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Practice Exam #4 Mammary System, Immune System, Renal System: Ch. Below are sample multiple choice and essay questions. These are not necessarily indicative of the specific material or types of questions that Drs. Selsby & Keating will ask on the exam. Remember, they want you to be able to apply your knowledge of the material learned in class and from the book and part of that comes from understanding the significance, application, and importance of that information. Good luck! 1. This hormone is responsible for duct growth. A. estrogen B. progesterone C. prolactin D. all of the above 2. As urine passes down the collecting duct, water leaves the tube by osmosis and, thus, the urine becomes more and more concentrated. A) True B) False 3. Antibodies use all of the following mechanisms to attack pathogens directly except: A) agglutination B) complement fixation/lysis C) phagocytosis D) precipitation E) neutralization 4. Which of the following is a function of the urinary system? A) Filter plasma B) Regulate Blood Pressure C) Regulate pH D) All of the Above 5. The main hormone during the galatokinesis phase: A. prolactin B. estrogen C. oxytocin D. none of the above 6. This structure in the kidneys is responsible for filtration of the blood plasma. A) Loop of Henle B) Glomerulus C) Proximal Convoluting Tubules D) Collecting Duct 7. Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize by macrophages and neutrophils? A) opsonization B) complement fixation C) pyrexia D) MAC coating 8. Molecules which elicit an immune response are called: A) APCs B) agglutinins C) antibodies D) antigens 9. Stallions have teats. A. true B. false 10. The hormone responsible for maintaining lactation: A. oxytocin B. prolactin C. estrogen D. progesterone 11. If you were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody: A) neutrophils B) helper T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) cytotoxic T lymphocytes E) natural killers 12. Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a/an: A) complement 3b B) immunoglobulin A C) MAC membrane complex D) MHC I E) MHC II 13. Should blood pressure rise, one means of renal autoregulation would involve: A) constriction of the proximal convoluted tubule B) dilation of the afferent arteriole C) constriction of the afferent arteriole D) constriction of the efferent arteriole E) dilation of the proximal convoluted tubule 14. This macromolecule is the least variable milk component between species. A. Fat B. Protein C. Carbohydrate D. Nucleic Acid 15. Newborns acquiring natural passive immunity receive: A. a vaccine B. an infection C. an injection of antibodies D. whey protein 16. If you have a low GFR, your body will do this to return to homeostasis. A) dilate afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole B) dilate afferent arteriole, constrict efferent arteriole C) constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole D) constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole 17. Males cannot lactate under any circumstance. A. true B. false 18. These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce lymphokines to stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies: A) cytotoxic T B) helper T C) suppressor T D) natural killers E) memory T 19. Humoral immunity is provided by: A)antibodies. B)interferons. C)T cells. D)complement proteins. 20. Interferons are a type of: A) Lymphocyte B) Leukocyte C) Cytokine D) Bacteria Essay Topics Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to draw any diagrams required. Note: Some of these questions can most easily be answered with a schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other words: if it helps – draw a picture. Mammary System List the major milk components and describe how they differ between species. Water: Large variation between and within species Carbohydrate (Lactose): least variable milk component Milk fat: most variable milk component Milk protein: less variable than milk fat, whey protein and caseins Describe the hormonal changes that occur during each of the 4 stages (name them) of lactation. What intervention could be used to alter the 4th stage of lactation and how? Mammogenesis: duct growth- estrogen, GH, glucocorticoids; alveolar growth: estrogen, GH, glucocorticoids, progesterone, prolactin Lactogenesis: prolactin from anterior pituitary involved in synthesis of milk components Galactokinesis: oxytocin from posterior pituitary involved in milk letdown in response to suckling, sound, sight of infant/milking machine Galactopoiesis: prolactin declines, intervention= recombinant bovine somatotropin to prevent mammary cell apoptosis Immune System Describe humoral immunological memory. What therapy has been developed to take advantage of immunological memory? B-cell stimulation, generation of clones, generation of plasma cells antibodies, memory cells formed. Primary response (time lag, level of antibody). Secondary response (quicker, higher level of antibody reached). Action of antibodies PLAN (explain). Vaccine therapy Describe how the immune system would be impacted in the absence of T Helper cells. Role in nonspecific, humoral, and cellular immunity Explain MHC proteins: what they are, where they’re found, their purpose, and how they develop. Major histocompatibility complex presents antigens, Class I vs. Class II, positive and negative selection Renal System Describe how glomerular filtration rate is controlled by intrinsic mechanisms. Please mention structures involved. Myogenic regulation: protects from damaging high BP, blood flow too higher, afferent constricts, blood flow too low, afferent dilates Tubuloglomerular regulation: involves JGA, NaCl too high indicates flow rate too high for reabsorption, macula densa cells release vasoconstrictor, afferent constricts to slow blood flow, NaCl too low indicates flow rate too slow since too much reabsorbed, vasoconstrictor release inhibited, afferent dilates to increase blood flow Describe how glomerular filtration rate is controlled by extrinsic mechanisms. Epinephrine & norepinephrine Renin/angiotensin mechanism and roles of angiotensin II Describe how urine becomes concentrated. Osmolality in Loop of Henle, DCT, Collecting duct, ADH, aldosterone