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Adrenal gland
The hilus is where
nerves and vessels as
well as the ureter enter
and/or exit
Renal
capsule
Cortex
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE KIDNEYS
RENAL PAPILLA
Papilla is where urine enters the major calyx
Arcuate a.
Interlobular a.
Arcuate v.
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Peritubular capillaries
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending tubule
Loop of Henle
Ascending tubule
Collecting duct
Cells of PCT are cuboidal with microvilli. Cells of DCT have little or no microvilli.
The purpose of microvilli is is to increase surface area for diffusion of a large
quantity of water. Distally, there is very little excess water left.
VOLUMES
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ALL VOLUMES ARE PER MINUTE
1200cc Blood filtered
125 cc of filtrated enters PCT
124 cc reabsorbed in PCT
1cc urine formed
Therefore, about 1% of filtrate becomes urine
REABSORPTION-SECRETION
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PCT – 100cc water reabsorbed, glucose,
amino acids, Na+, Vitamin C
Descending loop – water reabsorbed
Ascending loop – Na+, Cl- reabsorbed, H+,
K+ secreted (moves from capillary to tubule)
DCT – water, Ca++, Na+, PO4 (phosphate)
(controls blood pressure)
CONTENT OF URINE

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, water, small
amounts of sodium, chloride and potassium,
amino acids, hormones, minerals and much
more.
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NOT FOUND (in healthy individuals)
RBCs or WBCs, protein, glucose
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DISEASES
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Infection of the renal pelvis (calyces) is called
pyelitis. Probably caused by bacteria from
the anus or blood-borne.
Prosthatic hyperplasia – causes urinary
retention mainly in the elderly
Kidney stones – renal calculi caused by inc.
Ca++, bacterial infection or dehydration
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
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Look at the left side of the slide and notice
the visceral and parietal layer (in the form of
podocytes) of Bowman’s Capsule. Also look
at the capillaries within the capsule.
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The other white areas are most likely
proximal convoluted tubules.
Afferent a.
Interlobular a.
Arcuate a.
Interlobar a.
AFFERENT AND EFFERENT
ARTERIOLES
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The upper portion of the slide where the
arcuate arteries are and you may notice
interlobar arteries coming up (on the right),
then efferents.
Efferent
arteriole
Bowman’s
capsule
Afferent arteriole
Interlobular a.
GLOMERULI
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This slide is stained with India ink.
Notice the glomeruli and collecting ducts
Parietal layer of
Bowman’s cap.
Made of simple
squamous
epithelium
Capillary bed
Visceral layer
(podocytes)
filtrate
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
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A very close shot of the visceral and parietal
layers . You can see the capillaries and the
space where the filtrate is squeezed out, and
then moving to the proximal convoluted
tubules.
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
AFFERENT AND EFFERENT
ARTERIOLES
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On the left is either an afferent or efferent
arteriole.
It is very rare to find a good slide like this
PCT
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Notice the “brush border” on the PCT
Brush border is a name given prior to
advanced microscopy. They are now known
to be microvilli
100ml of water needs to be reabsorbed here
per minute! That’s why the surface area
needs to be increased
PCT
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Closer view
LOOP OF HENLE
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Beautiful and rare longitudinal view of the
loop of Henle
COLLECTING DUCT
CROSS SECTION OF COLLECTING
DUCT