Download KEY Pre AP1st Semester Exam Study Guide 2016

Pre AP Texas History 1st Semester Exam Study Guide
Make sure you understand the following vocabulary and can apply it to information you have learned.
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absolute chronology - The order of events by date
absolute location - the exact position of a place (latitude and longitude)
adobe - a mix of sundried Earth and straw used to build houses
agri-business- farming on a large scale (a business not a way of life)
agriculture - the process of farming to grow food
aquifer - Layer of rock or gravel that absorbs rainfall and keeps it following
underground
arid - lacking enough water for things to grow
Barrier Island - and island that protects the main body of land from ocean waves
bias - A preference that prevents fair judgment
Bicameral - Composed of two legislative chambers or houses
Budget - A governments plan for revenue and spending
Checks and Balances-a system where each branch of government has the ability to
limit the actions of the other branches
Citation - A fine usually for a misdemeanor
Civic Duty-obligations of citizens; have to do it or face penalty
Civic Responsibility- things a citizen should do to be a better person and citizen but not
required
climate - general weather patterns of a place over time
Commissioners Court - The governing body of Texas counties
Compulsory – Required
confederacy - a union of different groups
conquistadores - Spanish soldier-explorers who sought personal riches and power in
the conquest of the Americas
Constitution- document that outlines fundamental laws and principles of law; describes
the nature, functions and limits the government
deforestation-the cutting down of trees as a major business
drought - prolonged shortages in its water supply
elevation - height of land above sea level
equator - the line that divides the Earth into North and South hemispheres
escarpment - A steep slope
Executive – branch of government that enforces the laws
Expenditure - Money spent
fault line - A crack in the earth’s surface
Federalism- type of government in which powers and duties between the states and
national government are shared
Felony - A serious crime for which punishment may be imprisonment or death
friar - a Catholic priest who belongs to a religious order
General Election-a major election held on the 1st Tue. After the 1st Mon. in November in
even numbered years
geography- the study of the aspects of earth and people who live on it
growth rate - Population growth speed
human environmental Interaction - how people use, adapt to, or change their
surroundings and how the physical environment often affects humans
Humidity – moisture in the air
Impeach - To charge a state official with a crime, leading to trial in the state Senate
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Indictment - A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime
Individual Rights-Bill of Rights; a person’s freedoms or civil liberties
Interstate - Existing or carried between states
Intrastate - Connection or existing in areas within in a state
Irrigation - to supply water to crops by artificial or man made resources
Judicial- having to do with the courts or law or the justice system; interpret the law
Legislative- the branch of government who makes the laws; Congress is Bicameral.
Limited Government- certain actions cannot be ignored; the government and the
leaders are limited to those powers in the Constitution
Line - item-veto- The power of the Texas governor to reject only some provisions of a
spending bill
matrilineal - referring to a group that traces kinship through the mother's line
mestizo - a person of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage
middleman - a dealer or agent acting as a go-between for the producers of goods and
retailers or consumers
midlatitudes - A wide band of latitudes on both sides of the equator. Midway between
the equator & the north or south poles
Migration-the movement of people to settle in an area or follow their food source
Misdemeanor - A criminal offense that is less serious than a felony
Mission- a religious settlement (Spanish church facility)
Movement – nomadic tribes; settlers migrating
mustang - the small hardy horse of the West, descended from horses brought by the
Spanish
Naturalization – process of becoming a U.S. citizen
Nomadic – Wander in search of food; following herds of animals
non-renewable - something that can be used only once for benefit such as petroleum,
gas, or water
Pardon - An official release from punishment or crime
patrilineal - referring to a group that traces kinship through the father's line
Petit jury - Decides the guilt or innocence of a defendant during a public trial
Petro-chemical – product made from petroleum of natural gas
Pollution – to defile air or water sources
Popular Sovereignty-political power belongs to the people; We The People
port - a city, town, or area where ships load and unload
Precipitation – rain, sleet, snow, hail
presidio - a fort or military outpost
Primary Election - An election in which party members choose the party's candidates
for the general election
primary source - a document or an object written or created during the time of an event
Redistricting - The process of changing, or redrawing, legislative district lines to reflect
changes in population
reference map - a map that shows political boundaries or physical features
Regular Session - A constitutionally set 140-day session of the Texas state legislature
that occurs every other year in odd-numbered years
relative chronology - The order of events in relation to other events
relative location - the location of a place in relation to other places (EX-next to, in front
of, north, south, above, etc)
 renewable resources - something that can be used then recycled or regrown
 Republicanism-type of government where the citizens elect people to represent them;
Representation
 Revenue - Money that a government collects
 rural - of or about the countryside
 secondary source - a source that was written after an event has occured
 sedentary - spending much time seated; inactive
 Separation of Powers-the term for the fact that the powers of government are divided in
to 3 separate branches; legislative, executive, judicial
 shaman - a person believed to have the power to summon spirits and heal the sick
 Special Election-an election called on by the Governor for fill a vacant seat in the house
or senate
 Special Session - A session of the Texas state legislature called by the governor to
address particular issues
 stockade - a crude fort
 Tejano - a person of Mexico heritage who considers Texas home
 thematic map - a map that has subject or theme
 Undocumented Alien – a person in the U.S. illegally
 Urbanization - of or about the city
 vaqueros - a Spanish term for cowboys
 Veto- to reject a bill passed by congress
 viceroy - an official who rules in the name of the king
 windfall – unexpected source of income
Dates in Texas History
1519 - Spanish exploration begins with Pineda along the coast and Cortez in Mexico
1541 – Coronado finds no gold but discovers Palo Duro Canyon
1690 – Mission San Francisco de los Tejas is establish along Neches River
1718 - Mission San Antonio de Valero is established
1803 - France sales Louisiana Territory to the US (Louisiana Purchase)
1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty is signed
1821 - Mexico gains its independence from Spain; Anglos begin migrating to Texas
1824 – Mexican Federal Constitution
1876 - Texas adopts the present day state constitution
1900 - Great Storm hits Galveston Island
1901 – Spindletop oil strike near Beaumont in Jefferson County
Government Unit: Chapters 28, 29 and 30
Branches of Government
1. The executive branch can veto the laws passed by the legislative branch.
2. When a governor vetoes a bill, the bill returns to the legislative Branch.
3. The functions of the Judicial branch are to try and punish the accused, to settle disputes,
and to interpret the laws. This branch is made up of the Justices & Courts.
4. The legislative branches of the United States and Texas both have bicameral legislatures
consisting of: a Senate and a House of Representatives This branch creates the laws.
5. The Governor is the Chief Executive of the executive branch of government which
enforces the laws.
6. The U.S. legislative Branch passed an agreement about free trade in 1992. What was it
called and what 3 countries were involved? North America Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) Canada, U.S.A., & Mexico
Principles of Government
1. The principle of Popular Sovereignty establishes a government in which the people rule,
“We the People…”
2. The principle of sharing powers between the federal and state governments is called
federalism.
3. The U.S. and Texas constitutions are similar because they both have a separation of
power, which means they both have the following three branches: legislative, executive,
judicial. These branches all have the right to oversee the other two branches because
they have the principle of Checks and Balances. Check words appoint, veto, impeach.
4. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and all people living in America must
obey the law including government officials. This describes the principle of limited
government.
5. Republicanism is when people elect representatives to make decisions for them such as
in the senate and the House of House of Representatives.
6. Freedom of speech, press, and religion are examples of Individual Rights which are found
in the 1st Article of the 1876 (year) Texas Constitution.
7. When the Supreme Court rules a law unconstitutional, they are enforcing the principle
of checks and balances
8. Describe the type of Government run by the U.S. (use the 7 principles to write your
description) It is a constitutional republic form of government where “We the people”
using popular sovereignty vote to elect our representatives. The U.S. and Texas
constitutions shows the structure of the government in the following ways. They begins
with citizens Individual Right. The central or federal government also shares powers with
the state governments due to federalism. The state and national governments have
separation of power because there are 3 branches of government each having certain
powers and they are able to watch the other braches to make sure they do not abuse
their power through checks and balances. These constitutions are the supreme law of
the land and hold all citizens accountable to the law because of limited government.
9. Name 3 individual rights that protect U.S. citizens from actions by the government.
Right to bear arms, no quartering of soldiers, & warrant needed to search or seize
property
Taxes
1. Income tax provides revenue for the federal government, sales tax provides most of the
revenue for state government, and property taxes provide the most revenue for local
governments. (Ch.29 & 30)
2. Property taxes, fees for permits, and bonds are three sources of revenue for local
governments.
3. The state of Texas receives most of its revenue from sales taxes.
State Government
1. Texas has 254 counties. (Give the total number.)
2. The U.S. political system is considered a two-party system because most candidates are
elected from the Republicans & Democrats political parties. Political parties elect their
candidates in primary elections, and then the candidate is nominated at a convention
and placed on the ballot for the general election.
3. Texas has had 7 constitutions.
4. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) is the name of the agency that serves as the
administrative unit for public education.
5. Some states receive money from unexpected sources called windfall
Local Government
1. List the services provided by the local governments.
Fire, police, libraries, water & sewer, parks,
2. What revenue is collected by local governments to pay for services provided?
Property taxes, fines, fees, bonds
3. What is the name of the county governing body? Commissioners Court
4. Who is the leader of the executive branch for a municipality? Mayor
5. What group is in charge of the legislative branch of a municipality? City Council
Citizenship
1. Explain the process of becoming a naturalized citizen. Must be a resident alien, apply,
have knowledge of U.S. history and government, pass a test, pledged an Oath of
Allegiance to the U.S. at a ceremony.
2. Explain the difference between a Resident Alien and a Non-resident Alien. What type of
documentation do they need? Resident Alien – green card issue for long term stay in U.S.
& Non-resident Alien – Visa issued for short stay in U.S.
3. What is an undocumented alien? Someone in the country illegally.
4. Where does a citizen going through the naturalization process give their Oath of
Allegiance? At a ceremony
5. List the qualifications to vote in Texas. 18 yrs. of age, U.S. citizen, resident of state and
county you vote in, register 30 days prior to election.
6. List the qualifications to serve on a jury in Montgomery County. 18 yrs. of age, U.S.
citizen, resident of state and county you serve in, be qualified to vote, be able to read
and write, be of sound mind, have not committed a felony or under indictment
7. Citizens have the obligation (duty) to serve on a jury, obey the law, and to pay taxes.
8. Citizens should have the responsibility of voting in elections and being knowledgeable of
public issues.
Geography Unit: Chapters 1 - 3
1. What 3 factors affect the climate of Texas?
a.
elevation
b.
relative location to the Gulf of Mexico
c.
absolute location to the Gulf of Mexico
2. Human Environment Interaction is a geographical element that states relationships
linking people to their surrounding environment. For example, Galveston built a seawall
due to a destructive hurricane in 1900 and the port was moved inland. Houston built the
Houston Ship Channel. Negative effects from Human-Environment Interaction are
deforestation from cutting down too many trees and pollution due to factories releasing
chemical in the air and water.
3. Geography defines the past by explaining why certain events occurred the way they did.
4. The Gulf of Mexico gives the Coastal Plains a mild climate and plenty of rain. The level
plains make the land good for farming and ranching. Many natural resources such as oil,
limestone, and salt can be found in the Coastal Plains.
5. What are the three natural vegetation regions?
a.
savannah
b.
forest
c.
grassland
6. Anthony Lucas discovered Spindletop near Beaumont. Oil is known to be found under
salt domes. The real estate, oil, and lumber industries increased because of the
Spindletop oil discovery.
7. Be able to locate and identify the four main regions of Texas, which are:
a. Coastal Plains
c. Great Plains
b. North Central Plains
d. Mountains & Basins
8. The Mountains and Basins region of Texas is drier than the rest of the state and also has
the highest elevation in the state. This region is also the westernmost region in Texas.
Many tourists visit Big Bend National Park to hike and camp.
9. The Coastal Plains region is home to more Texans than any other region. Special points of
interest in the region are San Jacinto monument, Johnson Space Center and the famous
Alamo.
10.The Great Plains region special points of interest are Ogallala aquifer, many windmills to
produces energy and the Palo Duro Canyon canyon.
11.List renewable Resources. Wind, water
12.List non-renewable Resources. Oil, coal,
Native Americans: Ch. 4
1. The development of farming allowed Native Americans to have a more dependable food
source. Sedentary groups had more time to develop tools & weapons because of
farming which gave them a more complex society.
2. Nomadic tribes lived in temporary housing and were constantly in search of food while
the sedentary tribes lived in permanent housing and farmed.
3. People migrate from the continent of Asia to present day Alaska across a land bridge
because they are following the herds as hunters. Then they learn to acquire food
through farming. Following this, Europeans arrive in 1519.
4. Comanche life is centered around the following activities: hunting and making war with
other tribes.
5. The Gulf culture consisted of the Karankawa and the Coahuiltecan tribes. The
Southeastern culture consisted of the Cado tribe and were located in the Piney Woods
subregion. The Pueblo culture was located in the Mountains and Basins region and
consisted of the Tigua and Jumano tribes. The most war like tribes in the Plains culture
were the Comanche, Apache, and Kiowa tribes located in the Great Plains region.
6. Due to war and disease the nomadic Gulf culture became extinct after the Spanish
explorers came to Texas, but the nomadic Plains culture grew stronger because the
Spaniards re-introduced the horse (mustang) to Texas.
Explorers: Chapter 5
1. In the chart, fill in the missing words. Know the dates, routes, order of exploration, and
results of the following explorers.
Year
Explorer
Country
Significant Facts
Discovered the New World while looking for a new
1492
Columbus
Spain
trade route to India, Asia
1st European to map the gulf coast from Florida to
1519
Pineda
Spain
the Rio Grande without exploring the interior of
Texas
1519
Cortez
Spain
1528
Cabeza de
Vaca
Spain
1542
Coronado
Spain
1682
La Salle
France
Conquered the Aztecs Empire
Shipwrecked on Malhado (Galveston)
Survived by adopting the ways of the Karankawa
tribe and became a shaman
Sent by Viceroy Mendoza to look for Cibola (Seven
Cities of Gold)
Explored the Mississippi River and named the area
Louisiana after King Louis XIV. Built Fort St. Louis in
Texas near Matagorda Bay
2. Coronado’s mission was thought to be a failure because he did not find any gold.
3. After Frenchman La Salle built Fort St. Louis, the Spanish reaction was to
(increase/decrease) colonization efforts in East Texas with the establishment of the
Spanish Mission San Franciso de los Tejas.
4. Why did European rulers send people to colonize North America?
God, Gold and Glory
5. Why did Spain leave Texas alone after Coronado’s expedition and where do they focus
their effort for the next 100 years. No Gold; focus on area in present day Mexico
Chapter 6: Missions
1. A Spanish friar (religious person) role was to teach Native Americans the Spanish way of
life.
2. The Spanish established missions to convert and civilize Native Americans. This plan was
unsuccessful because the Native Americans refused to accept mission life.
3. The first permanent settlement in Texas was Ysleta.
4. The first Spanish mission in east Texas was San Franciso de los Tejas. Friar Massenet
helped established the east Texas mission because of the French threat. This mission
worked to convert the Caddo tribe.
5. The Spanish mission system begins in San Antonio as a halfway point to the east Texas
missions. Mission San Antonio de Valero was founded in 1718 and is known as the
Alamo.
6. By 1772, San Antonio was the largest Spanish settlement in Texas.
7. The Neutral Ground became the boundary between the U.S. and New Spanish, with the
U.S. settling east (direction) of the Calcasieu River.
8. Los Adaes was known as the 1st capital of Texas, but later was moved to the San Antonio
River near present day Goliad and renamed La Bahia.
9. List three reasons why the European war between Spain and France stopped missionary
efforts in Texas.
a. France lost all land in North America and was no longer a threat
b. Spain did not have the money for missions & Presidios because of war debt
c. Soldiers pulled out of area and moved to new border so no protection, east Texas told
to move to San Antonio.
Spanish Texas: Ch. 7
1. In 1763 Spain gains control of the Louisiana territory. During the time Spains controlled
this land their eastern boundary was the Mississippi River.
2. The Louisiana Purchase takes place in the year 1803 with the nation of France selling the
Louisiana Territory to the nation of U.S. for 15 million dollars. This caused a boundary
dispute between the U.S. and New Spain.
3. In the year 1819 the Adams-Onis Treaty set the boundaries between the U.S. and New
Spain. The following three rivers were used for the boundary: Sabine, Red, and Arkansas.
The U.S. also obtained Florida from Spain.
6. Cities such as Amarillo and San Antonio as well as the names of many rivers and bays
reflect the legacy left by Spain, a country that ruled Texas for 302 years.
7. Spanish vaqueros, or cowhands, influenced the Texas ranching system with practices,
methods, and equipment such as lariats, chaps, and branding.
8. The major road in Spanish Texas that connected Mexico to the Piney Woods was called El
Camino Real.
Skills:
1. Autobiographies, newspaper articles, documentary movies, and personal letters are
examples of Primary sources.
2. Encyclopedia, dictionaries, biographies, and fictional movies are examples of Secondary
sources.
Other skills you will need to demonstrate:
 Be able to identify and locate the four regions of Texas.
 Use your knowledge and skills to read a timeline.
 Be able to use a compass rose and a map scale
Important Note:
You will be expected to read maps, charts, timelines, and graphs on the test and answer
questions accurately using your knowledge about the subject as well as the information
provided in the exhibit (map, chart, etc.) You may also see primary sources or other quotations
and be asked questions related to those. Remember to read the document carefully. At times
you may not understand every word, but don’t let that discourage you. Just use the context to
figure out the key ideas and answer the questions to the best of your ability. Making
inferences, creating generalizations, and drawing conclusions are social studies skills that you
are expected to be able to use.