Download Science Midterm Exam Review Guide Unit 1 Structure of Matter

Science Midterm Exam Review Guide
Unit 1 Structure of Matter:
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and matter
Draw the particle arrangements of water in each of the three states of matter .
What is thermal energy?: measure of the total kinetic energy of particles.
What is temperature?: measure of average kinetic energy of particles measured in degrees C or
degrees F.
What is the difference between thermal energy and temperature?: Temperature measures the
motion of molecules, thermal energy (heat) is the energy of this motion.
Describe what happens to the energy and the spacing of water molecules as water vapor turns
into liquid water. When water vapor turns to liquid water, the molecules slow down and become
more attracted to each other and flow over each other.
Which has more thermal energy ? Why?
The iceberg has more energy than the burning match because there are many more molecules
contained in it, than in the burning match.
Label the state of matter in the illustration, and then predict what would happen
to the particles if energy was added to the system.
State of Matter: solid
I predict that a phase change will happen when energy is added to the system and
the molecules will move faster and farther apart.
Why does condensation appear on the side of a cold drink? The water vapor in the
air is cooled by the drink and condenses on the outside of the glass.
Where does this condensation come from? There is invisible water vapor in the air
around the glass and as it cools it turns into liquid water on the outside of the
glass.
Heat Transfer: How does heat get transferred from one thing to another? Fill out the chart
below:
Type of Heat
Definition
Transfer Medium
Example (picture)
Transfer
Conduction
The transfer of heat
By direct contact.
from a warmer
substance to a cooler
substance through
direct contact.
Convection
Transfer of thermal
Through a fluid (any
energy in a fluid
material such as a
(liquid or gas) in
gas or liquid that can
which warmer fluid
flow).
rises and cooler fluid
sinks.
Radiation
Transfer of energy in
Through empty
the form of
space.
electromagnetic
waves.
Heat always transfers from areas of warmer (higher) temperature to areas of cooler temperature.
What happens to a glass of ice water when you leave it at room temperature for an hour? Does
the heat travel to or from the ice? Explain. Heat travels from the warmer water to the colder
ice and causes the ice molecules to begin to speed up and move faster. This causes the Ice to
melt into liquid water. Eventually the ice will all be melted and the water in the cup will reach
equilibrium at room temperature.
Explain why the top bunk of a bunk bed is warmer than the bottom bunk. Use the words
density, convection, hot air, cold air and air molecules in your explanation.
The top bunk is warmer because hot air is less dense and rises. Cold air stays closer to the
ground because the air molecules move slower and are more dense.
For each example listed below, circle how the heat is being transferred.
Hot air rushing out of an oven:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Burning your hand on the handle of a pot:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
A hot air balloon rises into the air:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Putting a marshmallow directly into a fire:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Bubbles rising to the top of boiling water:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Coffee warming up a cup:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Microwaving popcorn popping:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Describe what type of energy transfer is happening at
numbers 1, 2 and 3.
1. _radiation____________
2. _convection___________________
3. _conduction___________________
4. __radiation__________________
Why would you want to use a wooden spoon instead of a metal spoon to stir hot soup? (Hint,
think about – conduction, convection and radiation). _You would want to use a wooden spoon
because the metal spoon would conduct heat. The heat would be transferred by conduction
as the spoon would be heated by the hot soup because the soup is in direct contact with the
spoon. This type of heat transfer is CONDUCTION._____________________________
Would the molecules in a beaker of hot water or cold water move the fastest? Explain.
____Molecules in a beaker of hot water would move the fastest because the molecules
__are spread out and have more thermal energy.
Unit 2: Water Cycle
What is the main source of energy for the water cycle? The sun is the main source of energy
that drives the water cycle.
Define the following terms:
Evaporation: The process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into air as water vapor.
Condensation:The process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water.
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from the clouds and reaches earth’s surface.
Examples are rain, freezing rain, snow, sleet and hail.
Transpiration: Loss of water through a plants leaves. This process is part of the water cycle.
Identify the process that causes each of the transitions listed below:
a. Atmosphere
Cloud ___Condensation_________________________
b. Cloud
Snow __Precipitation______________________________
c. Land
Ocean ___Run-off_____________________________
How does salt water from the ocean end up as fresh water in precipitation?
___The water from the ocean evaporates but it doesn’t take the salt with it. Recall the
Science Court example of the food coloring and the contact lens solution. The water from
ocean evaporates and condenses into clouds. The cloud droplets or ice crystals must grow
heavy enough to fall to the air. The water from the clouds is fresh water. What stages of
the water cycle are driven by the force of gravity? _Infiltration and run off and
precipitation are stages in the water cycle that are driven by the force of gravity. Draw a
model of the water cycle in the box below and label the following terms: condensation,
groundwater, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, and runoff.
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Condensation
Run-off
Evaporation
Infiltration
Surface Water
Ground Water
What are two main variables that determine a region’s climate?
temperature and precipitation
Define weather: __The condition of the Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.
What is the weather like outside: ___________________________________________
Define climate: __The average , year after year conditions of temperature , precipitation,
winds and clouds in an area.
What is the climate in Las Vegas in July: _Hot and dry
What are some factors that influence an areas climate:
1. Latitude 2. Topography 3. Altitude/elevation 4. Global winds 5. Large bodies of water
Imagine the picture to the right was depicting fronts. What type of weather would we
expect if a warm front met a cold front: _Clouds and possible
chance of rain.
Describe the climate near the equator and explain what causes it. The climate near the
equator is warm and humid. Near the equator, energy from the sun strikes the earth almost
directly. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area and at
an angle so it is cold and dry.
Topeka, Kansas is in the middle of the United States and Miami, Florida is next to the ocean.
Which area would you expect to have a more extreme climate? Explain. I would expect
Miami, Florida to have a more extreme climate because climate is the area’s temperature and
precipitation. Miami is located next to an ocean and therefore is subject to hurricanes and
lots of precipitation.
Using the picture on the right, describe the weather on
the windward and leeward side of a mountain.
The windward side is the side of the mountain that faces
the oncoming wind. The leeward side of the mountain is
the downwind side of the mountain. This is the opposite
side of the windward side of the mountain.
How does the rain shadow effect impact the climate of Las Vegas? The rain shadow is the
dry area on the side of a mountain opposite to the wind. Las Vegas is in a rain shadow from
mountains surrounding it. The warm, moist air rises over the Pacific Ocean and condenses
forming clouds. The water droplets become heavy enough and fall to the ground as
precipitation. The windward side is moist and the leeward side is dry.
What kind of weather results from a cold front: Cold fronts bring violent storms that are
followed by fair, cooler weather.
What kind of weather results from a warm front: Warm fronts bring rain showers followed
by warmer, more humid air.
What season is it in the Southern Hemisphere right now? Explain. The seasons in the
southern hemisphere are reversed. Since it is winter in the nborthern hemisphere right
now, it is summer in the southern hemisphere right now.
Why is it cooler at the top of a mountain than at the bottom? Temperature decreases as
elevation increases; as you move higher into the atmosphere temperatures decrease.
Does the air over land or over an ocean change more throughout the day? How does this
affect the types of breezes an area will experience and when? Land heats and cools off
more quickly than large bodies of water because water has a higher specific heat. During
the day, cool air moves from the sea to the land, creating a sea breeze. At night, cooler air
moves from the land to the sea which is a land breeze.
Define front: The areas where air masses meet and do not mix.
Where is most of Earth’s water located? Most of earth’s water is located in the oceans
(about 97%)
Your friend Jason tells you that the reason that summer is warmer than winter is because
the sun is closer to the Earth during the summer than it is in the winter. What is wrong with
Jason’s statement? The reason summer is warmer than winter is that the earth is tilted
facing the sun in the hemisphere that has summer. The hemisphere of the earth tilted away
from the sun has winter.
What day is your test? Wed, P1 and 2; Thurs P3 and 4; Fri P5 and 6.
How long do you plan on studying for the test? _________________________________
What grade do you predict you will earn on the test? Explain your answer. _____________
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