Download STUDY GUIDE FOR 8th GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEST “

STUDY GUIDE FOR 8th GRADE TEST: “GAS LAWS”
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pressure: amount of force exerted per unit of area
pascal: SI unit of pressure; equal to 1 Newton per square meter
fluid: a liquid or a gas
buoyancy: ability of a fluid to exert upward force on an object immersed in it
buoyant force: the upward force on an object immersed in a fluid
Boyle’s Law: Law which states that if you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the pressure of the gas will
increase, provided the temperature does not change. Increasing the volume causes the pressure to drop.
Charles’ Law: Law which states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, provided the
pressure does not change. The volume of a gas shrinks with decreasing temperature.
Absolute zero: the temperature at which the volume of a gas would be zero (be -273˚C or 0 K)
Kinetic theory of matter: the theory that particles are in constant motion
Archimedes’ Principle: states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object
Pascal’s Principle: states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid
Bernoulli’s Principle: states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
Guy-Lussac’s Law: states that the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases, if the volume of the
gas does not change. The pressure of a gas decreases as the temperature drops.
Venturi Effect: special example of Bernoulli’s Principle; states that fluids flow faster when forced to flow through
narrow spaces
Know:
-how to determine pressure using formula P = F
A
-what causes pressure of a gas (particles colliding)
-how pressure changes with altitude changes
-that Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure on everything within it
-that at sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 101.3kPa
-Boyle’s Law (as volume decreases, pressure increases; as volume increases, pressure decreases)
-Charles’s Law (as temp. increases, volume increases; as temp decreases, volume decreases)
-that Charles’ calculated the temperature at which a gas would have a volume of zero and particle motion would
‘stop’… Charles’ found this temperature to be -273˚C or 0 K.
-what happens when you heat or cool a balloon
-that if buoyant force = object’s weight it will float
-that if buoyant force < object’s weight it will sink
-why a steel ball sinks, but a steel ship can float
-how to identify examples of each of the laws/principles
-how hydraulics lifts, like the ones on amusement park rides, utilize Pascal’s principle
-how Bernoulli’s Principle explains how airplanes fly
-how the Venturi Effect caused problems for the city of Chicago
-Archimedes’ Principle (buoyant force on an object in a fluid = weight of fluid displaced)
-Pascal’s Principle (pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid)
-Bernoulli’s Principle (as velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases)
-Venturi effect (fluids flow faster when forced to flow through narrow spaces)
-how pressure systems move and affect weather
-how to use the formula for Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
-how to use the formula for Charles’ Law V1 = V2
T1 T2