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Oceanography
I. Ocean Waters and Ocean Floor
1. Oceanography is a _______________________________________________________________________________________.
2. ____________ Hemisphere- ________ Hemisphere
a.) ____________ and ____________
3. ____________ Hemisphere- ________ Hemisphere
a.) ___________ and _____________
There are ___ major oceans (from largest to smallest)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
________ Ocean
________ Ocean
_________ Ocean
_________ Ocean
_________ Ocean
1. Pacific Ocean is LARGEST in size
a.) Greatest ave. depth ________
– (Mariana Trench- __________ deep)
b.) ______ of all the water in the world.
2. Atlantic Ocean is SECOND in size
a.) ____________- average depth of 10,860 ft.
b.) Getting _________ due to sea- floor spreading  (______________________)
3. Indian Ocean-THIRD in size
a.) Average depth ____________
b.) Site of devastating _______________________ in 2004 – Earthquake magnitude of ____ on the Richter scale
4. Southern Ocean is FOURTH in size
a.) located beginning at __________________
b.) Totally encircling __________________
5. Arctic Ocean IS FIFTH in size
a.) _______________________
b.) Depth of __________________________________________
II. Composition of seawater-Complex solution of salt
1. ________________________________ - (Dissolved salt to water)
a.) Salinity of open ocean is _______________
1. Variations are due to __________________________, or _______
_______________________________.
2. If all the water evaporated, a ______ layer of salt would cover the ocean floor
3. Salinity is _____________ b/c some minerals are drawn by plants and animals to ______________, other are removed when
they _______________________________ of the water as sediment
a.) Sources of salts
1. Chemical weathering of ______________________ – 2.5 billion tons annually
2. ______________ – second major source of elements – through volcanic eruptions large quantities of water and dissolved
gases have been emitted during much of geologic time .
a.) Thought to be the ________________________________________________
b) Proof of this is that the oceans have __________________ of some elements than are found on land...Cl, Br, S, and B
III. Resources from seawater
1. Commercial products from seawater
a.) ____________
b.) _______________________________
c.) Bromine – ______________________
2. Fresh water – obtained from desalination of seawater
a.) _____________ to produce
b.) Small total production
IV. The Ocean 3 LAYERED Structure
1. Surface Zone-_________________________________
a.) ______________________________________________________________________
b.) _______________________________________________
2. Pycnocline – 1/5 to 1 Km thick
a.) _______________________________________________
b.) _____________________________________
c.) ____________________ – rapid decrease in temperature with depth
1. Marks the transition between the warm surface layer and the deep zone of cold water below.
2. _______________ thermocline, there is little change in ___________________
3. Deep Zone
a.) _________ of Ocean water
b.) _____________________________________________________________________________
c.) ________________________ (over all)
V. Salinity- (______________________________________)
1. In low and mid latitudes, _______________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________ – rapid ________________ in salinity with depth
3. _____________ halocline – ______________________________
EARTH BENEATH THE SEA
I. Measuring depth
A. Originally done with _________________
B. ____________________
1. Transmits ________________ toward ocean floor
2. Sensitive receiver intercepts ____________________
3. Amount of time measured for round trip of waves
a.) sound travels about ____________ or ______________
4. Echoes are plotted to produce a ____________ of the ocean floor
5. Provides a more _____________ of the ocean floor
C. ___________ is actually mapped because ships are _________________________ like they use to survey other planets
because ________________________________
D. Oceanographers studying the topography of the ocean basins have divided the ocean floor into 3 major units.
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
E. Sea Floor Deposits
1. Continental Shelf: ____________________________
2. Continental Slope: ____________________________
3. Continental Rise: ______________
4. Ocean Basin: ___________________________________
(Manganese Nodules, Methane Ice)
II. Continental margin – __________________________________________________
1. ________: Gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline to the deep ocean basin
2. ________: Seaward edge of shelf; steeper gradient; average drop of 70 m/km; true edge of continent
3. ____: Gradual incline of a gradient between 4 and 8 m/km; consist of a thick accumulation of sediment that moved down
slope from the shelf to the deep ocean floor
a.) Sediments are delivered by ___________________ that follow submarine canyons forming deep sea fans
b.) ___________ along ____________ margins (East Coast); _________ along ____________ margins (West Coast)
4. Features associated with continental slopes
a.) _________________________
1.) Dense, sediment-laden water
2.) Originate along the ____________________ and continue across the continental rise
3.) Deposits called ________________ – layered with graded bedding with coarse sediments on the bottom
b.) __________________- are excavated by turbidity currents originate on continental slope and may extend to
depths of 3 km
5. Features associated with continental rise
a.) ___________________
b.) Coalescing of ________________ build continental rise
c.) Down cutting of canyon by ___________________ extend turbidite sediments and form deep – sea fans
III. Ocean Basin Floor – ____________________________________________________________________
A. Deep ocean trench – _____________________________________________________
1. Where plates ____________________________________
2. Deepest in ____________________ which is more than 36,000 ft. deep
B. Abyssal plain – ______________________________________
1. Thick accumulations of __________________
2. Found in _____ oceans
C. Seamount- __________________________
1. Some form over ________________
D. Guyot – is a _______________ (due to erosion by wave action), ______________________.
E. Mid-ocean ridge - site of _____________________
1. Found in __l major oceans
2. Rift zone – on the ridge crest – frequent ___________________
a.) _________________ - magma moves up from asthenosphere
b.) Steep-sided central valley called __________________
F. Coral reefs and Atolls
1. Constructed from ___________
__________________________
__________________________
2. Built up over __________ of years
3. Most thrive in _______________
___________________________
___________________________
a.) Some can exist in colder water
4. Need ________to live (symbiotic
relationship between coral and
algae)
a.) Most exist in water no deeper
that ____________________.
b.) Atoll forms on the flanks of a
______________________________________
IV. Sea-floor sediment
a.) Thickness varies
b.) ________ is the most common sediment
C. TYPES OF SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT
a.) _______________: From Land- _______ to settle out
b.) _______________: From LIFE- both PLANTS & ANIMALS- Calcareous & Siliceous oozes
c.) _______________: From CHEMICAL PRECIPITATE out of SEA WATER
Benthic Zone
Benthic
 the _______ level of a body of water
such as an ocean or a lake, including
the __________ and some _________
_______________
 Terrigenous sediments – __________
_________________
 Biogenous sediments – ____________
________________________________
___________________
 ____________ – High energy environ.
 ____________ – High energy environ.
 ____________ – Low energy environ.
 ____________ – Low energy environ.
 ____________ – Low energy environment
Littoral Zone
Littoral
 Experiences the effects of _____ and ___________________ and breaking waves to a depth of 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33
feet)
below the low-tide level.
 Characterized by abundant ______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
 Geological formations made up of ___________
_____________________ and are located along
the shore of a body of water; section of shoreline
that includes both __________ and __________
 ________ water
 Actively influenced by the ________ at some
point in the tide
 Nearly ____________ portion of a beach on the
____________
 Formed by the __________________________
_____________________
 The _______________________________ below the beach berm
 Normally exposed to the action of the _____________.
 Part of a seashore between ____________ and _____________ marks
 Includes the ____________
 Extends ____________ from the sloping foreshore to a point of either vegetation development or a change of
physiography. (sea cliff or a dune field)
Sublittoral Zone
Sublittoral




Extends from __________________________________________.
Found at about ______________________________.
_____________________ of plant and animal life in this zone
Sunlight can ________________________ in most areas, and there is a lot of nutrients
Bathyal Zone
Bathyal
 Extends down from the edge of the continental shelf to the depth at which the water temperature is _____________
 Exist between ____________________ (660 and 6,600 feet) below the surface.
 No ____________________
 Characteristically dark except in the clear, virtually lifeless waters of the tropics, where small amounts of sunlight can
penetrate as deeply as 600 m (2,000 feet).
Abyssal Zone
Abyssal
Abyssal Plains
 Dark ocean region ____________________________________. deep.
 Temperature __________________.
 _______ of the area of the deep-ocean floor lies in the abyssal zone
 No ______________________ takes place.
Abyssal Hills
 Low hills that occur on the _______________________________.
 Large stretches of the _______________ and _________________ floors
 More than 3/4 of the _____________ floor are covered by such hills
 Rise no higher than about ___________________________________.
 Occur as a series of __________________________________
 Sediment buried ridges of the _____________________ systems
Abyssal Plains
 __________________ areas of the deep ocean floor
 May extend for more than _________________________________.
 Typically have slopes with gradients of less than _________________
 Found off ___________________________ where sediments can enter the deep sea unobstructed.
 They are ________________ in the _________________ and _______________________________
 Rare in the Pacific because deep trenches and island arcs serve as barriers _________________________________from
the continents and marine snow.
 Also characterized by _________________________________________.
 Temperatures around ______________________________________
Hadal Zone
Hadal
 Made up of the very __________________ parts of the ocean
 _____________________________________, with a __________________________________.
 Can reach far below _________________________ deep; the deepest known is at
________________________________.
 The pressure can reach over ______________________________________________.
Oceanic Provinces
Pelagic - covers Sublittoral to Hadal zones
Divided into 2 groups
1. ___________
2. ___________
Neritic zone
 Receives lots of _________
 Extends to a depth of about _____
 _______________________
 Covers the ______________ zone
 ___________________________
 _________________ and allows for
plenty of sunlight to penetrate the
water letting many different types
of ____________ and __________
grow well.
 Most of the _________________ is
found in this section of the aquatic
biome.
 Together with _____________ are
what cause most of the __________________ of the sea.
Pelagic Zone
 Entire _________________________.
 Largely dependent on the _________________ inhabiting the upper, sunlit regions, where most ocean organisms live.
 ______________ decreases sharply in the unlit zones where water pressure is _______, temperatures are ______, and
food sources ___________.
 Pelagic waters are divided, in descending order, into the …
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
a.) epipelagic
 Layer of the ocean that extends from the __________________________________.
 Also known as the ___________________ because this is where most of the visible light exists.
 Habitat of __________________ and ________________
b. ) mesopelagic
 The layer of the ocean that extends from __________________________________.
 Sometimes referred to as the __________________ or the ___________________.
 Light that penetrates to this depth is extremely _____________.
 Begin to see the twinkling lights of __________________ creatures. A great diversity of ___________ and
____________ fishes can be found here.
c. ) bathypelagic
 This zone extends from _______________________________________________,
 Sometimes referred to as the __________________or the _________________.
 The only visible light is that produced by the __________________ organisms.
 Water pressure at this depth is immense, reaching _____________________
 A surprisingly large number of creatures can be found here.
 ____________________ can dive down to this level in search of food.
 Most of the animals that live at these depths are ________________ in color due to the lack of light.
d. ) abyssopelagic
 This ocean layer extends from ____________________________________________________
 The name comes from a Greek word meaning "__________________".
 Water temperature is near ______________, and there is no __________ at all.
 Very few creatures can be found at these crushing depths.
 Most of these are _________________ such as _______________ and tiny _____________.
 ________ of the ocean floor lies within this zone.
 The deepest fish ever discovered was found in the Puerto Rico Trench at a depth of 27,460 feet (8,372 meters).
e. ) hadopelagic
 This final layer extends from ______________________________ to the bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean.
 These areas are mostly found in deep water ______________ and _______________.
 The deepest point in the ocean is located in the ____________ off the coast of Japan at _______________________.
 The temperature of the water is just above ______________, and the pressure is an incredible _______________.
 _________________such as ____________ and _______________ can thrive at these depths.
Cross-section of a typical submarine volcano with an active hydrothermal system.
As magma ascends, ________and ________ contained in magma separate and enter the
deep hydrothermal system as pressure is released. _______________ (blue arrows)
permeates the volcano and becomes heated by the hot rock near the magma body. Hybrid
hydrothermal fluids (red arrows), derived from ____________ and ________________ and
_________, buoyantly rise to the summit while altering the volcanic rock
(white=alteration). Fluids discharged at the seafloor rise __________ of meters before they
spread laterally in the hydrothermal plume. The plume is dispersed by the
_________________, carrying various dissolved and particulate chemical species derived
from the magma and the volcanic rock.
Hydrothermal vents in the sea floor release large volumes of hot, _________________ into the
deep ocean. Until recently, it was assumed that most of the metal released was incorporated
into ________ or _______ minerals, and that the net flux of most hydrothermally derived metals
to the open ocean was negligible. However, mounting evidence suggests that
_______________________ bind to and __________________ in hydrothermal fluids, increasing
trace-metal flux to the global ocean. In situ measurements reveal that hydrothermally derived
______________, _____________ and _________ bind to ___________ molecules on mixing
with sea water. Geochemical model simulations based on data from two hydrothermal vent sites
suggest that a significant increase in the complexity of metal flux from hydrothermal systems.
According to these simulations, hydrothermal fluids could account for _____________ of the
deep-ocean dissolved ____________________ budgets respectively. A similar role for organic
complexity can be inferred for the hydrothermal fluxes of other metals, such as
_______________________.