of Energy. Ginger is speculated to be useful for the treatment of Hepatitis C (due to its ability to lower elevated Tumor Necrosis Factor-a levels). peer-reviewed research Ginger facilitates weight loss in people afflicted with Obesity (due to the ability of Ginger to increase the body's Basal Metabolic Rate which results in greater activation of Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptors on Brown Adipose Tissue resulting in greater thermogenesis). Ginger lowers elevated serum Triglycerides levels (by up to 27%). research Musculoskeletal System Ginger alleviates Cramps. Ginger alleviates the Pain and Inflammation associated with Osteoarthritis (by inhibiting the inflammatory eicosanoids that contribute to the Pain and Inflammation associated with Osteoarthritis). Ginger alleviates the Pain, Inflammation and stiffness associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nervous System Ginger alleviates Migraine (including the Nausea that often accompanies Migraine). Ginger (1,000 mg per day taken as four divided doses of 250 mg each) temporarily alleviates Nausea (including the Nausea associated with Morning Sickness in women during Pregnancy and the Nausea experienced by persons undergoing Chemotherapy). research Ginger temporarily diminishes the sensation of Pain. Ginger (1,000 mg consumed approximately 25 minutes prior to travelling) is more effective than prescription drugs for alleviating Travel Sickness. . Ginger alleviates Vertigo. Oral Health Ginger (fresh Ginger Root) alleviates Toothache. Orthodox Medical Procedures Ginger (1,000 mg consumed prior to anaesthesia) reduces the incidence of postSurgery Nausea and Vomiting caused by the anaesthetics used during Surgery. research Respiratory System Ginger alleviates the symptoms of the Common Cold (due to its warming effects). Sexual System Ginger alleviates Dysmenorrhea (by inhibiting the excessive production of Prostaglandin F2 alpha that is implicated in Dysmenorrhea). Ginger (1,000 mg per day taken as four divided doses of 250 mg each) temporarily alleviates the Nausea associated with Morning Sickness. Skin Ginger (applied topically to the Skin as a component of Skin Creams) is claimed to stimulate Blood Circulation to the Skin. Ginger Enhances the Function of these Substances Lipids Ginger increases the body's production of Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2). Nucleic Compounds Ginger increases the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) by the Heart. Ginger Inhibits these Potentially Toxic Substances Cytokines Ginger lowers elevated Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels. peer-reviewed research Enzymes Ginger inhibits Cyclooxygenase (due to the Gingerol content of Ginger). research Ginger inhibits Lipoxygenase (5-Lipoxygenase form) (due to the Gingerol content of Ginger). Lipids Ginger inhibits the production of Leukotriene B4 (due to the Gingerol content of Ginger inhibiting the Lipoxygenase enzyme that produces Leukotriene B4). Ginger inhibits the production of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (due to the ability of the Gingerol content of Ginger to inhibit Cyclooxygenase, a precursor for PGE2 production). research Ginger inhibits the production of Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Ginger inhibits the production of Thromboxane A2 (due to Gingerol inhibiting the Cyclooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the production of Thromboxane A2). Pharmaceutical Drugs Ginger helps to reduce the Nausea and Vomiting that occur as side effects of Chemotherapy. Ginger helps to protect the Stomach from the toxic effects of Non-Steroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS). Recreational Drugs Ginger helps to protect the Stomach from the toxic effects of Alcohol (ethanol). Contraindications Pharmaceutical Drugs Ginger should not be used concomitantly with Warfarin (Ginger may potentiate the anticoagulant effects of Warfarin and thereby cause Bleeding). research Ginger Contains these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Carbohydrates: 50,000 Mucilages Enzymes: Proteolytic Enzymes Lipids: 7,000 Minerals: Calcium Iron Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Terpenoids: Sesquiterpenes: Bisabolene Zingiberene Vitamins: Vitamin B3 Vitamin B6 Choline PABA Inositol Volatile Oils: Borneol Camphene Cineole Citral Eucalyptol Linalool Phellandrene Zingiberol Oleoresins: * 33,000 Gingerol Shogaol Zingerone Gingerdiol Gingerdione Zingerdione * Oleoreseins are compounds of a Volatile Oil + a Resin. Dosage Recommendations The most commonly recommended dosage of dried Ginger root when used for therapeutic purposes is 500 - 3,000 mg per day. The most common dosage within this range is 1,000 mg per day. When used for the prevention of Travel Sickness, Ginger should be consumed 20 minutes to two hours prior to traveling. Women should not consume more than 1,000 mg of Ginger (extract) during Pregnancy. Commercial Availability of Ginger "Singular" Ginger Oral Supplements Ginger is available from health food stores, herb suppliers and mail order supplement companies (worldwide) in the form of: loose, dried Ginger root 1:2 fluid extract/tincture 1:4 fluid extract/tincture 1:5 fluid extract/tincture 100 mg concentrated 10:1 capsules (equivalent to 1,000 mg of dried Ginger root). 100 mg capsules standardized to contain 20% (20 mg) Volatile Oils and 5% (5 mg) Zingiberene. 250 mg capsules standardized to contain 5% (12.5%) Volatile Oils (Gingerols). 250 mg concentrated 4:1 capsules (equivalent to 1,000 mg of dried Ginger root). 275 mg capsules 400 mg capsules 420 mg capsules 500 mg capsules 500 mg tablets 535 mg capsules 550 mg capsules Oral Formulas Ginger is one of the three Ayurvedic Herbs that comprise the formula known as Trikatu. Standardized extracts of the active ingredients of Ginger are one of the components of the proprietary product named Zinaxin that is formulated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ginger is an ingredient in several specific purpose formulas including: Weight Loss Formulas Topical Products Ginger is an ingredient in some topically-applied Skin care products including: Skin moisturizing creams (Ginger is claimed to improve Blood Circulation to the Skin). Skin refining creams Standardization Some Ginger products are standardized to contain up to 5% of the principal active ingredients, Volatile Oils (particularly Gingerol). Onion The Onion is a biennial bulb Vegetable - commonly described (incorrectly) as a member of the Lily family. Botanical Names Allium cepa (Common Onion) Allium cepa proliform group (Egyptian Onion or Tree Onion) All varieties of Onion belong to the Amaryllis (Amaryllidaceae) family. Health Benefits of Onions Cardiovascular System Onions> Onions inhibit abnormal Blood Clotting (due to Adenosine and other substances in Onions). Onion reduces the risk of Heart Attack (by inhibiting the abnormal Blood Clotting activity that is implicit in Heart Attacks). Onions lowers elevated Blood Pressure in Hypertension patients (due to the Prostaglandin E1 content of Onions). Onions help to prevent Thrombosis. Digestive System Onions stimulate the flow of Bile (i.e. it functions as a Cholagogue) (due to Sulfur). Onions alleviate the symptoms of Colic. Immune System Onions help to prevent and treat some forms of Cancer: research Onions help to prevent Lung Cancer (primarily due to their high content of Quercetin). Onions protect against Skin Cancer. Onions reduce the incidence of Stomach Cancer. research Onions kill several forms of Detrimental Bacteria (due to Diphenylamine) including: Bacillus subtilis research Eschericia coli research Salmonella Metabolism Onion lowers total serum Cholesterol levels: Onion (especially raw Onion) increases (beneficial) HDL Cholesterol levels - ½ of a raw Onion per day raises HDL Cholesterol by 30%. research Onions exert significant blood-sugar lowering actions in Diabetes Mellitus patients (mainly due to the Allyl Propyl Disulfide content of Onions retarding the degradation of Insulin): research Onions are as effective as the Pharmaceutical Drugs, Tolbutamide and Phenformin, in lowering Blood Sugar levels in Diabetes Mellitus patients. Onions lower total serum Triglycerides levels. research Respiratory System Onions alleviate Asthma (by inhibiting the production of compounds that cause the bronchial spasms associated with Asthma and by relaxing the bronchial muscles). research Onions facilitate the elimination of excessive Mucous from the body. Onion (poultice wrapped around the neck) alleviates Pharyngitis (sore throat). Skin Onions (boiled and mashed and then applied topically) draws out the toxins from Boils (according to folklore). Onion (juice applied topically to the Scalp) improves circulation to the Scalp. Onion (juice applied topically to the affected area) treats Tinea (Ringworm). Onion (pulp used as a poultice, applied topically and changed every day) can eliminate Ingrown Toe Nails. Onion inhibits the Lipoxygenase pathway of Arachidonic Acid metabolism which is implicated in Psoriasis. Onions Counteract these Potentially Toxic Substances Proteins Onions increase the breakdown of Fibrin by facilitating the process of fibrinolysis. Onions Contain these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Amino Acids: 1,400 Phenylalanine 39 Isoleucine 21 Leucine 37 Valine 31 Methionine 13 Tryptophan 21 Threonine 22 Lysine 64 Tyrosine 46 Arginine 180 Histidine 14 Carnitine Cysteine Carbohydrates: Pectin Fructooligosaccharides Enzymes: Alliinase Minerals: Calcium 136 Germanium Nucleosides: Adenosine Phenolic Acids: Caffeic Acid Ellagic Acid Sinapic Acid Polyphenols: Quercetin Prostaglandins: Onions are one of the only foods that contain Prostaglandin E1 research Sulfuric Compounds: Allyl Propyl Disulfide Glucosinolates: Allyl Isothiocyanate Vitamins: Vitamin C Other: Saponins Diphenylamine Onions Inhibit these Potentially Toxic Substances Lipids Onions inhibit the manufacture of detrimental Prostaglandin E2 (due to Onions' Prostaglandin E1 and Quercetin content). Onions inhibit Thromboxane A2. Potential Toxic Effects of Onions Food Poisoning Onions are prone to contamination by Aflatoxin produced from Aspergillus parasiticus in incorrectly stored Onions. Food Processing Techniques Onions are often subjected to Food Irradiation in order to inhibit their sprouting potential - Food Irradiation has various toxic effects on the body. Immune System Onions cause Food Allergies in some people. Nervous System Onions trigger Migraines in some people. Grapefruit The Grapefruit is a Citrus Fruit from the evergreen Grapefruit Tree. Botanical Name Citrus paradisi The Grapefruit is from the Citrus (Rue) (Rutaceae) family. Health Benefits of Grapefruit Cardiovascular System Grapefruit reduces the accumulation of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Atherosclerosis patients (due to Grapefruit Pectin). Grapefruit normalizes Hematocrit (blood thickness) levels (i.e. it raises low Hematocrit levels, lowers elevated Hematocrit levels and has no effect on normal Hematocrit levels) - this effect occurs due to Grapefruit's Naringin content. research Grapefruit helps to prevent Ischemic Heart Disease (by lowering Blood Hematocrit levels, thereby lowering the viscosity of the Blood). Grapefruit promotes the elimination of old Red Blood Cells (due to Naringin). Digestive System Grapefruit (juice) increases Appetite. Grapefruit (juice consumed in morning) alleviates Constipation. Grapefruit (juice) improves Digestion by increasing the flow of Gastric Juices. Immune System Grapefruit protects against some forms of Cancer (due to the Grapefruit Pectin and D-Glucaric Acid content of Grapefruit): Grapefruit inhibits the growth of the cells involved in Breast Cancer (due to the Naringenin content of Grapefruit). Grapefruit helps to prevent Lung Cancer (primarily due to the Naringin content of Grapefruit). Grapefruit inhibits the metastasis of Melanoma (due to the Naringin and Naringenin content of Grapefruit). Grapefruit helps to prevent Pancreatic Cancer. Grapefruit (juice) helps to reduce Fever. Metabolism Grapefruit lowers serum Cholesterol levels (due to the Galacturonic Acid and Grapefruit Pectin content of Grapefruit). Grapefruit (juice) alleviates Obesity. Nervous System Grapefruit (juice consumed at night) promotes Sleep and alleviates Insomnia. Respiratory System Grapefruit are an adjunct to the treatment of the Common Cold. Grapefruit (especially juice) alleviates Coughs. Grapefruit (especially juice) alleviates Pharyngitis (Sore Throat). Skin Grapefruit (juice) improves the complexion of the Skin. Grapefruit Enhances the Function of these Substances Grapefruit Juice increases the absorption, bioavailability and potency of numerous nutrients and Pharmaceutical Drugs (due to the Naringin content of Grapefruit temporarily blocking the pathways in the Liver through which these substances are normally metabolized): research In the case of Pharmaceutical Drugs, this aspect of Grapefruit juice is undesirable where Grapefruit -juice-prolonged activity/concentration/potency of the Pharmaceutical Drug may result in toxicity. Alkaloids When Caffeine is consumed at the same time as Grapefruit (especially Grapefruit juice), the oral clearance of Caffeine is decreased by 23% and the elimination half-life of Caffeine is increased by 31%. research Pharmaceutical Drugs When Cyclosporine is consumed in conjunction with Grapefruit (especially Grapefruit Juice), its absorption rate increases significantly (by up to 220%). research When Felodipine (Plendil) is consumed in conjunction with Grapefruit (especially Grapefruit Juice), its absorption rate increases from 20% to 40% (i.e. persons who have been prescribed Felodipine may need to reduce their dosage of Felodipine if they consume Grapefruit Juice concurrently with Felodipine). When HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (such as Lovastatin) are consumed in conjunction with Grapefruit juice, their blood concentrations are increased by up to 15-fold. Such increases are dangerous. research When Saquinavar is consumed in conjunction with Grapefruit (especially Grapefruit Juice), its absorption rate increases significantly (by up to 220%). research Grapefruit Contains these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Amino Acids: Glutathione 70 Hydroxy Methylbutyrate (HMB) Carbohydrates: Fructose 2,500 Galacturonic Acid Grapefruit Pectin D-Glucaric Acid Carotenoids: Lycopene * 3.4 Beta-Carotene 1.3 Enzymes: Pectase ** Minerals: Magnesium Potassium Organic Acids: Citric Acid Glycyrrhetinic Acid Polyphenols: Naringin Naringenin Quercetin Vitamins: Inositol Vitamin B1 Vitamin C 38 Volatile Oils: Citral * Lycopene is only present in Pink Grapefruit. ** Found in the Pith of Grapefruit The characteristically bitter taste of Grapefruit is attributable to Naringin. Contraindications Digestive System Colitis patients should not consume Grapefruit. Gastric Ulcer patients should not consume Grapefruit. Pineapple Description The Pineapple is a type of Tropical Fruit. Botanical Names Ananas comosus Ananas sativus Both species of Pineapple belong to the Pineapple (Bromeliaceae) family. Health Benefits of Pineapple Cardiovascular System Pineapple alleviates Angina (due to Bromelain). Pineapple helps to treat and prevent Atherosclerosis (by breaking down the Atherosclerotic Plaque that underlies Atherosclerosis). Pineapple may inhibit further abnormal Blood Clotting that may cause a second Heart Attack (due to Bromelain). Pineapple helps to prevent and treat Cardiovascular Diseases (due to its ability to inhibit Fibrinogen, the chemical that can cause the abnormal Blood Clotting that underlies most Cardiovascular Diseases) (due to Bromelain). Digestive System Pineapple facilitates the digestion of dietary Proteins (due to Bromelain, a Proteolytic (Protein-dissolving) Enzyme). Immune System Pineapple helps to prevent and treat some types of Cancer (due to the Bromelain and Peroxidases content of Pineapple). Pineapple helps to reduce Inflammation (due to its Bromelain content). Musculoskeletal System Pineapple minimizes the Inflammation that occurs during Rheumatoid Arthritis (due to the Bromelain content of Pineapple). Water & Water Balance Pineapple alleviates Edema (due to Bromelain). Pineapple Enhances these Substances Second Messengers Pineapple increases the body's Cyclic AMP levels (due to its Bromelain content). Pineapple Inhibits these Substances Hormones Pineapple inhibits Platelet Aggregating Factor (PAF) (due to Bromelain). Neuropeptides Pineapple lowers tissue and serum Bradykinin levels (due to the Bromelain content of Pineapple). Pineapples Contain these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Amino Acids: Tyramine Carbohydrates: Mannitol Enzymes: Bromelain Peroxidase Minerals: Copper Manganese Potassium Selenium Organic Acids: Citric Acid Vitamins: Vitamin A Vitamin C Other: Protease Inhibitors Potentially Toxic Effects of Pineapple Immune System Pineapple is a common cause of Food Allergies (due to its Tyramine content). Papaya The Papaya is a soft-wooded palm-like evergreen tree that bears a large green tropical fruit. Botanical Name Carica papaya The Papaya is from the Caricaceae family. Health Benefits of Papaya Immune System Papaya (green, unripened) inhibits several types of Detrimental Bacteria. Species of Bacteria inhibited by Papaya include: Bacillus subtilis research Enterobacter cloacae research Eschericia coli research Proteus vulgaris Metabolism Papaya lowers serum Triglycerides levels (probably due to the Papain content of Papaya). research Skin Papaya (ointment applied topically) alleviates Hives. Papaya (ointment applied topically) alleviates external Skin Ulcers. Papaya Enhances the Function of these Substances Enzymes Papaya increases the activity of Glutathione-S-Transferase. peer-reviewed research Papaya Contains these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Amino Acids: Alanine 140 Arginine 10,000 Aspartic Acid 490 Carotenoids: Beta-Carotene 0.099 Lutein Lycopene Alpha-Carotene Zeaxanthin Cryptoxanthin 0.47 Enzymes: Chymopapain Papain * Phenolic Acids: Ellagic Acid Vitamins: Vitamin C 56 Other: Beta-Ocimene * Ripened Papaya contains very little Papain. Green (unripened) Papaya contains far more Papain than ripened Papaya. research Dosage Recommendations The manufacturers of (green) Papaya supplements recommend a daily dosage of 1,200 mg for therapeutic purposes. Guggolsterones or Guggol Guggulsterones are a group of Plant-derived Steroids derived from Guggulipid. Health Benefits of Guggulsterones Guggulsterones are responsible for most of the Health Benefits attributed to Guggulipid extract. Cardiovascular System Guggulsterones help to prevent Atherosclerosis. Metabolism Guggulsterones possesses Antioxidant properties. Guggulsterones lowers elevated serum Cholesterol levels (by stimulating the function of the Thyroid, inhibiting the endogenous production of Cholesterol and facilitating the excretion of Cholesterol). research Guggulsterones alleviates Hypothyroidism (by stimulating the production of Thyroid Hormones). Guggulsterones stimulate the Thyroid (to increase the production of Thyroid Hormones). Guggulsterones lower elevated serum Triglyceride levels (by stimulating the production of Thyroid Hormones). Guggulsterones Enhance the Function of these Substances Hormones Guggulsterones enhance the production and secretion of Thyroid Hormones ( Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine). Minerals Guggulsterones facilitate the uptake of Iodine into the Thyroid. Dietary Source of Guggulsterones Herbs The primary source of Guggulsterones is Guggulipid Extract (i.e. the Gum extract of either of two species of Myrrh - Commiphora mukul and Commiphora wightii species). Dosage Recommendations The usual therapeutic dosage of Guggulsterones is 25 mg taken three times per day = 75 mg per day. Commercial Availability of Guggulsterones Oral Guggulipid Products Guggulsterones are the priniciple active ingredient in Guggulipid Extract (known also as Guggal or Gugulipid) supplenents. Many Guggulipid supplements are standardized to contain up to 3% Guggulsterones (e.g. 12 mg per Guggulipid Extract capsule). Description Guggulipid is an Indian Herb that is commonly utilized in Ayurvedic Medicine. Botanical Names Commiphora mukul Commiphora wightii (also known as Commiphora wightii) Both species of Guggulipid belong to the Torchwood (Burseraceae) family. Part Used Dried, yellow/red Oleo-Gum-Resin (a mixture of Volatile Oils, Gums and Resins) extracted from incisions made in the bark of 5-year-or-older Myrrh Trees [this extract is commonly known as Guggal Extract or Gugulipid Extract]. Health Benefits of Guggulipid Cardiovascular System Guggulipid helps to prevent Atherosclerosis. Metabolism Guggulipid possesses Antioxidant properties. Guggulipid lowers elevated serum Cholesterol levels (by stimulating the function of the Thyroid, inhibiting the endogenous production of Cholesterol and facilitating the excretion of Cholesterol): peer-reviewed research Guggulipid lowers serum LDL Cholesterol levels. Guggulipid alleviates Hypothyroidism (by stimulating the production of Thyroid Hormones by the Thyroid gland). Guggulipid helps to prevent Insulin Resistance. Guggulipid facilitates weight loss in persons afflicted with Obesity (by stimulating the production of Thyroid Hormones). Guggulipid stimulates the Thyroid to increase the production of Thyroid Hormones. Guggulipid lowers elevated serum Triglyceride levels (by stimulating the production of Thyroid Hormones). Musculoskeletal System Guggulipid has a drying effect (i.e. it functions as an astringent) on Mucous Membranes. Respiratory System Guggulipid (tincture used as a gargle) alleviates Pharyngitis (Sore Throat). Guggulipid Enhances the Function of these Substances Hormones Guggulipid stimulates the production of Thyroxine (T4) (due to Guggulsterones). Guggulipid stimulates the production of Triiodothyronine (T3) (due to Guggulsterones). Minerals Guggulipid enhances the uptake of Iodine into the Thyroid. Neurotransmitters Guggulipid increases the body's production of Dopamine. Guggulipid Contains these Substances (mg of substance per 100 grams) Bitter Principles: Fatty Acids: Acetic Acid Formic Acid Gums: 60,000 Lignans: Lipids: Terpenes: Monoterpenes Diterpenes Sequiterpenes Steroids: Guggulsterones: E-Guggulsterone Z-Guggulsterone Resins: 30,000 Volatile Oils: 5,000 M-cresol Eugenol Heerabolone Dosage Recommendations Most herbalists recommend the tincture equivalent of 1 - 3 grams of Guggulipid per day for therapeutic purposes (this equates to 10 ml of 1:5 or 5 ml of 1:2 Guggulipid tincture per day). In order to derive the therapeutic benefits of Guggulipid , it is generally recommended that its extract be supplemented at a level that will deliver 75 - 100 mg of Guggulsterones per day (in divided dosages). For a product standardized to contain 5% Guggulsterones this would equate to a daily dosage of 1,500 - 2,000 mg per day. Piperine ( black pepper ) Description Piperine is a type of Amide that is manufactured synthetically as a flavoring agent and is also naturally present in some foods. Toxic Effects of Piperine Immune System Excessive consumption of Piperine can cause Cancer. (140 grams of pepper = about a table spoon and a half) Piperine Enhances the Function of these Substances Low doses of Piperine have been found to greatly enhance the absorption and bioavailability of most Nutrients and Drugs (by inhibiting Enzymes in the Liver that normally metabolize various Nutrients and Drugs). This increased absorption of other nutrients varies from a 30% to a 250% increase. Nutrients with increased bioavailability in the presence of Piperine include: Beta-Carotene (60% increased bioavailability) Curcumin (2000% (twenty-fold) increased bioavailability) research Diindolylmethane (DIM) Methoxyflavone research Selenium (30% increased bioavailability) Vitamin B6 (62% increased bioavailability) Dietary Sources of Piperine Alcoholic Beverages: Synthetically manufactured Piperine is used as a pungent flavoring agent in Brandy. Herbs: Pepper (Piper nigrum) Long Pepper (Piper longum) Dosage Recommendations The usual recommended dosage of Piperine for enhancing the absorption of other nutrients/drugs is 5 mg consumed together with the relevant compound. Cayenne Pepper Also known as: Cayenne; Chile; Chili; Chili Pepper; Chilli Pepper; Hot Pepper; Red Pepper; Tabasco Pepper Description The Chilli is a small, "hot" pepper commonly used as a Spice. Paprika is a (milder) variety of Chilli. Botanical Names Capsicum annum Capsicum frutescens Capsicum minimum Chillis are from the Nightshade (Solanaceae) family. Part Used Fruit and (sometimes) the Seeds Health Benefits of Chillis Cardiovascular System Chillis improve Blood Circulation. research Chilli helps to prevent abnormal Blood Clotting (due to the Capsaicin component of Chillis stimulating the breakdown of Fibrin (i.e. by stimulating fibrinolysis)). research Chillis lowers systemic Blood Pressure. Chilli (ointment applied topically to the site of the Chilblain) alleviates the symptoms of Chilblains. Chillis alleviates Ventricular Fibrillation (due to the Capsaicin content of Chillis). Digestive System Chillis protect the Gastric Mucosa from the toxic effects of Aspirin and Alcohol (due to Capsaicin). research Chillis helps to alleviate Heartburn. research Chillis treat and help to prevent Peptic Ulcers: Chillis treat and help to prevent Duodenal Ulcers. research Chillis accelerate the healing of Gastric Ulcers. research Excretory System Chillis induce Perspiration (i.e. they function as a diaphoretic). Hair Chillis (applied topically by rubbing into the Scalp) may stimulate some regrowth of Hair in persons afflicted with Male Pattern Baldness (by stimulating the release of Histamine in the Scalp which can stimulate Cell division). Immune System Chilli inhibits some types of Detrimental Bacteria (due to the Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin content of Chilli): Chilli inhibits Bacillus cereus. Chilli inhibits Bacillus subtilis. research Chilli inhibits Clostridium tetani. research Chilli inhibits Eschericia coli. research Chilli inhibits Streptococcus pyogenes. research Metabolism Chillis increases the body's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) (due to the Capsaicin content of Chillis). research Chillis lower serum Cholesterol levels (due to the Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin content of Chillis): research Chillis inhibit the body's absorption of dietary Cholesterol (due to Capsaicin). Chillis increase the excretion of Cholesterol via the feces (due to Capsaicin). Chillis alleviate Fatigue. Chilli increases body temperature in persons with Low Body Temperature (possibly due to the Capsaicin content of Chilli increasing the production of Interleukin 1). Chillis facilitate weight reduction in persons afflicted with Obesity (due to the Capsaicin content of Chillis increasing the body's Basal Metabolic Rate, stimulating the process of thermogenesis and by stimulating the process of lipolysis. Chillis stimulate the Thyroid. Chillis lower serum Triglyceride levels (due to the Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin content of Chillis). Musculoskeletal System Chillis counteract the Inflammation associated with Arthritis. Chillis facilitate the elimination of excessive Mucous from the body (due to Capsaicin). Nervous System Chillis are beneficial for the relief of Pain: research Chillis stimulate the release of Endorphins (which are released by the body in order to block the pain of Capsaicin contained in Chilli). Respiratory System Chillis alleviate Asthma by helping to clear the Respiratory Passages and by inhibiting bronchoconstriction. Chillis help to prevent the onset of (chronic) Bronchitis and assist the management of existing Bronchitis. Chillis act as a decongestant for the Common Cold. Chillis alleviate the symptoms of Emphysema (due to their decongestant properties). Chillis clear excessive Mucous from the Lungs. Chillis alleviate Sinusitis by clearing the Sinuses. Chillis Enhance the Function of these Substances Lipids Chilli enhances the secretion of Prostaglandin F1 alpha (due to the Capsaicin content of Chilli). Chillis Counteract these Potentially Toxic Substances Lipids Chilli inhibits Leukotriene B4 (due to the Capsaicin content of Chilli). Chilli inhibits Leukotriene C4 (due to the Capsaicin content of Chilli). Chilli inhibits Prostaglandin E2 (due to the Capsaicin content of Chilli). Pharmaceutical Drugs Chillis protect the Gastric Mucosa from the toxic effects of Aspirin (due to Capsaicin). research Proteins Chillis lower Fibrinogen (which, in excess, is implicated in abnormal Blood Clotting) levels. research Recreational Drugs Chillis protect the Gastric Mucosa from the toxic effects of Alcohol (due to Capsaicin). Chillis Contain these Substances (mg of Substance per 100 grams) Although many of Chilli's benefits are attributed to its constituent Capsaicin, scientific studies have proven that whole Chillis are more effective than isolated Capsaicin for the therapeutic benefits listed above. Alkaloids: Capsaicinoids *: 700 Capsaicin 400 Dihydrocapsaicin 200 Homocapsaicin 33 Homodihydrocapsaicin 33 Nordihydrocapsaicin 34 Carotenoids: Capsanthin Capsorubin Lipids: Steroid Saponins: Capsicidins Vitamins: Vitamin C Volatile Oils: * Responsible for the burning sensation caused by the consumption of Chillis. Capsicidins are found in Chilli Seeds and Chilli Root only. Dosage Recommendations The usual therapeutic dosage of Chillis (capsules) is 2,700 - 4,100 mg per day. Myths Dispelled Digestive System Chillis do NOT damage the Stomach or Intestines (to prove this, researchers sprayed liquid Chilli directly onto a human Stomach and observed absolutely no damage to the Stomach or its linings). Tumeric Also known as: Indian Saffron; Yellow Ginger Description Turmeric is a perennial Herb that is often used for culinary purposes as a spice. Botanical Name Curcuma longa Turmeric is from the Ginger (Zingiberacea) family. Parts Used Root/rhizome Health Benefits of Turmeric Most of the Health Benefits attributable to Turmeric occur as a result of its Curcumin content. Cardiovascular System Turmeric inhibits abnormal Blood Clotting (by inhibiting Platelet Aggregation and by lowering elevated Fibrinogen levels). Cells Turmeric stimulates Apoptosis in some types of Cancer Cells (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Digestive System Turmeric stimulates the flow of Bile (due to Curcumin and Tolymethylcarbinol). Turmeric helps to prevent Gallstones (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric stimulating the flow of Bile and stimulating contractions of the Gallbladder). Turmeric strengthens the Gastric Mucosa (lining of the Stomach Wall). Turmeric helps to prevent and treat Peptic Ulcers: Turmeric helps to prevent and treat Duodenal Ulcers. Turmeric helps to prevent and treat Gastric Ulcers. Turmeric (2,000 mg per day) alleviates Indigestion. Immune System Turmeric helps to prevent some forms of Cancer: research Turmeric helps to prevent Colon Cancer (due to Curcumin). Turmeric helps to prevent Duodenal Cancer (due to Curcumin). Turmeric helps to prevent Mouth Cancer. research Turmeric helps to prevent Stomach Cancer (due to Curcuminoids). Turmeric stimulates Apoptosis in some types of Cancer Cells (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Turmeric reduces Inflammation (due to the Curcuminoids and Turmerin content of Turmeric). research Turmeric helps to prevent Leukoplakia from progressing to Mouth Cancer. research Metabolism Turmeric contains various substances that possess Antioxidant properties: research Turmeric scavenges Hydroxyl Free Radicals (due to the Turmerin content of Turmeric). research Turmeric scavenges Superoxide Free Radicals (due to the Turmerin content of Turmeric). Turmeric lowers serum Cholesterol levels (due to Curcumin). Turmeric helps to reverse the Liver damage caused by Aflatoxin Musculoskeletal System Turmeric alleviates the Inflammation associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (due to Tolymethylcarbinol). Nervous System Curcumin helps to prevent and treat Alzheimer's Disease (due to the ability of Curcumin to counteract the toxic effects of Amyloid-Beta Protein). r Turmeric inhibits the further progression of Multiple Sclerosis (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Turmeric Enhances the Function of these Substances Immune System Cytokines Turmeric stimulates the production of Interleukin 4 (due to Curcumin). Lipids Turmeric enhances the secretion of Prostaglandin F1 alpha (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Turmeric Counteracts the Toxic Effects of these Substances Enzymes Turmeric inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). research Hormones Turmeric inhibits Platelet Aggregating Factor (PAF) (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Lipids Turmeric inhibits Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Turmeric inhibits Thromboxane A2 (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Microorganisms Turmeric helps to reverse the Liver damage caused by Aflatoxin. research Proteins Turmeric lowers elevated Fibrinogen levels. Turmeric inihibits Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (due to the Curcumin content of Turmeric). Recreational Drugs Turmeric counteracts some of the toxic effects associated with Tobacco smoking (by neutralizing the carcinogenic compounds in Tobacco smoke). Turmeric Contains these Substances Lipids: Monoterpenes: Borneol Cineol Sesquiterpenes: Minerals: Potassium Polyphenols: Phenolic Acids: Curcumin Curcumin II Curcumin III Vitamins: Vitamin C Volatile Oils: Tolymethylcarbinol Phellandrene Sabinene Turmerone Zingiberene Other: Turmerin Commercial Usage of Turmeric Food Processing Methods Turmeric is often employed as a natural (orange/yellow) Coloring Agent in the manufacture of Processed Foods. Dosage Recommendations Researchers have concluded that 500 - 2,000 mg of Turmeric per day would provide the health benefits listed above.