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Norton Media Library WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS SEVENTEENTH EDITION by Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E. Chapter 4 Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.E.)—Spartan dominance • The Corinthian War (395–387 B.C.E.) – Failed response to Spartan dominance – Followed by pattern of Greek-on-Greek violence Map 4.1 The Inland Expedition of the Ten Thousand Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Downfall of the Greek Polis • The struggle for hegemony – Thebes and Sparta – Epaminondas and the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.E.) • Development of “Theban Sacred Band” – Spartan defeat – Emergence of Athenian naval confederacy – Strife between democrats and oligarchs Downfall of the Greek Polis • Social and economic crises – Declining wealth – Towns devastated – Decline in the standard of living – Increased taxes and widespread unemployment – The problems of mercenary armies Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Cultural and Intellectual Response – Art and literature • • • • Heightened sense of realism Drama in decline compared to fifth century The flight from social and political commentary Art privately funded, control of message Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Cultural and Intellectual Response – Drama as diversion and escape • Focus on “safe” topics, avoid controversy • Slapstick topics • Menander (c. 342–292 B.C.E.) – Most famous of the age – Set precedents for literary forms that followed Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Cultural and Intellectual Response – Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle • Plato (c. 429–349 B.C.E.) – – – – – Strove to vindicate Socrates Introduced more structured framework The Academy Wrote a series of dialogues Social harmony more important that individual liberty Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Cultural and Intellectual Response – Government by a superior group of “guardians” – Wrote The Republic » Idea of the Philosopher-King » Elements of benign tyranny » “Who will guard the guardians?” • Aristotle and Aristotelian thought – Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) – Trained as a scientist – Trusted his senses and sense perception Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Cultural and Intellectual Response – Objective reality of material objects – Everything is purposeful and moves toward a perfected form (telos) – The highest good is the harmonious functioning of mind and body – The contemplative life – “Man is by nature a political animal” The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The reign of Philip II (359–336 B.C.E.) – Stabilized his borders: warfare and diplomacy – Reorganized the army – The phalanx as fighting machine – Dynastic marriages The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The reign of Philip II (359–336 B.C.E.) – Expansion brought conflict with Athens • Demosthenes (c. 383–322 B.C.E.) – Saw Philip as an aggressor – Battle of Chaeronae (338 B.C.E.) • League of Corinth – Assassination of Philip The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The conquests and reign of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.) – Visionary, genius, or butcher? – Further expansion – Difficulty in modern Afghanistan – Queen Roxane Map 4.2 The campaigns of Alexander Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The conquests and reign of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.) – The new empire • • • • New cities Mass marriages Breeding a new nobility Installs no administrative apparatus – Death of Alexander The Hellenistic Kingdoms • Ptolemaic Egypt – Most durable kingdom • Patronized science and the arts – Alexandria – Personal enrichment – Alexander as pharoah The Hellenistic Kingdoms • Seleucid Asia – Near Eastern traditions – A Hellenized population – Planted new cities • Antigonid Macedon and Greece – Antigonus • Keeping Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Asia at war – Aetolian and Achaean Leagues • Model of federalism Map 4.3 The Hellenistic World Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company From Polis to Cosmopolis—The Growth of Trade and Urbanization • Long-distance trade – Spread east to Central Asia – Harbors improved – Encouragement of industry – Explosive population growth – Improved standard of living for some • Cities – Importation of Greek officials and soldiers From Polis to Cosmopolis—The Growth of Trade and Urbanization – Alexandria • Wealth and poverty – Significant economic growth – Primarily agricultural economy – Manual laborers and artisans largely impoverished – All subject to “boom and bust” economic cycle Hellenistic Worldviews • Stoicism – Founded by Zeno of Citium (324–270 B.C.E.) – Cosmos is ordered and rational – The individual is not the master of his own life – Submit to the universal order of things – Tranquility of mind – Duty and self-discipline – Duty of political participation Hellenistic Worldviews • Epicureanism – Founded by Epicurus (c. 342–270 B.C.E.) – Democritus and atomism – There is no ultimate purpose of the universe – Highest good is pleasure – Serenity of the soul – No such thing as absolute justice – The wise man should abandon politics Hellenistic Worldviews • Skepticism – Carneades (c. 213–129 B.C.E.) • • • • • All knowledge is limited and relative Inability to prove anything That which appears to be Escape from incomprehensible world Happiness—abandon quest for truth Hellenistic Worldviews • Religion – A vehicle for escape – Persistence of belief in gods who protected the polis – “Ordinary” Greeks and personal religion • • • • Ecstatic mystical union with a deity Cult of Dionysius Egyptian cult of Isis Zoroastrian dualism Hellenistic Worldviews • Religion – Migration of gods to the Near East and Egypt – Combination of Greek and non-Greek cults – Greek influence on Jewish communities outside Palestine • The Septuagint Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Origins – Mesopotamian and Egyptian science – Hellenistic rulers patronized scientific research • Sole motive was prestige Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Astronomy, mathematics, and geography – Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.E.) • Heliocentric worldview – Euclid (fl. fourth century B.C.E.) • Wrote first geometry text – Hipparchus (fl. 160–125 B.C.E.) • Foundations of trigonometry Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Astronomy, mathematics, and geography – Eratosthenes (c. 276–194 B.C.E.) • Calculated circumference of the earth • Developed a system of latitude and longitude • Physics – Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287–212 B.C.E.) • Discovered law of floating bodies Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Medicine – Herophilus of Chalcedon (c. 335–c.280 B.C.E.) • Anatomist—practiced human dissection • Detailed description of the brain • Rejected notion of four humors Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Architecture and Sculpture – Architecture drew on Greek models influenced by Egypt and Persia • The Lighthouse of Alexandria • The altar to Zeus at Pergamum – Sculpture—most influential of the arts • Focus on extreme naturalism Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Architecture and Sculpture • Extravagance – Dying Gaul – Winged Victory of Samothrace – Laocoön Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine • Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art – Pastoral literature • The pastorals of Theocritus (c. 310–250 B.C.E.) – Prose • Polybius (c. 205–123 B.C.E.) – Historical development proceeds in cycles Conclusion • The Transformation of the Polis – From polis to cosmopolis • From Hellene to Hellenistic • The breakdown of traditional values – The Hellenistic Age as an age of transition between Greece and Rome Norton Art Slides • Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E. Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes Chapter Opener Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Honoring the Theban Sacred Band Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 4.1 The Inland Expedition of the Ten Thousand Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Roman Copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Second century C.E. Copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Bronze Youth Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Plato and Aristotle Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Philip II of Macedonia Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Macedonian Phalanx Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Marble Head of Alexander Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Alexander Defeats King Darius of Persia at the Battle of Issus (333 B.C.E.) Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Alexander’s World Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 4.2 The campaigns of Alexander Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Lesser Kings of Persia Approach the Great King to Perform Western Civilizations, 17th Edition the Proskynesis Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 4.3 The Hellenistic World Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Portraits of Ptolemy I of Egypt Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Portraits of Ptolemy I of Egypt Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Hellenistic Earrings Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Surgical Instruments Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Citadel of Pergamon Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Marble Streets of Ephesus Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Dying Gaul Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Winged Victory of Samothrace Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Laocoön and his Sons Western Civilizations, 17th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Art Slide Set for Chapter 4 Western Civilizations SEVENTEENTH EDITION by Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes