Download 1406 Topics for Examination II

TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION II - Biology 1406, CAMPBELL AND REESE 8e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!!
CHAPTER 7
Know the macromolecules that are present in the plasma membrane and of which molecules it is
composed. What are the major functions of membrane proteins? Know the fluid mosaic model of the
plasma membrane thoroughly! Include ECM, cytoskeleton, and carbohydrate components. What is active
transport and and how does it occur? What is endocytosis, and what are some examples of it? What is
exocytosis? What is the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane? How are plasma membranes in
animal cells anchored and given shape and structure? Which types of molecules move best through the
plasma membrane? Which types of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? Which types of
molecules move the most poorly through the plasma membrane? Know the characteristics of the sodiumpotassium pump. What is the purpose of the glycoproteins which are found on the external surface of the
plasma membrane. WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF DIFFUSION? OF OSMOSIS? How is
facilitated diffusion different from diffusion? KNOW AND UNDERSTAND WHAT IS MEANT BY
TONICITY, HYPERTONIC, HYPOTONIC, ISOTONIC, TURGID, FLACCID, PLASMOLYSIS,
PLASMOLYZED, CRENATION, CRENATED, HEMOLYSIS, HEMOLYZED. KNOW AND
UNDERSTAND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH EACH OF THESE WOULD OCCUR IN
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS. You will also have two questions (4 pts.) concerning the movement of
solutes and solvent across a selectively (differentially) permeable membrane. You will be given a pictorial
problem for these questions, and will be expected to interpret the movement of solutes and solvent over
time. Know that the higher the molarity (M) of a solution, the more solute there is in it, per unit solvent.
CHAPTER 8
Know and understand the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. What is entropy? What is free
energy? How do gradients relate to life? How does equilibrium relate to life? Know all properties
possessed by catalysts. Know enzyme structure and function - what is an active site? an allosteric site?
What is a substrate? What is a product? How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? Does an enzyme affect
the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs? What is a coenzyme? What is a cofactor? Know and
understand the process of feedback inhibition. How is feedback inhibition related to allosteric inhibition?
What is energy coupling and why is it important? Thoroughly understand ATP and how it energizes the
cellular processes of life.
CHAPTER 9
Know and understand the concepts of oxidation and reduction. Know the fermentation pathways of
ethanol and lactate. Which cells perform each of these fermentations? Does fermentation include the steps
of glycolysis also? Does fermentation generate ATP directly in any other way than by the included steps
of glycolysis? What are the end products of lactate fermentation? Starting with the Krebs cycle, (also
known as the citric acid cycle), what is the pathway (the sequential steps) that electrons take inside an
active mitochondrion? What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis? Where in the cell does
glycolysis take place? What are the chemical properties of NAD+ and NADH regarding oxidation and
reduction? Which of these has higher energy electrons? What are the end products of glycolysis? What are
the major products of the Krebs cycle? How many ATP molecules are produced from a single molecule of
glucose by glycolysis alone? How many are produced if the Krebs cycle is used? What are cristae and why
are they so highly folded? WHAT IS THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND WHY IS IT
IMPORTANT? WHAT IS AEROBIC RESPIRATION? WHAT IS OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION? BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
AND THE CHEMIOSMOTIC SYNTHESIS OF ATP! What is substrate level phosphorylation?
Which are the two molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain from the Krebs cycle?
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondria? What is the name of the 2 carbon fragment that
enters the Krebs cycle?
CHAPTER 10
Know all necessary chemical compounds for photosynthesis. KNOW CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW
(CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION) AND NON-CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW (NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION) AND WHAT EACH IS USED FOR. What is P700?
P680? Know the optimum absorption wavelengths of P680 and P700. What is NADP+? NADPH? What is
the internal structure of the chloroplast? What are thylakoids? What are grana? What are stroma? Is there
an electron transport chain in chloroplasts? Where is it found? Do plant cells have mitochondria? Can
they also make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? WHAT IS THE CALVIN CYCLE? BE ABLE TO
EXPLAIN THE CALVIN CYCLE AND WHAT IT DOES! What is RuBP? G-3-P? Rubisco? BE
ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE LIGHT REACTIONS, THEIR PRODUCTS, AND THE
RELATIONSHIP THEY HAVE TO THE CALVIN CYCLE! Know and understand the roles and
products of Photosystem II and Photosystem I. Where in the cell does the Calvin cycle take place?
WHICH PRODUCTS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE ARE UTILIZED IN THE LIGHT
REACTIONS? What is chlorophyll? Be able to deduce the absorption characteristics of a plant's
photosynthetic pigment based on the visible color of its leaves.
CHAPTER 11
What are the three stages of cell signaling? What are protein kinases? What are ligands? Know the modes
of action of G protein signal receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors. Which of these two types of
receptors is most important to cell growth and reproduction? What is important about G protein systems?
What is signal transduction, how does it work, what is its purpose? Where are cellular signal receptors
located? What are the steps of the phosphorylation cascade model?
CHAPTER 12
Know and understand all stages of the cell cycle and what happens during each stage. How is the cell
cycle regulated? What are kinases - how do they work? What are cyclins and how do they work? How do
kinases and cyclins cooperate to promote mitosis? Know and understand all stages of mitosis - what
happens during each stage, how daughter cells compare with parent cells as to amount of DNA and
numbers of chromosomes before, at, or after any phase, and cytoplasmic contents, chromatid presence or
absence, differences between plant cells and animal cells at mitosis and during cytokinesis.