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Invertebrates I: Sponges, Jellyfish, and Worms 15A What is an Invertebrate? Prefix _____ means “not” or “______________________” _____________________ is one of the bones along the back of an animal An ______________________________ is an animal without a backbone Most animal species are _____________________________ _________________________ – a structure in animals and humans that provides mechanical support for muscle attachment and maintaining body shape Although an invertebrate does not have a backbone, it does have a __________________________ It may have either an ______________________ or external skeleton made of minerals similar to limestone, glass, protein, and even ordinary water 15B Sponges Sponges are “_________________ animals” Their existence depends on the number of pores in their bodies through which they pump water that brings ____________________________________ in and carries wastes ___________ Phylum _________________________ All sponges live in the ______________________, and most live in oceans ______________ sponges remain permanently attached to solid objects and are unable to move place to place, BUT embryonic sponges can _________________ around briefly Have skeletons made of spongin, of spicules, or of both ______________________ - is a flexible, fibrous protein ______________________– stiff, pointed little spikes made of calcium carbonate or silica Be familiar with Figure 15B-1 on page 269 ____________________________ – cells lining the central cavity, which possess flagella Sponges are often called _________________________________ because they filter water to obtain food 15C The Jellyfish: A Cnidarian Jellyfish belong to the phylum ____________________________ They have tentacles with _____________________ cells They are usually found in oceans; though a few can be found in freshwater 15C.1 The Body of a Jellyfish The Jellyfish has a ___________________________ skeleton. Has a large central cavity surrounded by ____________ tissue layers. Layers are called the ______________________ and the endoderm. Inside the endoderm is the ___________________________________ cavity were the Jellyfish digests its food. The Jellyfish has no _______________, just a network of nerves. 15C.2 Jellyfish Activities The Jellyfish can _________________ itself and ____________________ its prey with nematocysts (special cells found in the ectoderm). The Jellyfish uses weak fiber muscle fibers in its ___________________________ to push the prey into its gastrovascular cavity. Digestive enzymes are released by cells in the endoderm to break down the food in the gastrovascular cavity. Jellyfish do not use their tentacles to _____________________. Most of the time jellyfish just _______________________. When they do swim, a set of muscle fibers around the rim of the jellyfish contracts. 15C.3 Other Interesting Cnidarians Hydras, corals, and sea anemones are also ______________________________. The Portuguese __________________________ is a dangerous cnidarian that is actually a floating colony containing many specialized polyps. The bodies of cnidarians have __________________ symmetry. ____________________ symmetry means that they can be divided into equal halves by any plane along the length of the organism. Cnidarians may be either free-floating or permanently attached to a solid object. Invertebrates I: Sponges, Jellyfish, and Worms 15D The Planarian: A Flatworm Flatworm members = _____________________! __________________________ symmetry (can be divided into two equal halves – like a mirror image) Phylum _________________________________ It is a ___________________________ (not a parasite) flatworm that can be found in freshwater streams and in soil. Flatworms can be found in the oceans, in fresh water inside other animals as parasites, or in the soil. 15D.1 The Planarian’s Nervous System Neurons are _________________, thin nerve cells found throughout the body of an animal or human. Most animals control their bodies through ______________________. A collection of neurons wrapped in protective coverings is called a _________________. Many invertebrates have nervous systems that are fairly complex and require some coordination. An invertebrate’s “coordination center” is a ____________________, sometimes called a simple brain. The planarian has a ___________________ nervous system. A ___________________________ nerve runs down each side of its body. A series of ____________________________ nerves connects the longitudinal nerves. The planarian’s ganglia coordinate its responses to _______________________. A stimulus is something an organism can ______________________. Planarians respond differently to different things such as touch, the flow of water, chemicals in water, and light. 15D.2 The Planarian’s Digestive and Excretory Systems. The planarian’s body covering is a tissue that is _____________ cell-layer thick. ____________________ on the underside of the planarian help it glide over underwater surfaces. The mouth of he planarian is on its ____________________________, near the middle of its body. Just inside the mouth is a long branching cavity called the ______________________ which is lined with a layer of cells which is called the ____________________________ The planarian eats by extending a muscular tube called the ________________________ through the mouth and sucking food into the intestine. The planarian’s food is digested in the ____________________________. Nondigestible material is pushed out of the intestine though the _______________________. The planarian’s intestines extend to every area of the worm’s body and food is moved throughout the intestine by the twisting movements of the planarian and by flagella. The planarian has a mass of cells between its body covering and gastroderm. Some of the cells are specialized for particular ___________________________. The planarian’s body is very _____________________. This allows the animal’s cells to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with the environment. The planarian gets rid of its waste products through a system of tiny ___________________. At the end of these tubes are structures called _____________________________. The cilia at the end of these structures look like tiny flames. These cilia move water and wastes through the tubes to tiny holes called ______________________________pores. Here the water and wastes are excreted from the planarian. 15D.3 Other Interesting Flatworms Some other common flatworms include ___________________________ , flukes and marine flateworms. Tapeworms (a common _______________________ of animals and humans) are found in the digestive tracts of various animals. A Tapeworm has a head equipped with _________________ and/or suckers to attach it securely to the digestive tract. It is nourished by absorbing dissolved food that is passing through this digestive cavity. Invertebrates I: Sponges, Jellyfish, and Worms 15E Roundworms 15E.1 Ascaris – A Common Roundworm In the phylum ____________________________ Have round, tubular bodies and are ________________________ at each end Some are serious _________________________ of humans, animals, and plants; others are freeliving Many are _________________________; some may grow to be 30cm (12in) long! The adult ____________________ can be found in the intestines of various animals The tiny eggs are swallowed and young larvae burrow in the intestine walls and enter the blood stream They eventually reach the lungs and travel up the throat and are reswallowed In the intestine again, larvae develop into adults Humans, cats, dogs, and various farm animals can have round worms 15E.2 Other Interesting Roundworms Other serious roundworm parasites include ____________________ , pinworms, and trichina worms _____________________ often form cysts containing larvae in the muscle tissue of pigs _____________________________________ – appear as tiny threads in unpasteurized vinegar and cider products (not parasitic thankfully!) Other roundworms cause serious ________________ diseases Invertebrates I: Sponges, Jellyfish, and Worms 15F Segmented Worms The ________________________ has a long, slender body made of a series of similar segments The ____________________________ body plan is what distinguishes earthworms from others Phylum ______________________ Leeches, tube worms, scale worms, sandworms, and fireworms also belong to this group 15F.1 The Body of an Earthworm Covering the earthworm’s body is a thin, skin called an _________________________ The epidermis exchanges __________________ (carbon dioxide and oxygen) with the environment. It also secretes a thin outer coating called the ______________________ The cuticle protects the earthworm from harmful parasites and substances Cuticle must be _____________ and its epidermis kept moist for ________________________________ Under the epidermis, are _____________ muscle layers They provide __________________ and help it move One layer is arranged in ___________________ around the earthworm’s body When these muscles contract, the worm becomes ____________________ and ___________________________ The other muscle layer is arranged in ____________ strips running from the head to the tail When these muscles contract, the earthworm becomes _________________ and __________________________ The earthworm moves by using its ______________________ and tiny _____________________ on each segment It moves forward by extending the bristles on its rear segments into the soil Once the rear segments are anchored, it contracts its circular muscles – which causes it to become long and thin, pushing its front end forward Then the worm releases the rear segments and extend the front half into the soil, pulling itself forward by contracting its long muscles 15F.2 The Earthworm’s Nervous System There are many sensory _________________________ on the body of the earthworm ________________________ receptor – a structure that can sense a stimulus and then start an impulse traveling along a neuron Some of its sensory receptors are sensitive to chemicals in the soil, others to light, and some to _____________________________ and other conditions There are more sensory receptors at an earthworm’s _______________ end because it leads with its front end They help the worm to sense whether it is approaching food or danger so that it can react accordingly The earthworm’s neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors in the front of the worm to two large _______________________ in the ________________ segment Sensory receptors in other areas send impulses to the nerve cord in the lower half of the worm ______________________________ – a bundle of neurons that begins at the two large ganglia and continues to the tail of the worm Along the nerve cord there is one small ganglion in each segment of the worm The _____________________ interpret the impulses from the sensory receptors, and the worm decides what to do with them Interprets and decides describe the worm’s response to stimuli – but these words are not good words because they imply intelligence Earthworms have very little ___________________________ Neurons carry impulses to muscles, bristles, and other structures that will enable the earthworm to respond properly 15F.3 The Earthworm’s Digestive System often eats the _________________ as it forms tunnels Most of the soil is indigestible, but within the soil are decaying leaves, fungi, and small creatures Has a long, straight __________________________ tract At various points along the tract, there are enlargements, constrictions, infoldings, and glands Each has a separate _________________________ The mouth secretes fluids that ________________________ the soil as it enters Look closely: you may notice an __________________ lip! Used to force food in their mouth From the mouth, the soil passes to the _______________________ Then to the _______________________ – a tubular passageway that carries food from the pharynx to the crop _________________ – looks like a swelling in the digestive tract Food leaving the crop passes into the ________________________ – another bulge in the digestive tract Then it goes from the gizzard to the ___________________________ Indigestible parts pass through the intestine and leave the digestive tract through the _______________ _________________________ – wastes that accumulate in piles outside the tunnels 15F.4 The Earthworm’s Circulatory System A continuous network of _______________ vessels _______________________ Circulatory System – when blood never leaves the blood vessels __________________ blood vessel – along the back – acts as a __________________ It pumps blood forward to the five sets of ________________________________ Ventral blood vessel carries blood throughout worm ________________________– blood passes through arteries and enter tiny blood vessels called capillaries Blood flows from __________________ through capillaries to _______________ In closed systems, blood is carried __________________ the heart Path of blood flow in a closed circulatory system: Veins heart arteries capillaries Veins 15F.5 The Earthworm’s Respiratory and Excretory System Does not have special ___________________________ structures Gas exchange through the moist _________________ _______________________ tubules – where wastes collect an are passed out of the body through tiny pores Invertebrates II: Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms 16A Mollusks Mollusks include the following animals: __________________ Snails __________________ Octopuses Phylum ______________________________ Phylum with the _______ highest number of species and is very important to the _________________________ Also important to man ________________ (clams, oysters, and scallops) Make things (pearls, mother-of-pearl buttons) Pests or parasites (slugs and snails can be pests) 16A.1 The Octopus A Mollusk without a ________________ It’s body lacks __________________ to give it firm support It does have many _____________________ Eight arms (_____________________) that has muscle to help it move its arms in any direction On the underside of each arm, there are ________________ disks, which allow it to grasp items. _________________ captured in its arms can be moved to its mouth (located under the head) The suction disks can also be used to __________________ itself to things If an arm is destroyed or severed, it has the ability to _____________________ (grow) a replacement! Although it ______________________ live food (crabs, lobsters, and shelled mollusks), it appears to be a timid animal If it senses danger, it _______________ It moves by __________________ along in the water – but it is a ______________ creature In order to move quickly, it forces water through a muscular tube called a ________________ This jets the octopus through the water Occasionally, when frightened, it will release an inky black fluid into the water to serve as a “__________________________________”, allowing it to get away. The octopus has a thin, _________________________ skin that helps its body hide more easily in the cracks between rocks and the ocean floor It can “pour itself” into gaps and completely ___________________ its body shape It can also cause different colored cells on their skin to spread out their pigments, helping to change ___________________! It can become visible against almost any background Its colors may also reflect its level of stimulation If it is startled, it usually turns ______________; when it is excited, it often turns _______________ 16A.2 The Clam A Mollusk with a ___________________ It produces a __________________ to protect and cover their bodies Clams, mussels, and scallops produce _____________ shells hinged together – called ___________________________ Snails and conchs produce a single shell - called ____________________ The clam’s soft body is covered with a thin skin called a _______________________ Outside of this skin is where material is produced that hardens to become a __________ As it grows, it adds layers to the shell The newest part of the shell is _________________________ It also has powerful muscles that keep its shell tightly closed When a clam moves, it sends out a muscular _________________ It is hatchet shaped and is pushed into the sand and expanded The muscles contract to shorten the foot and pull the animal and shell forward They do not __________ for their food Clams are ______________________________________ They dig into the sand and send two tubes called _____________________ out to the water. The siphon is used to draw water into the shell, where tiny food particles are filtered out The other siphon sends the water away from the clam to remove wastes Invertebrates II: Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms 16B Arthropods Phylum __________________________ The ________________ species of any animal phylum The ________________ class is the largest class within this phylum Almost a million species of insects identified Many play significant role in our world, especially insects They serve as: Pollinators, decomposers, crop eaters, disease carriers, and parasites Animals in this phylum have: Exoskeletons, and _________________ appendages such as legs and antennae ______________________ – hard, nonliving, outer covering that supports and protects the animal 16B.1 A Typical Insect’s Body Insects typically have three sections to their bodies: _____________________ Thorax (middle part) _____________________ They also have ____________ pairs of legs (6 total) Caterpillars appear to have more than three pairs, but actually they are not real legs Most insects have two pairs of _______________, although some may have none or one pair _____________________ eyes: their eyes have thousands of small sections Grasshoppers see in a _________________ of smaller images See page 286 for picture 16B.2 Body Systems in the grasshopper Grasshoppers have ________________ and a circulatory system (like all arthropods) _________________ – is a fluid tissue made up of cells floating in liquid The main function of _______________ – to carry substances to and from all parts of the body ___________________ – muscular organ that pumps blood to all body cells Has a series of small tubular hearts located just under its exoskeleton (see explanation p. 289) _______________ – blood vessels that carry blood ___________________ from the heart __________________ Circulatory System – Blood that does not remain in the blood vessels The blood is ___________________________, not red It carries mostly food and wastes and has little to do with oxygen transport ______________________ – where insects receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide They are tiny elastic tubes that branch throughout the insect Air is pumped in and out of these twenty small openings called _____________________ _______________________ – chemicals only harmful to insects and not other living things As blood circulates, it collects ______________________ These wastes are filtered out of the blood and collected by thread-like excretory tubules 16B.3 Insect Life Cycles Insects go through one of ___________ different life cycles: Some ______________ throughout their life ___________________ – occurs when insects shed their old exoskeletons and replace them with new ones This life cycle is called ___________________________ metamorphosis ________________________ – for insects mean, a change in body form Incomplete Metamorphism: Start as ________ Go through a series of molts Developing stages called __________________ Then reach adulthood Example: ____________________________ Complete Metamorphosis Involves 4 stages ____________ ____________ Most active stage Larvae of moths and butterflies known as caterpillars Known for destructive appetites Other larvae – maggots (flies) and grubs (beetles) _____________ Resting stage where larvae uses food to change body shape Cocoon (moth), chrysalis (butterfly), puparium (flies) ______________ Each time one that undergoes COMPLETE metamorphosis and molts, it passes into another stage Most butterflies die soon after it has mated Butterflies do not become bigger butterflies 16B.4 Other interesting Arthropods Not all arthropods are ______________________ Some are barnacles, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, pill bugs, centipedes, scorpions, and tarantulas These differ from insects by the number of body segments and appendages Centipedes and millipedes are not __________________ _____________________ Flattened One pair of legs per segment Poisonous claws to kill prey _____________________ Somewhat rounded body Can have up to 100 body segments, and most segments will have 2 pairs of legs They are not hunters like centipedes Invertebrates II: Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms 16C Echinoderms ____________________________ – aka sea stars – are ocean dwelling animals that, along with sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and similar organisms are called echinoderms Starfish are supported by a system of hard, flat plates just under the skin Hard plates and spines provide _________________________ ____________________ symmetry Arms are called __________________ How do starfish move? They can regenerate or grow new rays if needed Have a __________________________ system that is key to movement Noticeable part of system – rows of tiny tube feet on the bottom of each ray ________________________ function like tiny suction cups They stretch out, attach, and then pull itself forward on hard surfaces Favorite food of starfish – _________________ Climbs on top of a clam and uses tube feet to pull open shell (could take hours) Then, turns its stomach _________________________ and pushed it through the opening of the clam shell Digestive _________________ digest the soft part of the clam
