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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
FOR INFORMATION,
TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS
AND CERTIFICATION
INSTRUCTOR GUIDE
No part of this manual may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
by any information storage or retrieval system,
without the written permission of the publisher,
except where permitted by law.
Copyright 2005, KAPUR International, Inc.
Center for Project Management®
All rights reserved.
Published by:
Center for Project Management®
One Annabel Lane, Suite 108
San Ramon, CA 94583
Phone:
(925) 275-8000
Fax:
(925) 275-8115
Email:
[email protected]
web page: http://www.center4pm.com
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Selected materials in this document are based on
Center for Project Management’s publications
Estimating MIS Projects, PERT, CPM®, and Gantt.
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-project-management-forinformation-technology-business-and-certification-1st-edition-kapur
Table of Contents
PREFACE ................................................................................. xxi
Chapter 1
Introduction ........................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................3
Objectives .....................................................................................................3
Overview ......................................................................................................4
Details ..........................................................................................................4
Why Project Management? .........................................................................4
What is a Project? ......................................................................................4
Project vs. Operations ................................................................................5
It’s not a “Three-Legged Stool” ...................................................................5
When Does Work Turn into a Project? .........................................................5
What is Project Management?.....................................................................5
Project Management is not a Tool ...............................................................5
The State of Project Management ...............................................................5
Extreme Project Failures .............................................................................6
The Seven Deadly Sins of Project Management ............................................6
Why Your Project Management Investment may Never Pay Off. ...................6
The Success Equation ................................................................................6
The Project Process Architecture (PPA)..................................................7
Idea Stage .............................................................................................7
Pre-Launch Stage ...................................................................................7
Launch Stage .........................................................................................7
Execute Stage ........................................................................................7
Implement Stage ....................................................................................7
Operation Stage .....................................................................................7
Tailoring the PPA .................................................................................8
Mapping the PPA to PMBOK .....................................................................8
Mapping the PPA to CompTIA Project+ ....................................................8
Mapping the PPA to SEI’s CMMI ...............................................................9
Product Development Methodology .............................................................9
Celebrating Project Success ...................................................................... 10
It’s the Other Leg, Stupid. ........................................................................ 10
Organizational Discipline and Individual Skills ............................................ 10
The Mocking Post ..................................................................................... 10
Summary................................................................................................. 11
Questions and Discussion Points ............................................................... 11
Chapter 2
Fundamentals ....................................................... 12
Chapter 2: Fundamentals ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
iii
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-project-management-forinformation-technology-business-and-certification-1st-edition-kapur
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Management Roles and Responsibilities .......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Project Sponsor ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Program Manager .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stakeholders ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Customers and End Users ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Functional Managers ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Members ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Vendors .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contractors and Consultants ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Project Elements .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Phase ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverable .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Subtask ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Activity.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Event ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Milestone ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Issue ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Resource ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Lag ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Work Product .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Work Package ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Work Breakdown Structure .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Creating a WBS ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Phase-Level Decomposition ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverable-Level Decomposition .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task-Level Decomposition ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Order of WBS Decomposition ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Level of WBS Decomposition .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
WBS Exercise .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Network ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) Network.............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Activity-on-Node (AON) Network .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Dependencies or Relationships ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Finish-to-Start (FS) ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Start-to-Start (SS) ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Finish-to-Finish (FF) ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Start-to-Finish (SF) ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Developing a Task Network ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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iv
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Critical Path Calculation ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Forward Path and Backward Path Computation ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Example .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Late Finish (LF) .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Late Start (LS) ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Example .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Determining the Critical Path .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Activity Float, Free Float, or Free Slack .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Path Float or Total Slack ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Network Constraints ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Extra Resources ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Why Version 0 Network? .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Network Diagram Exercise ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tree House: Suggested WBS and Task Network.......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3
Idea Stage ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3: Idea Stage ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Wheel of Half-Baked Ideas .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Idea Statement—PPA Step 1..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Situation Analysis .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Purpose of the Project ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Focus on the Business Problem................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Who Will Use It? ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Search Words ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Strategy Alignment .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Value-to-Business .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Critical Success Factors ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Customer’s Deadline ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Impact ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Consequences of Doing Nothing ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Security Requirements ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Window of Opportunity ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Request—PPA Step 2 .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Stakeholders ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Assumptions ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Organizational Change ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Spending Limit ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
v
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-project-management-forinformation-technology-business-and-certification-1st-edition-kapur
Funding Source ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ownership............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Duplication/Overlap ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Filtering Process ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stage Gate No. 1 ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 The Pre-Launch Stage .......Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4: Pre-Launch Stage .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Pre-Launch Stage ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Responsibility .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Description—PPA Step 3 ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Nature of the Project ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Objectives .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Validated Assumptions ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conceptual Build ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Runaway Triggers .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Shutdown Conditions ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Current System Retirement ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intra-Project Priority Analysis—PPA Step 4. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Definition of Quality .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intra-Project Priorities—Example 1............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intra-Project Priorities—Example 2............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intra-Project Priorities—Example 3............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intra-Project Priorities—Example 4............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
A Change in Intra-Project Priorities .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Option 1.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Option 2.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Option 3.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Worst Case Scenario ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stakeholder Analysis—PPA Step 5 ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stakeholder Assessment........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Policy Level Stakeholders ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Implementation Level Stakeholders .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Examples ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Complexity Assessment—PPA Step 6 ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Complexity Assessment................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Business Environment .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Technical Environment ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Complexity Zones .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
vi
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Value-to-Business vs. Complexity ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
High Value and Low Complexity: Sure BetsError! Bookmark not defined.
High Complexity and High Value: Challenging.......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
High Complexity and Low Value: Questionable ........ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Low Complexity and Low Value: Sustaining ............. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Tailoring the PPA ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Policies, Standards, and Procedures—PPA Step 7 ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Impact Assessment—PPA Step 8 ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data Quality ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Volume ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Frequency ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Media Compatibility ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Security .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Timeliness ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infrastructure .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cross-Project Dependencies ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Constraints and Obstacles—PPA Step 9 ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Audit and Control Requirements ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Budget .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Technology Infrastructure ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Vendor Capability .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Vendor Capacity ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stability Assessment—PPA Step 10 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Issues Management—PPA Step 11 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk Assessment—PPA Step 12 ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ignore the Risk ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Avoid the Risk ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transfer the Risk ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Accept the Risk ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk Management Examples ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Probability vs. Impact .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk Management Plan ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Preliminary Scope Statement—PPA Step 13 ............. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Customer Expectations............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Decision Drivers ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Developing the Preliminary Scope Statement ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Scope Chunking ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Technology Obsolescence—Moore’s Law ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
vii
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-project-management-forinformation-technology-business-and-certification-1st-edition-kapur
Project Size Estimate—PPA Step 14 ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Range Values .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Phase-Based Size Estimate ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Creating a Size Estimate Using a Phase-Based Model Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Create or Select a Phase-Based Model ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Calibrate the Phase-Based Model ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Select and Estimate the Base Phase ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Extrapolate Effort Estimates for Various Phases .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Compute the Estimated Work-Months for Each Phase .. Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Compute Optimal Full-Time Equivalent Resource .. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Determine the Probable Full-Time Equivalent Resources ................ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Compute the Estimated Duration for Each Phase .. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Estimate Project Duration—WM ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Estimate Sponsor, Management, and Customer Time .. Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Estimate Project Manager’s Effort .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Compute Estimated Cost ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Level of Accuracy ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverables-Based Size Estimate Model ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverables-Based Estimate—Example 1 .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverables-Based Estimate—Example 2 .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Historical Deliverables Database ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Use of Deliverables-Based Size Estimates .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Level of Accuracy..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rework and Scope Growth Reserves ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Need for Rework .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Growth ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Management Reserve .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cost of Ownership (Life Cycle Costing) ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fixed Price Quotes ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Priority ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Uniform Criteria to Assess Project Priority .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Define Criteria Weight Points .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Score Each Project ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Prioritize Projects ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Special Recommendations ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Build or Buy (Procurement) ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Charter—PPA Step 15 ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
viii
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Expiration Date .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Glossary .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Words ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Items that Should not be Included in a Project Charter ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Project ID ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary Project Schedule ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Charter Assembly .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Charter Approval ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Signing Ceremony ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Moment of Truth ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Pre-Launch Stage Benefits ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stage Gate No. 2 ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Order of PPA Steps .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 5
Launch Stage: Planning ....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 5: Launch Stage—Planning .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Launch Stage—An Overview ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Launch Stage Responsibility ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Staging—PPA Step 16 ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Project Kickoff Meeting ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Why the Staging Session? ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Helpful Tools and Tactics ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Experts to the Rescue .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Organization—PPA Step 17 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Organization Models ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Functional Organization ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Matrix Organization .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Organization ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Self-Managed Organization ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Force Organization ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Types and Project Organization ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Center’s Project Organization Model ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Sponsor .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Executive Steering ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Vendors/Consultants/Suppliers .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
End Users/Customers ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ix
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-project-management-forinformation-technology-business-and-certification-1st-edition-kapur
Project Politics...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Size ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Multiple Sponsors and Multiple Project Managers ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Task Plan—PPA Step 18 ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Plan Source ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Innovative Guess.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Memory and Experience........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Knowledge Base ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Developing a Master Task List .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Phases .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deliverables ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Description .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Completion Criteria ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Owner ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tasks ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Milestones ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Issues ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Network .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk Management Tasks ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Time Dependent Risk ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Floating Risk ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Current System Retirement ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager’s Responsibility ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Plans? We Don’t Need No Stinking Plans ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Comprehensive Task Plan......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contingency Tasks ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Current System Retirement Tasks.......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Customer Training Tasks ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deployment Tasks ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Tasks .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infrastructure Upgrade Tasks ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Operations Tasks.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Organization Change Management Tasks ............. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Project Closure Tasks ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Quality Management Tasks ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Education and Training Tasks ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Milestones ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor Sign-Off ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Comprehensive Task Plan—Summary........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Important Considerations ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Prototyping Plan—PPA Step 19 ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
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Organization Change Management Plan—PPA Step 20..... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Psychology of Change .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Stress Analysis ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Time Away from Primary Responsibility . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Degree of Change ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Willingness to Absorb the Change ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ability to Absorb the Change ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Timing of the Change ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Stress Interpretations ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Develop Organization Change Management Plan ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Change Agent.......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Management Plan—PPA Step 21 ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Growth .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Velcro Suit ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contractors and Consultants ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Team ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Uninvolved Sponsor ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Management Process ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Creep—An Example ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Member’s E-Mail ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager’s Response .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor’s Response .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Member’s Response .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Change Control Board .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Growth—The Limit ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Configuration Management ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Change Management Plan............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Staffing Plan—PPA Step 22 ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Management Team .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor’s Roles and Responsibilities ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appoint an Appropriately-Skilled Project Manager . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Approve Project Charter, Task Plan, Estimate, Budget, and Schedule
........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Champion the Project, Project Manager, and Project Team ............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Commit Time and Political Capital to the Project ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Conduct Formal Appraisals of the Project Manager’s Performance .. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
xi
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Empower the Project Manager with Appropriate Authority ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Encourage Intelligent Disobedience ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ensure Sustained Buy-In at All Levels .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ensure Timely Availability of Needed Resources ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Follow up to Ensure that Promised Benefits are Realized................ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Formally Manage Project Scope ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Keep Informed About Project Status ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Keep the Team Out of Political Minefields ............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Provide Guidance and Direction for Key Business Strategies ........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Provide Feedback on Performance vs. Expectations ..... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Resolve Major Policy Issues .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Shield Project Teams from Unrealistic Customer Demands ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Understand Project Complexity.............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor Self-Assessment ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Forty Questions................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager’s Supervisor.................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Functional Managers ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager’s Roles and Responsibilities ........ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Soft Skills: ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Negotiation .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Positive Outlook ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Business of the Business ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Skills Gap Assessment .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dumb Mistakes and Good Traits ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
How Many Projects Can a Project Manager Manage? ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Team Leader ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Administrative Support ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Members ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Selection .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
To Clone or Not to Clone ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Recruitment ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recruiting Interviews ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Interview ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sample Questions................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Making the Selection ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
SMEs ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Already-Assembled Team: What Should You Do? ..... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Teamwork ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Forming ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Storming .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Norming .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performing ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cross-Cultural Teams ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Importance of Trust .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recommended Team Behaviors ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Resolving Conflicts ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Define the Conflict ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Assess the Conflict ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Brainstorm .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Decision Time .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Motivation ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Work....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Responsibility .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Achievement ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recognition ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Advancement .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
I Can’t Hear You, It’s Too Dark in Here ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Focus .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Open Your Mental Door ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Patience .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Don’t Step on Their Lines ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Keep Your Eyes Open ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hold Your Horses ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Pencil to the Paper ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Healthy Competition ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Trouble in Paradise .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
A Safe Project Environment ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Communications Plan—PPA Step 23 .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recipient ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mechanism .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Messages ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Telephone Messages ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Frequency ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Notebook—PPA Step 24 ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Characteristics of a Sound Project Plan ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Comprehensiveness ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Uniqueness ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Unambiguousness.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Authoritativeness ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Keeping Current ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 6 Launch Stage: Developing detailed Estimates.. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 6: Launch Stage—Detailed Estimates ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Detailed Estimates—PPA Step 25 .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Range Values .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Estimate Review Points ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Estimating Responsibility .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computing Accurate Estimates: The Concept........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Task Types .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Effort Driven Task ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Duration Driven Task ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Baseline Effort—Defined .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Creating a Baseline Effort Database .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Effort Variance Factor (EVF) ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Skill Factor (SF) ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Work Interruption Factor (WIF) ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Losses Due to Multiproject Assignment (MPF).......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
The Project Productivity Influencing Factor (PPIF) ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
EVF Computed......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Impact of Skill Level .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Profiling the Unknown Team ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computing Task Effort................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computing Task Duration ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computing Project Duration ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sponsor Effort ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Management Effort ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Management Effort ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rework Reserve .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Growth Reserve ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Accounting for Reserves ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Time Losses Often Overlooked ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cost Estimates ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Task-Based Estimating ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Compress the Critical Path ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task-Based Estimating Example—Lessons Learned ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
PERT Estimating Methods ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Words to Avoid ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task-Based Estimating—A Summary ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Developing a Historical Baseline Effort Database ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Steps to Reduce Estimates .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Review Constraints and Obstacles ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reduce Scope.......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Split/Overlap Tasks .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Validate Task Dependencies ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Aggressively Manage Lag ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Improve Team Skills ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Use Overtime .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Add Team Members ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Improve the Work Environment ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transfer Risk Responsibility ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Charter Review and Budget Approval—PPA Step 26 ............... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Stage Gate No. 3 ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Order of PPA Steps .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 7 Execute Stage: Schedule, Track, and Control the
Project .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 7: Execute Stage ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Execute Stage ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Management Software ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Schedule—PPA Step 27 ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Schedule the Work .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Define Cross-Project Dependencies ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Build Organization Calendar .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Specify Team Member Information ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Specify Team Member Calendars ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Build a Task List ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Specify Task Assignments, Effort, and Duration .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
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Specify Lags......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Specify Floating Risk Contingencies ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Specify Reserves .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Build Project Schedule .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Must-Do Dates ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Validate the Schedule .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Business Cycles: Conflict Assessment ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Window of Opportunity Assessment .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Schedule Compression ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Crashing .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fast-Tracking ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Budget Compression ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Establish Baseline Schedule and Budget .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Baseline Version Control System ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task Gantt Chart .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Resource Gantt Chart ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Deliverables .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Deliverable Owners ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Milestones ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Change Management ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Scope Management: Summary ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Progress Review and Control—PPA Step 28Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tracking Team Members’ Progress............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Status .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Vital Signs ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Health Report ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Lines of Command and Frequency of Reporting ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Look-Ahead Window ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Short-Term Forecast ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Long-Term Forecast ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earned Value Management System ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earned Value Basics ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cost Variance (CV) ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Schedule Variance (SV)......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cost Performance Index (CPI) ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Schedule Performance Index (SPI) ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Cost Forecasting ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Low-End Forecast ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
High-End Forecast ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rate of the Remaining Work ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Schedule Forecasting .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EV of a Partially Completed Task .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
EV—The Bottom Line ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Analytical Tools ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fishbone Diagram ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Affinity Diagram ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Nominal Group Technique (NGT) ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Matrix Display ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reporting Project Progress ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Team Members to Project Manager ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager to Functional Managers Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager to Her Manager ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Manager to Sponsor .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Steering Committee Update .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Status Reports ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exception Reporting ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Progress Review Principles ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dealing with Deadlines ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Schedule Review .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Review....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Budget Review ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Quality Review ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Worst Case Scenario ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dealing with Troubled Projects .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Troubled Project Assessment ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Analysis .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Questions ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Vital Signs ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Decision .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Action ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deploy Recovery Plan ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Deploy Cancellation Plan ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Words for the Wise Project Manager ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stage Gate No. 4 ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 8
Implement Stage..............Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 8: Implement Stage .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Implementation and Closure—PPA Step 29 ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Prepare the Operations Group .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Prepare the Customer .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Site Assessment ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Site Preparation ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Security Infrastructure ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Implementation Office .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Implementation Plan Basics ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rolling Wave Implementation ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope Verification .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fine Tuning ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Customer Support.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Celebration ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Process Assessment—PPA Step 30 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ground Rules .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Benefits .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Key Players ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Support Players ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Agenda ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Lessons Learned Database ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Closure ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 9: Operation Stage .................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 9: Operation Stage ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Operation Stage ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Preparing for Project Operations .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Operations Documentation .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Value-to-Business Assessment—PPA Step 31 ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Operations Metrics—PPA Step 32 .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Current System Retirement—PPA Step 33.. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 10: Project Portfolio Management ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Chapter 10: Project Portfolio Management .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objective ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The Importance of the Project Portfolio ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Portfolio—The Concept..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Portfolio Structure............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ideas Portfolio ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Pre-Launch (Charters) Portfolio ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Launch (Plans and Estimates) Portfolio ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Execute (Development) Portfolio .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Implement (Deployment) Portfolio ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Operations Portfolio ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Suspended Project Portfolio ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Canceled Project Portfolio ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Portfolio Views ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Portfolio Alerts—Early Warning Signals ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Unaligned Project .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Duplicate/Overlapping Project .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Breach of Vital Signs ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Unsecured System ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
High Defect Rate ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Supporting Project/System Nonperformance............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Strategy Fulfillment ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Stage Gate Reviews .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appointing a Portfolio Manager .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Portfolio Management Software—Three Strikes and You are Out........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Frequently Asked Questions—Project Portfolio ManagementError! Bookmark
not defined.
Lessons Learned ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Portfolio—Benefits ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and Discussion Points .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 1: Procurement Planning .....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 1: Procurement Planning ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives and Overview ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Procurement Process ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Procurement Planning .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fixed Price Contract.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Time and Materials Contract ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Unit Price Contract ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Modular Contract .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Solicitation Planning ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
RFI ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RFQ ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
RFP ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Solicitation .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Source (Contractor/Supplier) Selection ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contract Negotiation and Approval............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contract Administration ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contract Closeout .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
SLA ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performance is in the Mind of the Beholder .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Procurement Words of Wisdom .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 2: Financial Analysis ............Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 2: Financial Analysis ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Objectives and Overview ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Details ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Whose Project is it Anyway? ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Principles and Practices of Financial Justification for Projects ................ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
NPV ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
IRR ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ROI......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Payback Period ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Intangible Benefits ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Garbage in and Garbage Out ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk Exposure and Financial Analysis ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
xx
Preface
PREFACE
This instructor’s guide provides a summary of the content of all the chapters and
sections of the “Project Management for Information, Technology, Business and
Certification”1 textbook. It highlights the key points of each section of the book and
offers suggestions regarding instruction.
A full index to the content of the textbook is included. All summaries are keyed to
the pages in the textbook and to the appropriate, accompanying slides.
You may find it beneficial to use this guide in conjunction with the chapter questions
provided in the textbook and with the additional set of questions provided in the
supplemental material.
Gopal K. Kapur: Project Management for Information, Technology, Business, and
Certification. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2005
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Objectives
In this chapter, students will learn about the following project management
elements (Slides 1.1-1.2):
3

Reasons for project management

Definition of a project

Project vs. operations

Roles of schedule, scope, budget, and quality

Definition of project management

Differences between a project and a process

The state of project management

Extreme project failures

The "seven deadly sins" of project management

Reasons why project management investments may never payoff

The success equation

Project management methodology

Project Process Architecture (PPA)

Stage gate reviews

Mapping PPA to PMBOK

Mapping PPA to CompTIA IT Project+

Understand SEI's Capability Maturity Model

Product development methodology

Celebrating project success

The mocking post
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1: Introduction
Overview
The chapter starts with a discussion of why project management is necessary to
transform ideas into products or processes in an effective and efficient manner. It
compares and contrasts project work with day-to-day operations and outlines the
key differences between the two. Next, the chapter deals with the important subject
of extreme project failures, far too common in IT/Business projects, and the Seven
Deadly Sins that lead to such failures. The content includes a detailed discussion of
how the principles, practices, and tools for managing IT/Business projects are
different from those needed to manage engineering (construction) projects. The
chapter also introduces the Project Process Architecture (PPA), a project
management methodology designed by the Center for Project Management (CPM or
the Center) that retains the applicable principles and practices of classic engineering
project management and adds the principles and practices needed to manage
IT/Business projects successfully. The chapter maps the PPA to the Project
Management Institute's (PMI's) Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK),
to CompTIA's IT Project+ certification, and to Software Engineering Institute's
(SEI's) Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). Finally, the need for
professionalism and discipline throughout the organization is emphasized, along with
the introduction of a mocking post for those who wish to sidestep the project
management discipline put forth in this book.
Details
Why Project Management?
As evidenced by the quotes in this section, ideas and
visions are worthless without the ability to transform them
into reality. Project management is the discipline that
facilitates that transformation.
Slides: 1.3
Pages: 2-3
What is a Project?
A project is generally undertaken to solve a business
problem or capitalize on a business opportunity. It
represents an investment, must have appropriate
ownership, and signals a change in the status quo. It is of
specific duration. It has a plan, which includes an
interrelated set of deliverables, tasks, and milestones to be
completed by designated resources. Projects generally
operate in changing environments and are disruptive,
especially for the project’s customers.
Slides: 1.4
Pages: 3-4
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
4
Chapter 1: Introduction
Project vs. Operations
A project represents change, while day-to-day operations
involve repeatable processes with consistent, predefined
outcomes.
Slides: 1.5
Pages: 4-5
It’s not a “Three-Legged Stool”
Traditional project management approaches have defined
the basic components of a project as schedule, scope, and
budget. In the PPA, quality—because of its importance—
is singled out as a fourth component.
Slides: 1.6
Pages: 5-6
When Does Work Turn into a Project?
As an overall guide, work requiring more than 200 hours of
effort should be managed as a project.
Slides: 1.7
Pages: 6
What is Project Management?
Project management involves five key activities:
Slides: 1.8
Pages: 6-7
1. Defining
2. Planning
3. Estimating and scheduling
4. Directing and leading
5. Monitoring and controlling
It also involves:
6. Communications
7. Closure
Project Management is not a Tool
Well-formulated, disciplined and forthright project
management practices are the essential ingredient in
project success. Project management software tools can
facilitate success if these practices are in place. The use of
project software tools, without sound practices, is a waste
of time and money and not likely to lead to success.
Slides: 1.9
Pages: 7
The State of Project Management
Studies show staggering numbers for the failure of IT
projects in the public and private sectors. Not only have
short-term losses occurred; long-term losses impacting
strategy, market position, opportunities, credibility, and
Slides: 1.10
Pages: 7-8
5
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1: Introduction
human capital have also been observed.
Extreme Project Failures
Still another study details 10 US companies that lost
millions, including two that filed for bankruptcy. A CPM
study conducted through the 1990’s detailed 13 key
reasons for the high rate of failure.
Slides: 1.11-1.12
Pages: 8-9
The Seven Deadly Sins of Project Management
A more focused CPM study involving seven CIOs, 23 project
managers, and 49 projects resulted in the list of “Seven
Deadly Sins of Project Management,” released in the
Gartner “Talking Technology Series.”
Slides: 1.13-1.21
Pages: 9-16
1. Mistaking half-baked ideas for projects
2. Dictated deadlines
3. Ineffective Sponsorship
4. Under-skilled project managers
5. Failing to monitor the vital signs
6. Failing to deploy a sound project management
methodology
7. Not formulating a comprehensive project portfolio
A “Sin Index” can be calculated by scoring an organization
on the various “sins.” Organizations are rated from “Project
Nirvana” to “Project Hell.”
Why Your Project Management Investment may
Never Pay Off.
Investment in project management practices designed for
classic, engineering projects may not lead to success in
IT/business projects. This section details 31 attributes that
differ significantly between engineering and IT/business
projects.
Slides: 1.22.1.28
Pages: 17-31
The Success Equation
Success = (Process + Skills + Techniques + Tools) X
Slides: 1.29
Pages: 31-33
Accountability X Discipline
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
6
Chapter 1: Introduction
The Project Process Architecture (PPA)
The PPA is a robust, well-defined project management
process. Affording an accelerated pace, without sacrificing
key steps, it is in extensive use by CPM clients in a wide
cross section of industries.
Slides: 1.30-1.36
Pages: 33-35
The PPA has six “stages” and 36 “steps” and was
designed to be scalable to projects of all sizes, complexity,
and importance.
Idea Stage
Purpose: Assess ideas for integrity
Output: Project request
Pre-Launch Stage
Purpose: Analyze project request to determine whether it
should be pursued, considering scope, risk, and expected
cost.
Output: A project charter for review and approval by the
project sponsor.
Launch Stage
Purpose: The development of a comprehensive plan and
detailed estimates for the project.
Output: Project plan, including detailed estimates.
Execute Stage
Purpose: Schedule and perform the planned work, monitor
progress, solve problems, and keep the project on track.
Output: The completed product or process.
Implement Stage
Purpose: To turn the product or process over to the
customer, close out the project, and conduct a project
management process assessment.
Output: The completed project.
Operation Stage
Purpose: To assess the value-to-business, operations
metrics and, if applicable, current system retirement—after
7
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1: Introduction
the project’s product or process is in full operation.
Output: Value-to-business assessment and fine-tuning.
Stage Gate Reviews: A “Stage Gate” review is held at
the end of each PPA stage to make a go/no-go decision
to proceed to the next stage. This review process serves to
“progressively” elaborate project details.
Slides: 1.37-1.38
Pages: 35-37
Tailoring the PPA
A suggested approach for tailoring the PPA to project size
and complexity (to be defined in Pre-Launch) is offered.
Recommended steps for varying complexities are shown in
the table on page 37.
Mapping the PPA to PMBOK
The “Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)” is
a collection of project management material prepared by
the Project Management Institute (PMI).” PMI is a
nonprofit, international, professional project management
organization. It offers professional certification in project
management.
Slides: 1.39-1.41
Pages: 37-40
As its title implies, the PMBOK is a guide to “what” needs to
be done in successful project management. The PPA
includes the “what” in a step-by-step “how-to” framework.
The table on page 39 shows how the nine knowledge areas
and PMBOK component processes map to the PPA.
The bottom line is that the PPA incorporates the vital
areas of the PMBOK. CPM is an official PMI Global
Registered Education Provider.
Mapping the PPA to CompTIA Project+
The Computing Technology Industry Association
(CompTIA) also offers an industry-wide certification in
project management (IT Project+). CompTIA is the world’s
largest developer of vendor-neutral, industry-defined IT
exams and certifications.
Slides: 1.42
Pages: 40-41
The tables on pages 40-42 detail how the elements of the
PPA™ relate to the domains and objectives of CompTIA
Project+.
Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
8
Chapter 1: Introduction
Again, the bottom-line is that the PPA maps well to the
CompTIA framework. CPM has received the CompTIA
Approved Quality Curriculum (CAQC) certification, signifying
that the curriculum prepares the student for IT Project+
certification.
Mapping the PPA to SEI’s CMMI
The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)was
prepared by Carnegie-Mellon’s Software Engineering
Institute (SEI). It is designed to guide software developers
on a path through five levels of process “maturity:”
Slides: 1.43
Pages: 41-44
1. Initial
2. Repeatable
3. Defined
4. Managed
5. Optimized
Once again, the PPA dovetails very well with the CMMI
approach. A repeatable project management process is
necessary at all levels above level one, where processes are
ad hoc and chaos may prevail.
Product Development Methodology
There is a critical distinction between project management
methodologies and product (or process) development
methodologies. It is important to recognize the difference
and to keep the two separate.
Slides: 1.44
Pages: 44-45
Project management methodologies, such as the PPA,
provide an overarching structure, containing the steps
necessary to successfully manage the project.
Product development methodologies (often called life
cycles) define the specific tasks and milestones needed to
develop the product.
Subject to scaling and tailoring, the project management
methodology will remain constant from project to project,
while the development methodology will vary widely (e.g.,
software development, staging a large conference,
introducing a new business process, etc.)
The product/process development methodology comes into
play in the PPA most strongly as detailed tasks to
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Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1: Introduction
complete the project are planned and executed. This
begins in the PPA launch stage.
Celebrating Project Success
Celebration of project successes, along the way and at the
conclusion of a project, is an important form of recognition
for all involved. Rewards and gestures of appreciation
should come from project managers, sponsors, and
customers.
Slides: 1.45
Pages: 45-46
It’s the Other Leg, Stupid.
The title of this section comes from a story about a surgeon
amputating the wrong leg from a patient. It is used to
address the question of the culture within an organization.
Slides: 1.46
Pages: 46-47
The argument is that the wrong amputation stemmed from
a culture that was absorbed in its own beliefs and viewed
the customer with a certain disdain. A series of questions
are offered to help assess culture in an organization; they
are particularly important to address at project staging.
The questions probe deference to seniors, fear to say “no,”
looking down on customers, devaluing process in favor of
deadlines, unresolved issues, and the use of sound
communication skills.
Organizational Discipline and Individual Skills
Organizational project management discipline is vital in
project management success. Development of individual
skills, alone, will not necessarily lead to project
management success. The organization must fully support
the project management approach and back up that
support with actions to make it work.
Slides: 1.47
Pages: 48-49
In cases where organizational discipline is lacking, it is
crucial that project managers, working with sponsors,
advocate the instilling of such discipline.
The Mocking Post
The author suggests an apt punishment for sponsors and
others who misbehave, called a “mocking post.” The
offender is gently strapped to the post and others are
allowed to mock and throw things (non injurious) at
him/her!
Slides: 1.48
Pages: 49
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10
Chapter 1: Introduction
Summary
The learning objectives of the chapter are reviewed.
Slides: -Pages: 49-50
Questions and Discussion Points
Questions and discussion points for the chapter are offered.
Slides: -Pages: 50
We suggest that you select a number of questions from the
set, assign them to student groups, and ask the groups to
discuss and respond to the questions. This will enhance
group interaction and validate comprehension of the
materials presented in the chapter.
11 Instructor Guide 1.1 ©2005 Center for Project Management, All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2
Fundamentals
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