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Transcript
Name: Period: Earth Science Ch. 11: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Ch. 11-1: Earthquakes Key Terms • • • • • Ch. 11-1: Why Do I Need To Know This? •Because rock! •Because earthquakes are a major geological •Because you need to be in California. for a major earthquake. Earthquakes •An is the and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s . •Over earthquakes happen every year (about 1 every seconds). •Most are so small that we feel them. •Earthquakes happen along , or big cracks in the surface of the earth. •Earthquakes can occur beneath the causing giant waves called . Seismic Waves •Most earthquakes occur between a depth of and km below the earth’s surface. •Some occur as deep as km below the earth’s surface. •Where an earthquake occurs (and the rocks break and move) is called the . The spot on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the . •The energy released in an earthquake moves throughout the earth as which are like waves. Seismic Waves •There are main types of seismic waves: 1 – – – Seismic Waves •Seismic waves off of any that they hit and tell geologists a lot about what makes up the of the Earth. Primary Waves •Primary Waves (P-Waves) are the seismic waves that travel the •P-waves can travel through , and . •P-waves have a motion. Secondary Waves •Secondary Waves (s-waves) •S-waves cause rocks to move in a •S-waves can travel through . travel as fast as p-waves. motion. only (not liquids and gases). Surface Waves •Surface originate at the Earth’s surface at the and travel the of all the wave types. •Surface waves cause the Earth’s surface to tumble and . –Therefore, surface waves cause the most The Seismograph •A seismograph is a and to in an earthquake. that geologists use to measure seismic waves. •Using a seismograph, geologists can determine and how , an earthquake was. Seismologists •Seismologists are geologists who study . •They use the to measure the strength of an earthquake. •The Richter Scale goes from to . –A 2.0 earthquake is times more powerful than a 1.0 earthquake. –A 3.0 earthquake is times more powerful than a 1.0 earthquake. –A 4.0 earthquake is times more powerful than a 1.0 earthquake! 2 Seismologists •Seismologists analyze the data from to determine the different waves and motions. Predicting Earthquakes •There is guaranteed way to predict and earthquake. •Geologists are continuing to research signs that an earthquake is coming. Ch. 11-2: Formation of a Volcano Key Terms • • • • • • • Ch. 11-2: Why Do I Need To Know This? •Because volcanoes are HOT! •Because volcanoes can and do cause tens of thousands of deaths. •Because California has many active, dormant and extinct volcanoes. Formation of a Volcano •Deep within the Earth, rocks melt under tremendous and . •The melted rocks, called , begins to toward the surface of the Earth. •As the magma rises, it stores up underground in . •Eventually, the magma reaches the surface of the Earth. The opening through which the magma erupts is called a . •When magma reaches the surface of the Earth, it is called . Volcanic Eruptions •Not all volcanic eruptions are the . –Some are extremely and violent. –Others are slow and . •The type of volcanic eruption that happens depends on the amount of dissolved ( and ) and the type of magma being erupted. 3 Extrusive Igneous Rocks •These are igneous rocks that formed at the Earth’s •Extrusive rocks can have glassy, fine-grained or porphyritic textures. •They may also show signs of lots of bubbles in them. •The most common forms of extrusive igneous rocks are and . , . Types of Volcanoes •There are 3 main types of volcanoes that form. They are: – – – •The type of volcano that forms depends upon the type of being . that is Cinder Cones •Cinder cones are made up of lots of volcanic , volcanic and other rock debris from a small eruption. •Cinder cones have steep sides and are only a feet tall at most. •Cinder cones last for about years or so before Shield Volcanoes •Shield volcanoes form from , which flows very •Consequently, they tend to form big, broad and volcanoes. •The (and almost all other volcanic islands) are examples of . . volcanoes. Composite Volcanoes •Composite volcanoes are formed by alternating layers of and . •Composite volcanoes have slopes. •Composite volcanoes are formed by and/or •Composite volcanoes are the most common form of volcano on the Calderas •When a volcano is done erupting, there is usually a funnel-shaped in the ground from which the lava erupted. This is called a . •Often, when a volcano is erupting, the underground is empty and collapses. This is called a . 4 . . Volcanic Activity •Volcanic eruptions are •An to is one that erupts either or periodically. •A volcano that has been known to erupt within not now active is called a volcano. •A volcano that has not been known to erupt in considered . . , but is is Ch. 11-3: Volcano and Earthquake Zones Key Terms • Ch. 11-3: Why Do I Need To Know This? •Because we live in California, one of the most geologically states in the country. •Because California is part of the •To better understand . . Volcano and Earthquake Zones •Volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur in the same parts of the world. . •These are: – – – 5 This has to do with