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Carbon Monoxide Lead Nitrogen Oxides Ozone Particulate Matter Sulfur Dioxide VOC • Properties: colorless, odorless, heavier than air, 0.0036% of atmosphere • Effects: binds tighter to Hb than O2, mental functions and visual acuity, even at low levels • Sources: incomplete combustion of fossil fuels 60 95% from auto exhaust • Class: carbon oxides (CO2, CO) • EPA Standard: 9 ppm • 5.5 billion tons enter atmosphere/yea r • Properties: grayish metal • Effects: accumulates in tissue; affects kidneys, liver and nervous system (children most susceptible); mental retardation; possible carcinogen; 20% of inner city kids have [high] • Sources: particulates, smelters, batteries • Class: toxic or heavy metals • EPA Standard: 1.5 ug/m3 • 2 million tons enter atmosphere/yea r • • Properties: reddish brown gas, formed as fuel burnt in car, strong oxidizing agent, forms Nitric acid in air • Effects: acid rain, lung and heart problems, decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses plant growth • Sources: fossil fuels combustion @ higher temperatures, power plants, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil • Class: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) • EPA Standard: 0.053 ppm • Properties: colorless, unpleasant odor, major part of photochemical smog • Effects: lung irritant, damages plants, rubber, fabric, eyes, 0.1 ppm can lower PSN by 50%, • Sources: Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC , photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, incomplete fuel combustion products • Class: photochemical oxidants • • Properties: particles suspended in air (<10 um) • Effects: lung damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic • Sources: burning coal or diesel, volcanoes, factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen, spores, burning fields • Class: SPM: dust, soot, asbestos, lead, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides • EPA Standard: 50 ug/m3 (annual mean) • • Properties: colorless gas with irritating odor • Effects: produces acid rain (H2SO4), breathing difficulties, eutrophication due to sulfate formation, lichen and moss are indicators • Sources: burning high sulfur coal or oil, smelting or metals, paper manufacture • Class: sulfur oxides • EPA Standard: 0.3 ppm (annual mean) • Combines with water and NH4 to increase soil fertility • • Properties: organic compounds (hydrocarbons) that evaporate easily, usually aromatic • Effects: eye and respiratory irritants; carcinogenic; liver, CNS, or kidney damage; damages plants; lowered visibility due to brown haze; global warming • Sources: vehicles (largest source), evaporation of solvents or fossil fuels, aerosols, paint thinners, dry cleaning • Class: HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants) • Methane • Benzene • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), etc. • Concentrations indoors up to 1000x outdoors • 600 million tons of CFCs • 1. Pollutant 2. Chemical Reaction 3. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4. 2 C + O2 5. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 6. C + O 2 ------ 2 CO 2 7. Nitric Oxide (NO) 8. N2 9. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 10.2NO + O2 ----------- 2NO 2 11.Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 12.S + O2 ------2 CO + O2 -------- 2NO ---------------- SO2 Air Pollutant Carbon Monoxide (CO) Source Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Volcanoes Category Primary and Biggest Pollutant EPA CP Effects Prevent oxygen from binding to heomoglobin Anc result In more CH4 and O3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) SO2 come from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as and natural occurances like volcanoes. This is formed through chemical reactions, fuel combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes, farming (plowing, field constructions. EPA CP (4th biggest) Aggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult.It also contributes to particle formation with associated health effects. EPA CP Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Fuel combustion (transportation, electric utilities, big industrial boilers, vehicles) and wood burning. EPA CP Primary secondary pollutant (second biggest) Major greenhouse gase Short-term exposures can worsen heart or lung diseases and cause respiratory problems. Longterm exposures can cause heart or lung disease and sometimes premature deaths.burning), and unpaved roads or during road Worsens lung diseases leading to respiratory symptoms, increased susceptibility to respiratory infection. (N2 + O--)IncreaseTemp Acid precipitation and smog Lead (Pb) Smelters (metal refineries) and other metal industries; combustion of leaded gasoline in piston engine aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery manufacturing. EPA CP Damages the developing nervous system, resulting in IQ loss and impacts on learning, memory, and behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal effects in adults and early effects related to anaemia. Ground-level Ozone (O3) Released from photocopiers, elect equip. Secondary pollutant formed by chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight. EPA CP & GHG Results from sun, heat, NOx- Major component of smog. CO2 Carbon dioxide Naturally from respiration & burning fossil fuels and forest fires, volcanoes Major component of natural gas, landfills, cows Major indoor pollutant-paints, solvents, carpets, electronics GHG Low level bad High level good Decreases lung function and causes respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get worse. Headache, drowsiness and fatigue Particulate Matter (PM) CH4 Methane VOC volatile Organic compounds- includes hydrocarbonsHg Mercury CFC chloroflourocarbon Naturally occurring, burning coal Refrigerants, propellents, GHG- Major greenhouse gas (third biggest) GHG Montreal Protocol eliminated except for Brazil and China Headahed, drousiness, fatique Possible carcinogen, decrease immune syst, resp problems Nerve damage + bioaccumulates Destroys upperlevel ozone