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1 N O T E B O O K #5 World War I American History II 9th Grade Mr. Konecke Name:________________________________ Period:______ 2 Directions: Options: Grade: Due Date: On a large poster, create your own WWI propaganda poster. Propaganda uses words & images to spread ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person. 1. You may use any kind of drawing materials (pens, markers, etc.). 2. You can create an American poster (saying how bad Germany is) or a German poster (saying how bad the Allies are). 3. You do not have to be truthful in your poster—propaganda often lies or stretches the truth. 1. You must demonstrate significant effort into the poster and make it detailed – 30 points 2. Your poster (so it’s clear which side you are on) must contain a slogan to convince your audience of your message – 15 points 3. The poster must be neat and original – 10 points 4. Poster must contain at least one large picture drawn or 5 pictures from Internet to illustrate your point – 25 points 5. Poster must clearly attack either the Germans or the Americans – 10 points 6. Your message must be clear, appropriate, and historical – 10 points 3 Notebook #5 – World War I 1. War Breaks Out in Europe Ferdinand & Gavrilo o Serbia wanted Bosnia to break away from A-H and join forces with them o Someone throws a grenade into FF’s car o Driver speeds away (the wrong way) o So he stops suddenly—6 feet from Princip o The Great War Begins Europe was divided in two: o Central Powers – o Allies – o They threatened to go to war with Serbia Now, the alliance system kicks in: o Russia moves to protect Serbia o Germany moves to help A-H o France moves to help Russia o So Russia prepares for war o Germany asks Russia to stop; they refuse o Germany declares war on Russia 4 o France is ally of Russia, so Germany declares war on France too Directions: On the map below, the countries of Europe are labeled. On the next page, write the name of the country that matches the letter(s). The beginning of WWI is confusing, especially if you have no idea where the countries we are talking about are located. Worth 23 points. 5 A:____________________________________ M:____________________________________ B:____________________________________ N:____________________________________ C:____________________________________ O:_____________________________________ D:____________________________________ P:____________________________________ E:____________________________________ Q:_____________________________________ F:____________________________________ R:____________________________________ G:____________________________________ S:_____________________________________ H:____________________________________ AA:___________________________________ I:_____________________________________ BB:____________________________________ J:____________________________________ CC:____________________________________ K:____________________________________ DD:___________________________________ L:____________________________________ Causes of World War I The assassination of Franz Ferdinand started the war But there were several causes for the war o 1. Britain & France had most colonies Germany wanted to change that o 2. Nationalism Wanted to prove that their country was best o 3. Militarism 6 Years before WWI, world powers built up their armies & navies o 4. Alliances Many European countries formed alliances w/ each other before 1914 1. Nationalism Having an extreme pride in your country Before WWI, many countries had EXTREME sense of nationalism - & HATED other countries 2. Imperialism Empire building – take over other countries Before WWI, many countries wanted to expand their empire (made other countries jealous, angry) 3. Militarism Building up weapons & armies Before WWI, many countries wanted strong militaries Everyone built up militaries to make them bigger than their rival’s 4. Alliance System Developing friendships/alliances w/ other countries Before WWI, many countries didn’t trust each other – looked for friends they could trust Two main alliances were: A. Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary B. Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia, Serbia 5. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke assassinated June 28, 1914 by Serbian terrorist This was the spark that began the war Now the alliance system kicked in: o o o o o Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia Russia teamed up with Serbia Germany helped Austria-Hungary France takes Russia’s side Britain stays neutral (at 1st) DIRECTIONS: Use the information above to fill in the diagram below about the causes of the First World War. This will be the subject of the essay on your test. This diagram will help you remember the confusing start to this terrible war. Worth 15 points. 7 1. Militarism 2. Alliance System 3. Imperialism CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I 4. Nationalism The Spark Igniting the War 8 Trench Warfare o They were wrong Germany invaded Belgium on way to France – Schlieffen Plan o Germans reached Marne River 30 miles from Paris o Germany’s plan destroyed (defeating France quickly to focus on Russia) Both sides dug series of trenches all over Europe o o When soldiers came out of trenches, tens of thousands died British lost over 400,000 Germans lost over 600,000 French lost over 200,000 Verdun & Passchendaele were same Tens of thousands dead for little ground gained TRENCHES 9 The trenches were wet and cold and at this time some of them did not have duckboards and dugouts. The battalion lived in mud and water. Altogether about 200 men were evacuated for trench feet and rheumatism. Gum boots were provided for the troops in the most exposed positions. Trench feet was still a new ailment and the provision of dry socks was vitally important. Part of the trench was reserved for men to go two at a time, at least once a day, and rub each other's feet with grease. -Captain G. H. Impey 10 1. What caused Trench Foot? (2 points) 2. Describe how you would know if you had Trench Foot. (2 points) 3. What steps did the army take to make sure soldiers didn’t catch Trench Foot? (2 points) Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them. Some of these rats grew extremely large. One soldier wrote: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse. One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat." George Coppard, With A Machine Gun to Cambrai (1969) Rats bred by the tens of thousands and lived on the fat of the land. When we were sleeping in funk holes the things ran over us, played about, copulated and fouled our scraps of food, their young squeaking incessantly. There was no proper system of waste disposal in trench life. Empty tins of all kinds were flung away over the top on both sides of the trench. Millions of tins were thus available for all the rats in France and Belgium in hundreds of miles of trenches. During brief moments of quiet at night, one could hear a continuous rattle of tins moving against each other. The rats were turning them over. What happened to the rats under heavy shell-fire was a mystery, but their powers of survival kept place with each new weapon, including poison gas. Richard Beasley, interviewed in 1993 11 If you left your food the rats would soon grab it. Those rats were fearless. Sometimes we would shoot the filthy swines. But you would be put on a charge for wasting ammo, if the sergeant caught you. Frank Laird writing after the war. Sometimes the men amused themselves by baiting the ends of their rifles with pieces of bacon in order to have a shot at them at close quarters. Directions: After reading the information above about trench rats, answer the following questions. Worth 10 points. 1. Why were there so many Trench Rats during the First World War? 2. How big could the Trench Rats grow? 3. Which part of the body would the rats eat first? 4. Look at the 3rd source. How could you tell if there were rats nearby at night? 5. How did the soldiers try to get rid of the Trench Rats? A War of New Technology New weapons made trench warfare a nightmare o When left trench, soldiers faced machine gun fire (600 bullets/minute) o Poison gas burned & blinded soldiers o Barbed wire trapped soldiers o 12 o Airplanes were used in war for 1st time 1917, fighter planes fought each other over trenches He shot down over 80 enemy airplanes (killed in action April 1918) o U-boats had guns & torpedoes Germans sank over 10 million tons of Allied ships Directions: Use the quotes from soldiers in WWI below to find out what it was like fighting in the trenches. Then pretend you are one of those soldiers and write a one-page letter home to your family trying to explain to them what the conditions were like. Options: general, etc. 1. You can pretend to be a soldier, medic, runner, chaplain (religious), 2. You may write out the letter by hand or type it out Grade: 1. Letter must contain multiple references to specific conditions in the trenches (mud, rats, dead soldiers, lice, trench foot, etc.) – 15 points 2. Letter must contain several references to personal issues (homesick, scared, worried about family, etc.) – 10 points 3. Letter must be addressed to someone specific (Dear…) & signed at bottom (With Love…) – 5 points 4. Letter must fill the entire page – 15 points The trench, when we reached it, was half full of mud and water. We set to work to try and drain it. Our efforts were hampered by the fact that the French, who had first occupied it, had buried their dead in the bottom and sides. Every stroke of the pick encountered a body. The smell was awful. Private Pollard No washing or shaving here, and the demands of nature answered as quickly as possible in the handiest and deepest shell-hole. Guy Chapman 13 The stench of the dead bodies now is awful as they have been exposed to the sun for several days, many have swollen and burst. The trench is full of other occupants, things with lots of legs, also swarms of rats. Sergeant A Vine The other one said to me "Chas, I am going home to my wife and kids. I'll be some use to them as a cripple, but none at all dead! I am starving here, and so are they at home, we may as well starve together." With that he fired a shot through his boot. When the medics got his boot off, two of his toes and a lot of his foot had gone. But the injuring oneself to get out of it was quite common. Charles Young The other soldiers in the hut took their shirts off after tea. They were catching lice. We had never seen a louse before, but they were here in droves. The men were killing them between their nails. Henry Gregory All we lived on was tea and dog biscuits. If we got meat once a week we were lucky, but imagine trying to eat standing in a trench full of water with the smell of dead bodies nearby. Richard Beasley If you have never had trench feet described to you. I will tell you. Your feet swell to two or three times their normal size and go completely dead. You could stick a bayonet into them and not feel a thing. If you are fortunate enough not to lose your feet and the swelling begins to go down. It is then that the intolerable, indescribable agony begins. I have heard men cry and even scream with the pain and many had to have their feet and legs amputated. Sergeant Harry Roberts 14 America’s Path to War o Many Americans did not want to enter the European war o Several events, however, convinced them to join the fight The Sinking of the Lusitania 1914, Britain blockaded German ports o In return, German submarines sank all Allied ships near Britain o 1198 killed (128 Americans) Americans didn’t know that – they began to hate Germany 15 o But he demanded Germans stop unrestricted submarine warfare – agreed o Wanted freedom of seas for U.S. ships Desperate, Germany continued unrestricted submarine warfare Feb. 1917 o o But they hoped to win before that happened o Arthur Zimmermann, German foreign minister, asked Mexico to help Germany in war o In return, Germany would get Texas, New Mexico, Arizona back for Mexico Directions: Below are two points of view. The first argues why America SHOULD enter WWI and the second argues why America SHOULD NOT enter WWI. Read them both carefully and then compare and contrast them below. Wilson’s arguments should go on left side & the others should go on the right. Worth 10 points. President Wilson's War Message …I am not now thinking of the loss of property involved, immense and serious as that is, but only of the wanton and wholesale destruction of the lives of noncombatants, men, women, and children, engaged in pursuits which have always, even in the darkest periods of modern history, been deemed innocent and legitimate. Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people can not be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away. Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion. President Woodrow Wilson's War Message, April 2, 1917 Opposition to Wilson's War Message …We have loaned many hundreds of millions of dollars to the Allies in this controversy. While such action was legal and countenanced by international law, there is no doubt in my mind but the enormous amount of money loaned to the Allies in this country has been instrumental in bringing about a public sentiment in favor of our country taking a course that would make every bond worth a hundred cents on the dollar and making the payment of every debt certain and sure. Through this instrumentality and also through the instrumentality of others who have not only made millions out of the war in the manufacture of munitions, etc., and who would expect to make millions 16 more if our country can be drawn into the catastrophe, a large number of the great newspapers and news agencies of the country have been controlled and enlisted in the greatest propaganda that the world has ever known to manufacture sentiment in favor of war. Senator George W. Norris Opposition to Wilson's War Message, April 4, 1917 The failure to treat the belligerent nations of Europe alike, the failure to reject the unlawful "war zones" of both Germany and Great Britain is wholly accountable for our present dilemma. Senator Robert M. LaFollette Opposition to Wilson's War Message, April 4, 1917 PRO-WAR ANTI-WAR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Debate in Congress March 1917, Germans sank 3 American ships April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war Revolution in Russia Events in Russia made it necessary for U.S. to enter the war o By 1917, workers in Russia were angry about military failures, food shortages, & inflation They began to riot & strike o o Russia kept fighting until November o Communism – political system in which one party has power & government controls economy o Lenin began peace talks w/ Germany o Germany could now focus on Western Europe 17 The Death of Grigory Rasputin Rasputin has been tied in the immortality of history to the ill-fated Romanov family. Some may even say that he was the cause of their destruction. Whatever you may think about him: powerful mystic or drunken fruitcake, he wormed his way into the heart's of the imperial family and stuck there like a tick on a camel. You might think it odd that a family rich and powerful would welcome as a close adviser and friend someone as coarse and odd as Rasputin. He prayed with the family, referred to the Tsar and Tsarina as "Papa" and "Mama". He fraternized with all their friends. His every need was provided for. Why the love? In Russia, even as recent as the first part of the 20th Century, certain people were given misplaced respect and honor. One group was called the yurodivie. They were insane or handicapped and wandered around talking or screaming to themselves. The other type were called startsi (singular: starets). Both were considered holy people. Rasputin was considered the latter. He was adored by the royal family, loved or endured by their friends (especially if one wanted to remain a friend), and hated by the extended family, government, and religious leaders. Rumors about him ran wild throughout the country. He allegedly dabbled in prophecy, could heal the Tsarovich's (Tsar's son) hemophilia, influenced policy, dictated government appointments and sackings (directly or indirectly), and there were even rumors of him canoodling with the Tsarina and daughters. Depending on what you have read and heard, what is truth and what is fiction is a matter for deep speculation. In any case, the extended family was really sick of his meddling and dangerous influence. Therefore, some of them decided to take matters into their own hands. On the night of December 17th, 1916, the Great Duke Dmitri Romanov, Prince Felix Yussupov, Vladimir Purishkevich (a member of the Russian Parliament), and Dr. Lazaret invited Rasputin to the Yussupov palace under the pretence of meeting (and according to one historian, to heal) Felix's wife Irina. Upon arrival, Rasputin was taken to a dining room in the basement. He was told that Irina had some guests and Rasputin was to rest and drink tea until the guests left. 18 Rasputin was offered pastries and wine which he initially refused. This somewhat threw the Prince into a panic. He told the other conspirators (who were waiting in another room off the stairs), "…that animal is not eating or drinking." When Felix returned, however, Rasputin had opened the wine and began to drink. After drinking a couple of glasses, he showed no signs of having been poisoned. After a while, he may have started feeling something because he asked for tea. Then stood, walked around the room, then asked Felix to play the guitar and sing. For two hours this "nightmare" continued. When Felix checked in with his cowas pale. He said that Rasputin had eaten food and still nothing had happened. returned to his guest, the only signs of the was that he was burping and had some Nerves were beginning to give way. Felix took a revolver and while Rasputin was cross, shot him in the back. Rasputin gave the floor. conspirators next, he and drank the poisoned When he again poison affecting him excessive salivation. decided to end it. He looking at a fancy a bestial cry and fell to Dimitry and the doctor allegedly went for the car and to destroy Rasputin's coat and boots (they were not destroyed). In the meantime, Felix wanted to see Rasputin again, so he went and took another look. The body was still warm with small drops of blood coming from the wound. He lifted the body by the shirt and shook it and dropped it again to the floor. He then noticed that the left eye started to open, then the right eye. Suddenly the Rasputin leapt from the floor with a "devil's look" in his eyes and a wild cry and attacked Felix. Felix struggled for a moment and broke free. Rasputin fell again to the floor. The prince ran, calling for the revolver again. When they returned, Rasputin was crawling up the stairs. He made it out and began to run through the snow near the fence crying, "Felix, Felix…I'll tell everything to the tsarina!" In a panic, Purishkevich missed twice with the revolver, then biting himself on the wrist to make himself concentrate, shot Rasputin in the back. Then again in the head. Rasputin fell, holding his head. Felix began to beat Rasputin with a rubber truncheon. Finally Purishkevich had him pulled off the body. They took the body back into the house and discovered that Rasputin was still alive. He wheezed with each breath and was able to look at them through one eye. Finally Dimitry and the doctor returned. The body was wrapped in a cloth and taken by car to the Niva river and dumped in. 19 That, at least, is the version that Felix Yusupov gave in a book he wrote from exile in Paris in the 1920's. Historian's throw doubt on points of this version. When the body was retrieved two days later from the river, it appeared as if the Rasputin had tried to claw is way out from the ice. He died from drowning after being unsuccessfully poisoned, shot three times and beaten. He was buried in secret to avoid desecration. Thus ended Grigory Yefrimovich Rasputin. 1. What two groups of people in Russia were strangely given an enormous amount of respect by people in society? And which group did Rasputin belong to? 2. Rasputin was loved by the Romanov family. But others were jealous of that love. List 4 of the rumors Russians spread about Rasputin. 3. One group of people got so sick of Rasputin that they decided to take matters into their own hands. Name those 4 people. 4. When they invited Rasputin to the palace, the conspirators kept offering him pastries & wine. Why? 5. Why was Felix forced to sing & play the guitar with Rasputin for 2 hours? 6. After a while, Felix got tired of waiting for Rasputin to die. What was the second method Felix used to end Rasputin’s life? 7. When Felix went back to look at the body, what surprise was waiting for him? 8. Somehow Rasputin managed to crawl out of the palace. When the conspirators tracked him down, what was the third way they used to kill him? 20 9. Not satisfied with the third attempt, Felix began to beat Rasputin with a ___. 10. They then took the body back to the palace only to discover ___? 11. Finally, the conspirators wrapped Rasputin’s body in cloth and threw him into the ___. 12. In the end, how did Rasputin die? 2. America Prepares for War Raising an Army & a Navy 1917, U.S. Army was not ready for war o o U.S. needed more people – govt. began a draft The Selective Service Act o By end of 1918, 3 million men had been drafted o About 2 million soldiers went to France – o British leaders asked AEF troops to join French & British combat units Pershing refused – Wilson agreed 21 o They faced discrimination from white American soldiers (not European soldiers) o Army refused to let them fight @ first, but eventually let them Women Volunteer o Some worked for Red Cross o o Women also worked as interpreters, switchboard operators, entertainers, ambulance drivers The Government Mobilizes the Population World War I was a huge war To fight this war, U.S. govt. needed the American people to help Civilians Raise Money & Economize To fight the war, govt. needed money o Civilians saved money by conserving resources Kids collected tin cans, paper, toothpaste tubes, cherry pits Directions: Govt. limited civilian use of steel & other metals You will create your own poster trying to convince Americans to buy war bonds during WWI. You must create your own slogan on top & design a picture that will convince people to contribute money for the war. I will show you examples to give you ideas. 22 Grade: 1. Poster must have an attention-grabbing slogan on top (patriotism, fear, hunger, or some other theme to convince people they NEED to contribute to the war) – 10 points 2. Poster must contain a picture to illustrate your theme (example: if your theme is that Americans should be afraid of Germany, you might draw an outline of Germany with a scary face in the middle, making the country actually appear evil) – 25 points 3. As always, the amount of time & effort you display will be taken into account. 23 Controlling the Economy & Information During the war, govt. controlled economy o Board ordered building of new factories, controlled wages & prices o Wilson created Committee on Public Information to convince people to support war Committee used posters, pamphlets, & movies to sell the war Attacks on Civil Liberties & Dissent Propaganda convinced many to support war o German towns changed their names o German shepherds were called “police dogs” o Large fines & prison terms for anti-war activities (draft dodgers) o 1000s went to jail o Supreme Court supported Espionage Act in 1919 case Schenck v. United States Schenck v. United States 1919 The Case Charles Schenck was a socialist who was against American participation in the war. Schenck printed leaflets that called the draft a crime and urged people to work for the repeal of the Selective Service Act. Schenck was arrested and convicted of violating the Espionage Act by trying to block military recruitment. He appealed his conviction to the US Supreme Court. Schenck argued that the Espionage Act violated his First Amendment right to free speech. 24 The Decision On March 3, 1919 in a unanimous decision, the Court upheld Schenck’s conviction. Justice Oliver Wendell wrote the Court’s opinion, saying that the right of free speech was not protected when it created a ‘clear and present danger’ to the nation’s interest. Schenck’s pamphlets endangered the US war effort and therefore did not merit protection under the First Amendment. Schenck served time in federal prison for his offense. 1) What was Schenck arrested for? How was his conviction upheld? 2) Do you think the courts would have ruled the same way if Schenck had been a pacifist (people who believe disputes should be settled peacefully), rather than a socialist (political goal of overthrowing capitalism)? 3. Pushing the Germans Back Directions: While we watch the film “The Lost Battalion” about the men of the American 308th Battalion in WWI, answer the questions below. Worth 70 points. _____1. When the U.S. entered the war, they believed they were fighting to make the world safe for ___. A. Democracy C. Equality B. Freedom D. The Future _____2. In the first scene of the film, a wounded American soldier is trying to get to his trench. What happens to the soldier just as he reaches Major Whittlesey and the Americans? A. He surrenders to the Germans C. He gets shot in the chest B. He gets blown up by German artillery D. He falls down into the trench _____3. The American soldiers featured in the film are all from the ___ Division. A. 23rd C. 65th th th B. 47 D. 77 _____4. Major Whittlesey is told that his Division (with the help of the French) are going to go in and clean out the area known as the ___. A. Maginot Line C. Argonne Forest B. Ardenne Mountains D. Somme 25 _____5. When the General tells the Major his mission, why does the Major not want to send his men into the area? A. He does not like the general B. His men are low on food & ammunition C. The French allies have already retreated D. The Allies are not sure how many Germans are in the area _____6. After the soldiers board the truck on their way to battle, they see a line of soldiers marching the other way with blindfolds on. Why are these soldiers wearing blindfolds? A. They were hit by poison gas B. They were enemy prisoners _____7. When the young soldiers first arrive in the trenches, two veteran soldiers teach them about “stuff.” What do they mean by “stuff”? A. Artillery C. Their commander B. Disease D. Life _____8. The veteran soldiers tell the new guys that they don’t have to worry about anything except the knife at the end of the enemy’s rifle. What is that knife called? A. Machete C. Bayonet B. Blade D. Dagger _____9. During their first attack, the Americans had to deal with all of the following German weapons except ___. A. Rifles C. Machine Guns B. Artillery D. Poison Gas 10. If Major Whittlesey thought the attack was such a big mistake, why do you think he still went ahead with it? _____11. After the initial attack, the German officers discuss their plans for the next attack. The Germans believe that the Americans, unlike the French, will not ___. A. Survive the battle C. Stand & fight B. Retreat D. Intimidate them _____12. General Alexander tells the Major that his allies are ahead of him & that his men are slowing the attack down by having to wait for him. Is this true or false? A. True B. False _____13. When the American generals realize that the French are not going to be able to help them, they know that they have to withdraw. So why doesn’t the Major pull his men back? 26 A. B. C. D. The communication lines were cut so he didn’t know about the French The Major wants to keep fighting He wants to disobey General Alexander He is inexperienced as a combat leader _____14. After the communication lines are cut, the Major has only one way to get a message to the American generals. How does he manage to contact them? A. He sends a fast runner to give them the message B. He sends the message via Morse Code C. He delivers the message personally D. He sends a carrier pigeon with a message attached to it _____15. On the morning of October 3rd, the Major expects the Germans to attack. He tells one of his men to start some fires and burn some old coffee grounds to make the Germans think they are eating breakfast. Why would he want the Germans to think that? A. To make the German soldiers hungry B. So the Germans will attack thinking that the Americans aren’t ready C. So the Germans will be jealous of the Americans D. To distract the Germans _____16. After pushing the Germans back, the Major tells some men to go join the French on their flank. But when the men come back to the Major, they tell him that the French are not there and that they are ___. A. Surrounded C. Going to die B. In really big trouble D. Getting out of there _____17. On October 4th, the Americans start to cheer after they hear artillery going off. Why are they so happy at first? A. The French are bombing the Germans B. The Americans are bombing the Germans _____18. Pretty soon, the bombs start falling on the Americans. Why are the Americans bombing their own men? A. They’re not; it is actually German artillery B. General Alexander wants to punish Major Whittlesey C. They are not sure where the Major and his men are D. The artillery officer was young & inexperienced _____19. After the artillery officer tells everyone to stop firing, he begins to cry. Why is he crying? A. He can’t handle the stress of war anymore B. He was bombing his own men C. He just received a letter from home D. He was wounded during the battle _____20. After the bombing, the Germans slowly move ahead for the attack. How did the Americans catch the Germans by surprise? A. They pretended to be dead 27 B. They hid in the bushes C. They buried themselves in the trenches D. They climbed into the trees _____21. As the Major is walking through the forest that night, one of his wounded men asks him to read the Bible to him. Why can’t the Major read the Bible? A. It is soaked with blood B. He doesn’t know how to read C. The soldier dies before he can start reading D. The soldier disobeyed his orders, which is why he got killed 22. The Major does not agree with America fighting in WWI. He believes that the U.S. should have stayed out of the fight. So why is he in the Army fighting halfway around the world? _____23. About halfway through the movie, we see the first airplanes of the film. What were the airplanes used for in this scene? A. To machine gun enemy soldiers B. To drop bombs on enemy positions C. To locate armies on the ground D. To attack other airplanes _____24. An Italian private tells another soldier that he thinks he’ll never be able to “catch up” to all of the other men back home after the war’s over. What did he mean by that? A. He’ll never be as fast as he used to be B. That the war has interrupted his life and ruined his chance of success C. He’ll never be rich D. That there is no chance that he will ever fall in love again _____25. When the Germans capture one of the Americans, the German Major tells the American soldier that he envies his commander. Why is the German jealous of the American Major? A. Because of how intelligent he is B. Because of how much he loves his country C. Because of the amount of supplies his men have D. Because of the bravery of his men _____26. The Captain tells the Major that he was with Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders in the SpanishAmerican War. What compliment does the Captain give the Major after telling him this information? A. “Aside from Teddy Roosevelt, you’re the best officer I’ve ever met” B. “I’ve never served with a better officer” C. “I really like your glasses” 28 _____27. After the Americans refuse to surrender on October 6th, the Germans attack the next day with ___. A. Stormtroopers C. Tanks B. Poison gas D. Flamethrowers _____28. After the attack, what does the German commander call the American soldiers? A. Gangsters C. Players B. Supermen D. Heroes _____29. When General Alexander asks where the rest of the Major’s men are, what does the Major give him? A. A punch in the face C. Dog tags B. Bloody rags D. A mean look _____30. What award did Major Whittlesey receive for his actions during WWI? A. Distinguished Service Cross C. Iron Cross B. Medal of Honor D. Medal of Valor _____31. Major Whittlesey led over 500 men into the Argonne Forest. He left with only ___. A. 20 C. 200 B. 115 D. 347 32. Major Whittlesey obviously felt bad for what happened to his brave men during their battle in the Argonne Forest. How do you think the Major managed to move on with his life when he returned home to America? Eddie Rickenbacker He shot down a total of 26 enemy planes during war American Troops Enter the War 1st American troops reached France June 1917 o It would take year before all American troops reached Europe American Ships Make a Difference Early in war, German U-boats destroyed Allied shipping Americans convinced Allies to protect their ships by using convoys – 29 o Germans started sinking fewer Allied ships 1918 Americans convinced Allies to put 70,000 mines in North Sea o o America most vulnerable to attack from Atlantic Ocean Just in Time o Broke through French lines – reached Marne River (50 miles from Paris) By middle of summer, over million American troops in Europe Americans Take Cantigny o Took Americans 2 hours to drive Germans out o Allied morale improved instantly o Americans counterattacked & stopped German march toward Paris o French told U.S. to dig trenches o Americans disagreed: “We dig no trenches…the marines will hold where they stand” From September 25-November 4, 1916, British and Germans fought in Loos, Belgium. The British sent some good troops to attack the Germans the first day. But they could not break through the lines. On the second day, the British sent in badly-trained, exhausted, very young soldiers to attack the Germans. The British had no choice—they were the only troops they had left. They were sending these young men to death. 30 The young, inexperienced, tired troops had no idea what they were doing. They had no artillery to hit the Germans with before they attacked. So they ended up marching bunched together down the middle of the road straight into German machine guns. At first, the Germans did not shoot. They were in shock. The Germans could not believe soldiers would walk right into certain death. But finally, the British got so close that the Germans had to fire. It was a slaughter. Even while machine gun fire was mowing most of the soldiers down, they never broke ranks. They never retreated. They kept attacking. When they reached German barbed wire, it was too thick to cut and too sturdy to knock down. Many men got shot while stuck in the wire. Five times the British attacked, but they were constantly pushed back. Finally, the British had no choice. They had to retreat. The Germans had so much respect for the British soldiers who had attacked them so bravely that when the British finally retreated, the Germans dropped their guns and let them go. They could not kill those courageous young men. 10,000 British soldiers attacked the Germans. Only 2,139 made it out. The Germans suffered ZERO (0) casualties. The Germans wounded or killed 7,861 British troops while the British did not hurt even one German soldier. 1. In what country did the Battle of Loos take place? Who fought the battle? 2. Why did the British send such tired, inexperienced troops in this battle? 3. Why did the Germans not shoot the British as soon as they saw them marching toward them? 4. After the fifth attack, what did the British finally decide to do? 31 5. Why did the Germans put down their guns at the end of the battle? 6. How many casualties did the British suffer at Loos? How many German casualties? The Turning Point o Began summer 1918 – Germans attacked French o o Allies then pushed Germans back o By September, Germans had lost all the ground they gained o The war’s final battle cost Americans 26,000 dead o By November, Germans were retreating o In October, York attacked German machine guns, killing 25 men & taking 132 prisoner Over 100 African Americans were recognized for their bravery (received medals from French) o The War Comes to an End Although Germans were losing ground, they still controlled lots of land But w/ 10,000 Americans arriving every day, Germans knew it was over Germany Stops Fighting 32 Before Meuse-Argonne defeat, Gen. Erich Ludendorff told government to ask for armistice – o Early November, German navy mutinied o Its allies – Bulgaria & Austria – already quit o November 9, Kaiser (leader) stepped down o 8.5 million soldiers died in WWI o o 13 million civilians died from starvation & disease Tandey vs. Hitler The Shot That Could Have Changed History The annals of history are full of fateful moments which scholars refer to as the great "what if's" of history, where if events had taken only a slight deviation the course of human affairs would have been dramatically different. Such a moment occurred in the last moments of the Great War in the French village of Marcoing involving 27 year old Private Henry Tandey of Warwickshire, UK, and 29 year old Lance Corporal Adolph Hitler of Braunau, Austria. Tandey was mentioned five times in dispatches and certainly earned his VC during the capture of the French village and crossing at Marcoing, his regiment held down by heavy machine gun fire Tandey crawled forward, located the machine gun nest and took it out. Arriving at the crossing he braved heavy fire to place wooden planks over a gaping hole enabling troops to roll across and take the battle to the Germans, the day still not over he successfully led a bayonet charge against outnumbering enemy troops which helped bring hostilities to an end. As the ferocious battle wound down and enemy troops surrendered or retreated a wounded German soldier limped out of the maelstrom and into Private Tandey's line of fire, the battle weary man never raised his rifle and just stared at Tandey resigned to the inevitable. "I took aim but couldn't shoot a wounded man," said Tandey, "so I let him go." The young German soldier nodded in thanks and the two men took diverging paths, that day and in history. Hitler retreated with the remnants of German troops and ended up in Germany, where he languished in the humiliation of defeat at wars end. Tandey put that encounter out of his mind and rejoined his regiment, discovering soon after he had won the Victoria Cross. It was announced in the London Gazette on 14th December 1918 and he was personally decorated by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 17th December 1919, in newspaper reports a picture of him carrying a wounded soldier after the Battle of Ypres was published, a dramatic image which symbolized a war which was supposed to have put an end to all wars and immortalized on canvas by Italian artist Fortunino Matania. In 1938 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940), Conservative PM from 1937-40, made his gloomy trip to Munich to meet Chancellor Hitler in a last ditched effort to avoid war which resulted in the ill-fated 'Munich Agreement'. During that fateful trip Hitler invited him to his newly completed retreat in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, a birthday present from Martin Bormann and the NAZI Party. Perched 6017 feet up on Kehlstein Mountain it commanded spectacular views for 200 kilometers in all directions. While there the Prime Minister explored the hill top lair of the Führer and found a reproduction of Matania's 33 famous Marcoing painting depicting allied troops, puzzled by the choice of art Hitler explained, "that man came so near to killing me that I thought I should never see Germany again, providence saved me from such devilishly accurate fire as those English boys were aiming at us". [2] Chamberlain's thoughts aren't recorded, World War II irrupted soon after and he lost power to Winston Churchill, dying of stomach cancer within months of that event. Although I feel safe in assuming he wished Tandey had pulled the trigger, ridding the world of a venomous creature. Hitler seized the moment to have his best wishes and gratitude conveyed to Tandey by the Prime Minister, who promised to phone him on his return to London. It wasn't until that time Tandey knew the man he had in his gun sight 20 years earlier was Adolph Hitler and it came as a great shock, given tensions at the time it wasn't something he felt proud about. The story first broke in 1940 but no one gave it much thought at the time, however in recent years it has generated greater interest. However, the story sounds too good to be true. Hitler's regiment was in the Marcoing region at the time although his presence cannot be verified, a great deal of German records for the Great War were lost in WWII due to allied bombing of Berlin which resulted in the Chamberlain with Hitler destruction of a significant amount of the State Archives. So documents showing Adolph Hitler's exact whereabouts on 28 September 1918 are not available, Hitler biographers have differing opinions. However there is irrefutable evidence that Hitler possessed a copy of the famous Matania painting featuring Tandey as early as 1937, acquiring it from Tandey's old regiment. "Colonel Earle said that he had heard from one Dr. Schwend that Hitler had expressed a wish to have a large photograph of the Matania painting. Obviously one was sent because Captain Weidmann, Hitler's Adjutant, wrote the following to Earle: 'I beg to acknowledge your friendly gift which has been sent to Berlin through the good offices of Dr. Schwend. The Fuhrer is naturally very interested in things connected with his own war experiences, and he was obviously moved when I showed him the picture and explained the thought which you had in causing it to be sent to him. He has directed me to send you his best thanks for your friendly gift which is so rich in memories.' The Tandey family were in no doubt of the story's authenticity, they were present when Prime Minister Chamberlain phoned, "Tandey's nephew, William Whateley, from Thomaby, calls to mind a mysterious phone call almost 60 years ago, when the storm clouds of war were brewing and Prime Minister Chamberlain was futilely appeasing Herr Hitler. One evening the telephone rang and Henry went off to answer it, when he came back he commented matter-of-factly that it had been Mr Chamberlain. He had just returned from a meeting with Hitler and whilst at Berchtesgaden had noticed the painting by Matania of the 2nd Green Howards at the Menin Cross Roads in 1914. Chamberlain had asked what it was doing there and in reply Hitler had pointed out Tandy in the foreground and commented, "that's the man who nearly shot me" 1. Do you believe this story – that the most decorated British soldier in WWI had Adolf Hitler in his sites and did not kill him? Why or why not? 2. Even if you believe this story, there are still some definite problems with it. Name 3 “facts” in this story that just seem too good to be true. 34 3. What reason would Tandey have for going along with this story? 4. What reason would Hitler have for going along with this story? 5. How do you think the world would be different today if Tandey had shot Hitler? 6. If Hitler had been killed in WWI, do you think WWII or the Holocaust would have happened? 7. Do you think Tandey felt guilty when he realized he could have killed Hitler? Would you have felt guilty if you could have stopped the slaughter of millions of people but failed to act? The Flu Epidemic of 1918 1918-19, flu epidemic hit the world o o There was no cure 4. The Legacy of World War I Woodrow Wilson’s Plans for Peace President Wilson wanted to prevent WWI from ever happening again Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson wanted the following: o o End of secret treaties 35 o Freedom of the seas o o Changes in boundaries o 14th Point was most important – called for League of Nations – o Self-determination – allow people of E. Europe to form own states & choose own form of govt. Treaty of Versailles Wilson was major leader at peace conference after war But Britain, France, Italy did not agree with Wilson o o Treaty of Versailles: Germany’s colonies taken away Military could have only 100,000 soldiers total Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empires broken up Czechoslovakia became new country Also formed the League of Nations But Congress would not let U.S. be part of it (stay out of European problems) Returning to isolationism 36 Many Germans were shocked when they heard the fighting was over. During the war, the German Government had practiced strict censorship and hadn’t told their people of defeats. In 1917, Germany had even defeated the Russian Army. Many ordinary Germans believed that Germany was winning the war even in 1918. On 7th November 1918, the French general Marshal Foch, received a small group of German generals at his headquarters in the Forest of Campiegne. They wanted an end to the war. Foch told them the Allied terms: Germans to leave all occupied territory, to surrender their arms and warships, withdraw all forces from west of the River Rhine. Marshall Foch gave the Germans 72 hours to decide their answer. He had it by the following day. On 10th November, the German Emperor fled; next day the new Government signed the Armistice (or cease-fire). Fighting stopped on all battlefronts at 11’O’ Clock on the 11th November 1918. Many German soldiers felt bitterly betrayed. They said ‘they had been stabbed in the back’ by the new Government who they called ‘The November Criminals’. Here is one typical reaction: So it had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations ... in vain the hours in which, with moral fear clutching at our hearts we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the deaths of two millions ... had they died for this? So that a gang of wretched criminals could lay their hands on the Fatherland? The author was Adolf Hitler, then a German soldier recovering his sight after having been gassed in the war. By the phrase ‘gang of wretched criminals’ he meant the new German Government and by ‘Fatherland’ he meant Germany itself. DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions based on the reading & class discussion. Worth 18 points. 1. Why were so many Germans surprised when Germany lost the war? 2. What were the terms of the cease-fire? 3. How long were the Germans given to make up their minds? 4. When and at what time did the fighting stop? 5. Look at the “typical reaction.” Why did so many Germans feel bitter about the cease-fire? 37 6. Why did Adolf Hitler call the members of the German Government the ‘November Criminals’? The War & Social Change The war caused many changes in America Some of these changes led to conflict New Jobs & the Great Migration War provided opportunities for African Americans o Northern factories hired black men (there was no one else) o Wanted new jobs & to get away from racism & poverty Women Doing “Men’s Work” o Women replaced men in steel mills, ammunition factories, assembly lines Strikes & the Red Scare Workers’ wages were low during war o o Feb. 1919, 55,000 workers held protest in Seattle – shut down city Americans feared communist revolution like in Russia o o Fears increased by bombs sent to government officials (sent by anarchists?) 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered raids on homes/businesses of radicals 38 o All foreigners became suspect o Racial Conflict o White mobs lynched African Americans (victims had committed no crimes) o o Over 20 race riots hit American cities in 1919 5. Blood & Guns Casualties o Central Powers – 15 million casualties o Allies – 22 million casualties 1,000 of these committed suicide 4,000 died in accidents Japan lost the least men—300 died .... I wonder.... Back in the War of 1918, When we answered the fearful Allied scream, Off to camp with the rest of the boys, Forsaking all of life's comforts and joys. 39 We doffed the mufti for a uniform, And drilled 'til dark, from early dawn. The bitter cold from all the streams, But we drilled and hiked on Army beans. The sound of the bugle, the roll of the drum, We heard each day 'til the training was done. Off to the transports, across the foam Leaving all we loved dearly back at home. We get our gas masks, and a new British rifle, Then we're hurried to Arras, a drive to stifle. But the Hun is tired, postpones the attack, Then the British take all their equipment back. The battle grows fierce, the casualties mount, We continue the push, forget the count. They say "Well done; you're driving them on!" So they hustled us off to the deep Argonne. In that hell of a forest, ( t'would drive one mad) We pushed and drove the frightened Hun, 'Til he began to see that the war was done. Let's not forget near Charlevaux Mill, Where we spent six days on that shell-torn hill. They said "Your covered with glory" to this gallant band, When The Lost Battalion made its stand. Come on home, nothing's too good! When we came out of the Argonne Wood. The bands played loud, the banners waved, In old New York, for our parade. They soon forget as the years roll by, As we get older, you and 1. We struggle on, try hard to smile, While we wonder, "Was it all worth while? -Sgt. Walter Baldwin, member of the "Lost Battalion" There we gave the best we had, DIRECTIONS: Because WWI was so horrifying, many of the people who experienced it could not figure out how to explain it to future generations. Read the poem above written by a veteran of the First World War to try to understand what it was like to fight in this war. Then write your own poem about the horrors of WWI below. Your poem must be at least 16 lines long. Worth 32 points. 40 Weapons World War I was deadliest war in history up until that time Bolt-Action Rifle 15 rounds per minute Accurate at 1400 meters Machine Guns 4-6 men to run them firepower of 100 rifles Artillery Big field guns 12 men worked them shells weighed 900 lbs each Chemical Warfare Chlorine— Mustard—odorless, skin blisters, internal bleeding, vomiting, death in 5 weeks 41 Tanks 4 mph 10 men inside revolving turret Could not cross trenches Planes Could deliver bombs Fighter planes—machine guns, bombs, cannons “Dogfights” Reconnaissance