Download AP World History Study Guide and Graphic Organizers – Unit 2: Post

Unit Questions 1750-1914
1. Describe demographic changes during this period (migrations; end of the Atlantic slave trade; new birthrate
patterns; food supply; medicine).
There were many demographic changes between 1750 and 1914 C.E. Due to the spread of industrialization,
more people than ever before were flocking to cities from the country. Many people were also migrating to
the settler colonies that their country owned. For example, before the Revolutionary War, many British
colonists migrated to the British colony in America. The Atlantic slave trade brought many Africans to the
Americas, but with the abolishment of the Atlantic slave trade, this steady flow of slaves ceased. Slavery itself
still continued, but now plantation owners had to produce more slaves through natural means.
Industrialization also decreased populations because children were no longer economical, so couples started
having less children. Before industrialization, children were used to help out the family with agricultural and
household chores. With the Industrial Revolution, child labor was abolished and children could not legally
provide families with another source of income, so they were not useful. In some areas, usually the
industrialized ones, food supply caused the population to increase. Areas that were very industrialized but had
colonies could just import food crops from their colonies, like how Britain imported wheat from America.
However, some of these colonies were forced to grow only certain kinds of food, most of which was given
away to their mother country. Because all their energy went into growing one type of crop, these colonies
sometimes faced starvation, and therefore declining populations. Also, industrialization caused unsanitary
conditions in many of the cities. Air and water pollution due to overcrowding led to many people becoming ill
and even dying. This led to an increase in sanitation and medicinal advances that would eventually buoy
populations back up.
2. Describe the causes and early phases of the industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan.
The early phases of the European industrial revolution was based on several different reasons. The industrial
revolution was caused by , an increase scientific discovery in the realm of fossil fuels, an increase in demand
for manufactured products, the new technologies in steam power, and the new organization of labor in
systems such as factories and assembly lines. At the very start of industrialization, European nations were
researching new fuel substances and discovered the greater energy output of fossil fuels compared to burning
wood or creating natural or man powered energy (domesticated animals or water power.) The early increase in
demand for manufactured products applied to cloth and clothing products made of cotton or other raw
materials. Early spinning of this lightweight fabrics took substantial periods of time compared to the later
advances in spinning. Provide with new forms of fuel and an increase in demand of certain products, the
steam engine was invented. This creation used coal to create steam that mechanically sped up weaving
process. Inventions such as the flying shuttle used to the steam engine to provide products to the growing
market. The steam engine also allowed for the invention of newer transportation options such as the steam
boat or the steam locamotive. These allowed faster trade accross large regions of the globe and greater
manuverability of waterways. Before industrialization, entreopenuers would higher people to work on
separate jobs at their homes; industrialization brought large pieces of machinery that called for large buildings
that organized the new work force. These organizations were referred to as factories. Factories included large
pieces of machinery operated by many workers to create a finished product. Before Henry Ford's innovation,
factory workers would follow an entire product throughout the building and eventually finish it. Henry Ford
introduced the assembly line which called for separate factory workers to add individual parts to a growing
product as it was passed down the line. One person had one job in an assembly line; this form of organization
was much faster and more efficient compared to the old methods. Japan followed a similar pattern of
industrialization compared to western Europe; however, there was a very large difference. In Europe,
industrialization was created and moved foward by individual entrepeneurs interested in satisfying the
demands of the market. In Japan, the government initiated industrialization to modernize and prosper their
economy.
3. Describe the connections between the Haitian and French Revolutions.
Both of these Revolutions are connected from influence to a chain of causes and effects. First, both
revolutions, like all the others of the era, were heavily influenced by the American revolution. They believed
they should govern a differently way beside the monarchy, therefore causing a revolution. The Haitian
Revolution's gradual movement was quickly influenced by the actions taken in the French Revolution. When
the French Revolution broke out, the colonists in Saint-Domingue wanted a political reform that requested the
right to govern independently from France. However the whites did not want these powers to be granted to the
colored people of the state; this caused a civil war between the two factions. Soon after, this led to an
enormous slave revolt led by a priest by the name of Boukman. This rebellion gained attention of various
European countries, one of them including France; France intervened in the situation to restore order. The
French were also influential in the final act of the Haitians declaring independence. The Haitian rulers were
reluctant to declare their independence from France because they feared the intervention of Napolean.
Eventually Haiti did fight the French army and ended up creating the Republic of Haiti which was
independent from France.
4. Describe the reaction to foreign domination in India and Japan.
Both India and Japan had differing reactions to foreign domination. In Japan, there was a nationalist
movement to eliminate foreign influences on their country. Therefore, the Japanese government banned all
foreign trade except for at one port once a year. Eventually, other nations got tired of these restrictions on
trade with Japan, so the United States and some European countries stormed Tokyo Bay and virtually
threatened them into doing business with the rest of the world. They forced Japan into signing unequal trade
treaties which gave the U.S. and other countries political and economic power in Japan. Japan fell into a
steady state of decline involving famine and harsh taxation, which resulted in the overthrow of Tokugawa
rule. The Meji reforms returned power to the emperor, put an end to the samurai, gave Japan a constitution.
Japan also realized that they had fallen technologically behind the greater part of the world and that
industrialization was the best way to modernize themselves. In India, Britain's East India Company gradually
consolidated trade domination of India. This economic control turned into political control, and by 1858, India
was Britain's largest colony. Britain employed a n indirect ruling system over India, so they hired armies of
Indians, called sepoys, to help them rule. Eventually, the sepoys violently revolted against British rule by
killing all the British men, women, and children in the city of Cawnpore. This rebellion forced Britain into
direct rule over India.
5. Describe nationalism in China and Japan.
Nationalism in both of these countries was present in previous eras. Both had their own well established
distinct cultures and traditions. They maintained separate cultures from those of the Europeans and other
countries. Japanese and Chinese nationalism continued to increase throughout the Industrial Revolution
period. European influence played a part in both societies but in various ways.
In China: In the earlier years of this period, the Chinese imposed strict rules and limitations on foreign
influence. The government wanted to keep power and thought that it would lose some of that power if
European influence increased within China. War broke out between China and Europe over opium trade.
Throughout the war, Chinese culture remained in tact and nationalism occurred as well. Rebellions from the
lower classes however did break out and challenge the Chinese government.
In Japan: Political instability was occurring in Japan in the beginning of this period. Reforms like the Meiji
reforms were implemented to try and strengthen Japanese rule. Old social orders were demolished. For
example, daimyos and samurai lost their social status. They experienced an economic boom by using
European innovations. This allowed Japan to be a force to be reckoned with in the global system of trade.
When they increased their power on the global economic market, pride and nationalism also boomed
throughout Japan.
6. Describe the differences between Pan Africanism and the Indian Congress Movement.
Pan Africanism, which was founded around 1900, wanted to secure equal rights, self-government,
independence, and unity for the African peoples. It was created because African peoples wanted equal rights
not only in their own regions, but in European countries as well. The main goal of this movement was for the
Africans to unify to gain their independence.
The Indian Congress Movement was established so that they could abolish British rule and presence from
their own government. India wanted to have control of their own government, without the British intervening.
The main goal of this movement was so that the Indian population gained freedom from the British rule and
self-govern themselves.
Both wanted freedom from British rule, but Pan Africanism was a movement more for equality while the
Indian Congress Movement was more focused on ridding the British from their own government.
7. Describe nationalism in Egypt and Italy.
Italy- Since the 1500s European nations have been attempting to conquer the fragmented Italian Peninsula.
When Napoleon finally accomplished this task, the Italians began to develop a national identity and sought to
free and unify Italy. When Napoleon fell, much of Northern Italy was given to Austria under the Congress of
Vienna. In an attempt to resist foreign rule, Mazzini’s Young Italy movements attracted many idealist
supporting Italian independence. This would cause major upraises, but was not successful in expelling foreign
rule. Italy finally freed itself from Austria as Count Camillo di Cavour, in an alliance with France, pushed
Austrian authorities out of Northern Italy in 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi, another active nationalist, unified
Sicily and Southern Italy. When these two powers meet, Garibaldi agreed to hand over control of Southern
Italy to Vittore Emmanuele, Cavour’s king, and thus Italy was a united whole.
Egypt- In the late 1790s Egypt was included in the Ottoman Empire. However, when Napoleon, in hopes of
reaching the British Empire in India, invaded Egypt in 1798, he would spark a sense of nationalism among the
Egyptians. Napoleons invasion was a disastrous failure, though as he retreated, he left a political vacuum.
Local elites battled for power in Egypt and the general Muhammad Ali emerged victorious. He was able to do
this with a military modeled after European forces. During his rule, he continued to support western ideas and
industrialization. He also expanded Egypt’s control over Syria and Anatolia. If not for British intervention he
may have undermined the entire Ottoman dynasty. He did manage to make Egypt an primarily autonomous
society under the Ottomans.
8. Describe forms of western intervention in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
During this period, western industrialized nations were able to interfere in matters around the world. Africa
was torn apart by European countries trying to claim a piece of the “African Cake.” As Europeans forced their
rule onto the Africans, they also forced characteristics of their European culture. Africans often adopted the
languages used by the Europeans and were forced to accept concepts like the abolition of slavery. These
reforms and the overall extortion of the Africans by the Europeans lead to unrest within the African people.
However, no match for the Europeans superior weapon technology and organization, the Africans found little
success in combating the European colonist movements. In Southeast Asia, natives experience a similar
invasion of European powers. The French took over Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The British colonized
Burma and the Malay States of the Malay Peninsula. These gave Britain better access to the trade that flowed
from the Indian Ocean. However, Siam managed to remain free from European rule as the British and French
used it as a buffer state to prevent boundary issues. Latin America was mostly influenced by the United States
thanks to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine stated that the U.S. would intervene if any European
country attempted to reestablish rule over the previously lost lands of Latin America. The British navy also
provided support for this. The exclusivity given to the United States in Latin America allowed it to dominate
the region. Intervention by the U.S. in Latin America was mainly based protecting business interests and after
the Spanish American War the U.S. would gain the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and free presence in
Cuba.
9. Describe the roles and conditions of women in the elite classes in Latin America and Western Europe
before 1850.
In both Latin America and Western Europe, the women in the society had little political rights and other
privileges throughout society. Like in many other countries, the women were confined to the duties of the
household and domesticated roles. It was their job to raise the children. Many thought that if they were going
to raise the children then they needed some sort of education. So as time went on women began to gain more
rights and opportunities to gain an education. This education however, was based on how to become better
mothers and wives. Women of lower class families often had to find work to help keep the house running and
have enough money to raise a family. In industrialized places they were responsible for working in factories
or even mines. Sometimes work even fell on the children as well. A few women drew influence from the
slavery movements, but their movements were far less successful. Although they gained some rights, women
were still confined to the household for the most part at the end of this period.
10. Describe the nature of women's roles in this period applying to industrialized areas and colonial societies.
As nations in Europe and eventually Asia began their individual industrial revolutions, women's domestic
roles started to transform. Women were still heavily involved in raising the children, their influence in the
children's education increased; women started gaining a higher education to pass on to their children. With the
transition from an agricultural society to one of an industrial realm, women's roles at home greatly changed.
Usually, unless a mother left her children at home, women were rarely seen in the industrial working class.
They left their old agricultural jobs working in gardens or on the farm and took back more traditional
domestic jobs. Women's domestic jobs were centered around managing the home, raising the children, and
preserving traditional family values.
11. Describe the causes of serf and slave emancipation in this period.
Various global factors contributed to the emancipation of serfs and slaves during this time. Firstly, there was
moral opposition to slavery from people of many religions, like Christians, and intellectuals also argued that
slavery was morally wrong. The Antislavery movement became a popular cause in Britain, who later helped
pressure the United States, Denmark, France, and the Netherlands to outlaw slave trading. The Atlantic slave
trade was finally deceased when Brazil and Spain also ended participation in slave trading by 1867. Many
slave owners accepted these bans on slave trading because they knew that the natural rate at which slaves
increased could keep slavery alive for a long while, and they were right. Slavery was also beginning to make
less economic sense because with all the population growth, plantations could still be just as successful with
cheap wage labor, not slavery. Furthermore, there were increasing amounts of slave rebellions in this time
period, like the Haitian Revolution, that made slave owners think it would be better to just free slaves instead
of risking rebellions. After Britain became the first major nation to abolish slavery altogether, many other
countries would soon follow suit. Many of the factors that helped end slavery also helped end serfdom in
Russia. Many Russian intellectuals declared that serfdom was morally wrong. After this, serfdom just kept
losing moral and intellectual support throughout all of Russia. Once again, due to large increases in
population, serfdom made less economic sense and wage labor began to have more appeal. Just like with
slaves, the Russian serfs were unhappy with the way they were treated and staged many revolts. Keeping
serfdom around would have kept Russia constantly on the edge of rebellion. After defeat in the Crimean War,
Russia finally released its serfs and gave them the rights of peasants.
12. Describe the cultural policy of Meiji Japan (including artistic).
Meji Japan was full of reforms after it was forced into the unequal treaties and the Tokugawa government
fell. Japan was determined to prove that they were westernized and acceptable so that the other nations would
lift the unequal treaties. The Japanese sent students and diplomats to Europe and America to learn about
politics and technology. In order to centralize social order, the Japanese ended the samurai class. They also
redid they way peasants paid their taxes in order to increase production. Also, the Meji instituted a Japanese
constitution, which gave power to the emperor and a parliament called the Diet. The Meji knew that they had
to strengthen their economy to compete with Europe, so they built railways, telegraphs, and steamships. They
also removed all trade barriers with other nations. After the end of the 20th century, Japan was as
industrialized as the rest of the world.
13. Describe the rise of democracy during this period and limitation on democracy (especially by gender, race,
and class).
The government was influenced by a number of different groups during this time period. Governments
changed forms as a result of the numerous revolutions that occurred during the time period. The groups that
affected the government and pressured them were the enlightenment thinkers, socialists, positivists, and other
reformers. These groups had different goals but most of them sought individual liberties. Some movements
were too radical and did not end successful, but most of them did and swayed the governments into
established some sort of democracy. This was present in many of the countries during this time period. In
Europe, democracy steadily developed with emphasis on property rights and equality (mostly in men). In
Russia, an elected representative assembly was established and an emancipation of the serfs also took place.
In Japan, they established parliamentary systems along the lines of European traditions. Throughout the time
period people fought for equal rights, individual freedoms, and universal suffrage. Many reforms were
successful, except for those reforms fighting for women’s rights. Those did not have an effect on the
government during this time period.
14. Describe changes in patterns of world trade during this period.
Patterns of Global trade were revolutionized between 1750-1914. The three legs of the Columbian exchange
would no longer be the major characteristics of the world’s trade flow. Industrialization benefited the states
that could support it. While they did not have to outsource for expensive finished goods, industrialized
countries, including many European countries, the U.S. and Japan, also developed superior communication,
transportation and weapon technology. This would allow them to imperialize and establish their rule upon less
advanced states in order to gain the resources their industries demanded. This imperialization included various
European countries establishing rule in Africa, Britain securing their rule in India, the U.S. protecting their
business interests in Latin America, and Japan establishing a Pacific empire. The countries that were less
successful in industrialization were forced to focus on exporting natural resources to either meet their own
economic interests or requirements by their colonial rulers. This separation of "have" and "have not" countries
would characterize the trade of the era. As industrialized societies Red Seas, and the Panama Canal by the
United States that encouraged trade between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.