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Ch. 10-1
 General
- Multicellular (cell tissue organ organ system organism)
- eukaryote
- heterotroph
- most reproduce sexually
- move from place to place to get food, escape danger, reproduce;
some don’t move
 Needs
- water for chemical reactions, controlling temperature, keeping
size/shape of cell, carrying substances
- food for energy/raw materials for growth and repair of tissues
- oxygen for breaking down food to release energy (cellular
respiration); some get it from air, others from water.
- response to stimuli
- adaptation: characteristic that helps an animal survive and
reproduce
~ adaptations for getting food:
herbivore eats plants cow, horse, panda, broad, flat teeth for grinding
grasshopper
carnivore eats meat; wolf
sharp claws, speed, excellent
many are
hearing/eyesight, sharp teeth,
predators
some sit and wait, some blend
feeding on
into environment
prey
omnivore eats both
human, bear
plants and
meat
~ adaptations for escaping danger
hard shells, spiny skin, “play dead”, stingers, claws, bittertasting flesh, smelly spray
 Classification: 35 phyla based on the presence of backbone
(vertebrate, ex. fish, human, frog, snake, bird) or absence of backbone
(invertebrate, ex. snail, crab, insect)
Ch. 10-2
Symmetry (balanced arrangement )
 Bilateral Symmetry
- “mirror image’
- one line of symmetry
- larger
- more complex
- front end goes first as it moves
- moves quicker and more efficiently because they have
streamlined bodies and sense organs in the front
- ex. human
 Radial Symmetry
- “circular”
- many lines of symmetry
- smaller
- less complex
- don’t have distinct front and end parts
- most don’t move fast; they either stay in one spot or move by
currents or creep on the bottom of the ocean (most live in
water)
- have sense of touch and taste
- ex. starfish
Ch. 10-3
Sponges – Phylum Porifera
 stay in one place
 have irregular shapes/no symmetry
 don’t have complex tissues and organs
 feed on food particles strained from water
 get oxygen from water by osmosis
 wastes are excreted into water by osmosis
 have spikes which are tough for support and produce irritating
substances for protection
 have sexual and asexual reproduction
- sexual: no separate sexes; produce eggs at one time and sperm
at another; water needed for sperm to swim to egg; larva are the
immature young that do not look like the adult since they can
swim
- asexual: budding
Cnidarians: ex. jellyfish, sea anemone, coral, hydra
 have tentacles with stinging cells for catching prey and protection
 have hollow central cavity for food
 carnivores
 have specialized tissues for movement and response to environment;
some can’t move
 have radial symmetry
 have both sexual and asexual reproduction
- sexual: both female and male; others separate sexes
- asexual: budding
 coral reefs are built by cnidarians after they die when their skeletons
are left behind. Over many years, they harden and form the reefs
which become shelter to fish and invertebrates.
Ch. 10-4
Worms
 General
- are invertebrates
- have long, narrow body with no legs
- have bilateral symmetry
- have specialized tissues, organs; have brain, sense organs
- reproduction:
sexual: separate sexes or both in one
asexual: break into pieces or regeneration (regrowing body
parts)
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms: ex. planarian, fluke, tapeworm
 General
- are soft, flat
- size varies, most too small to see
- most are parasites ex. tapeworm; others are scavengers ex.
planarian that feeds on dead/decaying; some are predator
carnivores ex. planarian
- free-living ones live in damp soil, on rocks, or swim in the
ocean
- digestive system with one opening (2 ways)
- the planarian eats by inserting a feeding tube into the food,
breaking down the food with digestive juices, and then sucking
the food in to complete digestion
Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms: ex. hookworm, trichina
- have cylindrical bodies
- are tiny
- are carnivores, others are herbivores, some are parasites like the
hookworm
- live in moist environments
- digestive system with 2 openings (1 way); advantage is that the
body uses food more efficiently enabling large amounts of food
to be absorbed.
- most abundant animals
Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms: ex. earthworm, leech, seafloor worm
 General
- have long, narrow, segmented bodies
- bigger
- some are parasites, ex. leech (sucks blood); most are sit and
wait predators, the earthworm is a scavenger
- live in burrows, moist places, water
- have one-way digestive systems with 2 openings
have closed circulatory system with blood vessels; advantage is
that blood moves faster and the animal can be larger and more
active
- Earthworm
~ has moist skin through which oxygen enters
~ has well-developed muscles and stiff bristles on segments to
crawl
~ helps our gardens because it is a decomposer, breaks the soil,
aerates it, and adds nutrients through its droppings