Download A History of the Empires of China, Asia Minor, India, Japan, and

Global Trade
SOL WHII 5
The Ottoman Empire
The Rise of the Ottomans
– -1200’s-1918
– Originated in Anatolia/Asia Minor
(Turkey) and conquered the
Byzantines. The Turkish warriors
who fought were called ghazis
and their leader’s name was
Osman.
• The Ottomans were actually
conquered by Mongols from Asia.
• This divided the empire. Mehmed
II took power and continued to
expand.
– Sultans gathered skilled soldiers
called Janissaries. They were
young war captives who were
trained in Islam and fought for
the sultan. These soldiers fought
to expand the empire.
The Rise of the Ottomans
• Capital City was Istanbul (formerly
Constantinople).
– Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in
1453, which brought the Byzantine Empire
to the End. They renamed the city Istanbul.
Expanded into Southeastern Europe (the Balkan Peninsula), and North
Africa.
Why was the Ottoman Empire
an Important Place to Trade?
• Silk Roads ran through it on the way to
Europe
Ottoman Leaders
o Osman
– First Leader
– His name is the root word
for Ottoman.
o Suleiman I “The
Magnificent”
– 1520-1566
– Known as the greatest
Ottoman sultan. Brought
the empire to the height of
its power.
– Named the “Law Giver” for
his reorganization of
Ottoman Laws.
– ruled during the “Golden
Age” of architecture,
painting, poetry, and
calligraphy.
– Saw himself as the most
powerful leader on Earth.
Ottoman Government and
Society
Sultan- absolute ruler
of the Ottomans.
Political and
religious leader.
viziers- second in
command.
Enforced the
Sultan’s decisions
throughout the
Empire.
Ottomans and World Trade
• By 1600, the Ottomans controlled major
trade routes between Asia and Europe.
• Their strength enhanced world trade
because the roads were safe and easy to
travel on.
• Goods flowed between Europe and Asia on
caravans.
• important exports included coffee and
ceramics.
Religion in the Ottoman
Empire
• They used Islam as a unifying force for those
in their empire.
• Many religious groups and cultures were
allowed to practice religious faiths other
than Muslim if they paid a tax.
• Non-Muslim religious groups were also
allowed to run their own affairs and
communities called millets.
• Non-Muslim leaders could be elected to
represent the millets and present their views
to the Ottoman government.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• By 1600, the Ottomans had reached the peak of
their power (unquestioned leaders of Muslim world)
• The Ottomans found that the Empire was caught
between two very powerful enemies.
– Persia (Iran) to the East
– Western Europe to the West (France, Spain, Poland)
• Slowly, the Ottoman Empire was chipped away
from the edges by these emerging powers
– They lost their monopoly over trade between Europe and
Asia.
– Other factors: the government became corrupt and
rebellions among the Janissaries.
• The empire actually existed until 1918 when it was
divided up by the French and English after WWI.
(Mandate System)
Review Questions for the
Ottomans
1. In what part of the world did the Ottoman
Empire have its beginnings?
2. Which of city did the Ottomans capture,
rename Istanbul, and make their capital?
3. What areas did the Ottoman empire
expand to?
4. Trade in the Ottoman Empire was mainly
centered around?
5. The unifying force of the Ottoman Empire
was?
Mughal Empire
(1526-1707)
Origins of the Mughal Empire
• By 1206, Turkish Muslims had
conquered most of northern
India.
• In the 16th century, a group of
Indian warrior princes called
rajputs challenged them, beat
them out of India, and
established their own empire.
• The rajputs, descendants of the
Asian Mongols, were led by
Babur. (descendant of Timur,
who conquered the Ottomans at
one point)
• The empire was called the
Mughal Empire.
– They were primarily Muslim and
India was Hindu, so the Mongol
leaders had to be quite strict in
order to stay in control.
Mughal Empire-PresentDay India (1526-1707)
Akbar the Great (ruled from
1556-1605)
• He unified the empire and extended it into northern
India.
• Akbar was known as a brilliant organizer
– Divided India into provinces and allowed trained
administrators to run them.
• Promoted Religious toleration (very similar to
Ottoman millet system)
– Used Hindus as administrator and army commanders.
• Improved the tax system and spent taxes wisely
– Built road and minted coins.
• Spent much time as judge, listening to complaints
and made legal decisions.
Economy of the Mughals
• The greatest success of the Mughal leaders was to
strengthen the Indian economy.
• Indian agriculture produced many crops. Among
them was sugar, opium, and tobacco
• They also produced textiles and iron products like
cannons.
• Indian Ocean coastal trade flourished when
Portugal built trading posts along the coastline. The
English, Dutch, and French soon followed.
• Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems.
• The Mughals were so talented that the English word
for a highly successful business person is mogul.
Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
• Built the Taj Mahal. It was a tomb for his
wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• ruled during the height of the Mughal
empire. Engaged his empire in expensive
military campaigns against Persia.
– As a result, he taxed his people heavily
and many suffered.
Taj Mahal
Pictures of Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan
• sought to make the capital city of Delhi the
world’s most beautiful capital.
Shah Jahan
• After his death, the Mughals suffered many
Hindu revolts and economic problems that
weakened the empire.
– religious tolerance was renounced and Hindu
temples were destroyed.
– The central government suffered a breakdown
which led to local leaders becoming more
powerful.
– The British East India Company became
protectors of the Empire in 1784.
– The empire ended when the British Government
took control of the India subcontinent in 1858.
Pictures of Modern-Day India
Hindu Tombs
Fort
Agra
Red
Fort
Review Questions
1. To enshrines his wife’s memory, Shah Jahan
ordered the building of a tomb “as beautiful as
she was beautiful” that is now called the?
2. The Mughal Empire had to compete with
European nations for trade on what body of
water?
3. The Mughal Empire was centered in what
area?
4. The dominant religion of the Mughal Empire
was –
5. Which European countries traded in India?
6. Create a Double Bubble to compare the
Ottoman and the Mughal Empires.
Ottoman
Empire
Mughal
Empire
Commercial Revolution
• European maritime nations competed for
raw materials, colonies, and new markets.
• A new economic system emerged:
Mercantilism
• New money and new markets were created
• New Business structure: joint-stock company
• Colonies were limited by the economic
needs of the mother country.
– Tariffs were created to encourage people to buy
from within the country (or the mother country).
– Limits placed on goods that competed with the
mother countries’ goods
Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
• In 1368, Hong Wu established the Ming
dynasty and the Mings ruled until 1644.
• The first native dynasty to rule China.
• The Early Ming Emperors brought peace and
stability to China
• They imposed new laws and reorganized tax
collection.
• Confucianism was the official doctrine of
the government.
Ming Dynasty
• Wu also built the Great Wall of China to help keep
nomadic tribes outside China and Chinese culture
within the empire.
Economy of Ming China
• Under the Mings, the Chinese prospered greatly.
– They were, in fact, more prosperous than European nations
before they began exploring.
• The Government offered free land, tools, seed, and
animals to farmers in war-ravaged areas of the
country.
• The government also maintained a system of canals
and roads that connected the markets and farms.
• Trade expanded in China and port cities like
Shanghai expanded to handle trade and an
increased population.
Chinese Exploration
• The Mings built a Navy that could sail to
foreign ports.
– They successfully reached Southeast Asia, India,
the Persian Gulf, and even visited ports on the
eastern coast of Africa.
• Later, the Ming Emperors did not continue
this policy of exploration; instead
concentrated their money on internal
problems.
The Forbidden City
• A complex of houses and government
buildings that was located in Beijing, which
became China’s capital in 1422.
• The Ming Emperors shut themselves up in the
palaces of the Forbidden City and lived their
lives in seclusion.
– Consequently, lower officials became corrupt
and took over day to day running of the empire.
– Eventually, the Mings were replaced by the Qing
Dynasties.
Qing Dynasty
• Began in 1644-1911
– These emperors were
Manchurian, not Chinese
– During their dynasty,
Taiwan became part of
the Empire.
– They proved to be able
rulers and put ethical
Manchurians in positions of
leadership.
• They reduced taxes, built
public works projects and
attempted flood control
on China’s rivers.
Manchuria
Chinese Trade Policies
• Tried to limit influence and activities of
European merchants
– Fearful of being invaded
– Wanted to be self-sufficient
– Merchants had to live in isolated
communities (Foreign Enclaves****) to limit
trade and access to general population
– Europeans could only trade with
government-approved merchants
Effects of Contact with Europe
• Many Europeans arrived in China
during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
– The Portuguese, for example, established
a trading center in Macao.
• Christian Missionaries came to convert
the large Chinese population
– In general, their efforts were unsuccessful
and they were forced out of China in the
1700’s.
China and Britain
• In the late 1600s, the British established a
trading post in Guangzhou, which became
a major trading post.
• British wanted free trade- Idea that
government should not interfere or restrict
with international trade
– Reaction to mercantilism
• East India Company had monopoly in China
– Non- EIC merchants angry, wanted more
Chinese ports open
– Chinese refuse, British angered
British in China
• British LOVE tea (then and now)
• Traded tea for cotton from India
• Demand for cotton in China low, but
British demand for tea was high
• British found new product to trade with
Chinese for tea
– Opium- drug from the sap of poppies
– Chinese mixed opium with tobacco
• Many Chinese addicted
Poppies and Opium
Opium Den
Opium Wars
• Chinese began to have unequal trade with
British because of Opium
• British refused to restrict opium trade, Chinese
declare war
• British defeat Chinese in 2 Opium Wars
– Treaty of Nanjing—British gain island of Hong Kong,
more ports, could trade with all Chinese
merchants, and British merchants could live
anywhere, and extraterritoriality
– Extraterritoriality- when foreigners follow the laws of
their country, not that of the one they are visiting
Boxer Rebellion
• The Boxer Rebellion occurred in the
final years of the Qing Dynasty
• Led by the Society of Right and
Harmonious Fists
– Against foreign influences in China
– Attacked foreigners
– Other countries had to come to China’s
aid to end the rebellion
Boxers in China
Review Questions
• 1. European nations competed to control
colonies and markets overseas during a
period of time called the
• 2. What is mercantilism?
• 3. How was the Qing dynasty different from
the Ming?
• 4. China sought to minimize foreign
influence by –
• 5. What are the terms of the Treaty of
Nanjing?
Japan
Japan
• In 1467, there was a civil war in Japan between members of
the Ashikaga family. It lasted about 100 years, weakened the
central government, and allowed for a feudal system to be
set up in Japan.
• Warlords called Daimyo dominated Japan through this
system. The most powerful was Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• He established his capital at Tokyo and became shogun in
1603. As shogun, he controlled all of Japan and set up a
dynasty.
• Video
Tokugawa
Government
• Under the Tokugawa Shoguns, the local
leaders controlled their own land and
taxed their own people to support
Samurai soldiers.
• The Tokugawas did not rule Japan
directly, but influenced it by remaining
the greatest military power on earth.
– As a result of Tokugawa rule, Japan
had stability for more than two
centuries. Additionally, contact with
foreigners was limited.
Closed-door policy
• They limited foreign contact because they feared
the spread of Christianity.
– Some rivals to the Tokugawa were influenced by
Christianity, many times. These rivals used guns,
often, which was an insult to the Tokugawa
because samurai fighting ethic was based on
skill. One shot could erase years of training.
– Portuguese Jesuits had converted as many as
300,000 Japanese in the 1600s and the
Tokugawa saw it as a threat to their authority
because it taught loyalty to a higher authority
other than the Emperor.
• A few Dutch merchants were allowed to live and
trade near Nagasaki (only Europeans after the
1630s)
Isolation Ends
• President Millard
Fillmore of the U.S. send
Commodore Matthew
Perry to Japan. He
arrived with heavily
armed, steampowered warships in
1853.
– His reason for coming: to
negotiate a treaty that
would guarantee safety
of U.S. sailors and would
open up trade. Perry
presented the treaty and
promised to return in one
year.
Millard
Fillmore
Matthew
Perry
Isolation Ends
• Upon his return, Japan signed the
Treaty of Kanagawa that met U.S.
demands. Similar treaties with other
nations followed and Japan’s isolation
ended.
Open-Door Policy
• Under the Treaty of Kanagawa, the
Japanese opened two ports to let
Americans obtain fuel, shelter, and
supplies.
• Foreign nations were soon allowed to
establish consulates (diplomatic
offices) within Japan.
African Empires
The Songhai
Africa and Global Trade
• The exportation of slaves and demand for
imported goods began to alter traditional
economic patterns in Africa.
• African exports
– Slaves (triangular trade)
– Raw materials (ivory, gold)
• African imports
– Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia and the
Americas
– New food products (corn, peanuts)
• Africa’s Atlantic Ocean Coast
– European trading posts (Atlantic slave trade, the
Gold Coast)
– Exploitation of African peoples and resources
p. 206 in
textbook
Review Questions
• 1. Until the middle 19th century, Japan’s
supreme general of the army ruled through
a puppet emperor and held the title of?
• 2. Why did Japan institute a “closed door”
policy?
• 3. What was the one exception to that rule?
• 4. What did Commodore Perry do?
• 5. What are new imports to Africa during the
1500s?